The Korean Wave (Hallyu) in East Asia

JONGHOE YANG(양종회) 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2012 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.41 No.1

The major purpose of this study is to find out what factors are responsible for Hallyu, the flow and popularity of Korean popular cultural products in East Asia, and which direction Hallyu is heading for. To do this, recent structural and institutional changes in the region are examined and the 2008 EASS data analyzed. Opening up of the cultural market and development of the mass media industry, especially television, laid the ground for Hallyu in East Asia. The 2008 EASS data reveal that social proximity and two demographic variables are common factors for the rise of Hallyu in East Asia, but globalization and modernity variables had no effect on Hallyu. Females are more attracted to Korean TV dramas than males, but typical Hallyu fans are youngest in China, followed by Taiwan, and Japan the oldest. Besides these characteristics of Hallyu fans, the quality of Korean cultural products is an important factor in their success abroad. Since the second decade of the new millennium, Hallyu evolves into a new, or second, stage in which its contents, strategy, and media change considerably. Hallyu, representing a case of alternative globalization, signals a new phase in the recent history of globalization.

종속적 발전에 따른 사회구조의 분화와 문화적 모순

양종회(Yang Jonghoe) 한국사회학회 1987 韓國社會學 Vol.20 No.W

문화적 취향의 분화와 계급

양종회(Jonghoe Yang) 한국사회학회 2009 韓國社會學 Vol.43 No.5

이 연구의 목적은 한국인들의 음악적 취향이 계급에 기반에서 분화되는지, 그렇지 않다면, 어떤 기준에 의해 분화되는지를 경험적으로 분석하는 것이다. 부르디외가 문화자본론에서, 상층 계급은 고급문화를 배타적으로 선호함으로써 하층계급과 경계를 유지하고 결과적으로 계급구조를 재생산한다는 이론을 전개한 후, 이 이론을 경험적으로 입증하거나 수정하는 많은 연구가 나왔다. 우리나라에서도 대체적으로 부르디외의 문화자본론을 입증하는 경험적 연구가 발표되었다. 그러나 2007년 한국종합사회조사 자료를 분석한 결과, 한국에서 계급은 음악적 취향의 분화에 제한된 영향만을 준다는 결과를 얻었다. 대신 연령, 성별, 종교 같은 번수가 중요한 분화요인임이 밝혀졌으며 문화자본도 취향의 분화에 상당한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구결과는 특히 음악적 취향이 특정 장르가 나타나고 유행한 세대에 따른다는 코호트 효과를 시사하고 있으며, 종교집단, 특히 개신교가 독특한 문화적 취향을 형성하는 집단으로 부상하고 있고, 취향집단에 따라서는 기존 연구에서도 지적된 문화적 배제와 관용 전략 모두가 상징적 경계 유지에 사용되고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 최근 급속도로 진행되고 있는 정보화와 지구화는 문화에 대한 접근의 민주화와 전통적 위계서열의 파괴에 기여하고 있으며, 결과적으로 문화적 취향은 다양한 요인에 의해 파편화될 가능성이 크다. The purpose of this study is to empirically test the thesis of class-differentiated cultural taste in the Korean context. Since the Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital which posits that class distinctions inevitably produce cultural dispositions or tastes by instilling the class habitus through socialization and education, which, in turn, generate differing degrees of cultural capital and fulfill the function of cultural domination, there have been many empirical studies which either demonstrate, or revise, or deny the thesis. But overall, the studies, including the Korea studies on this topic, support the close relationship between class and taste, and the effect of cultural capital on the relationship. However, the analysis of the 2007 KGSS data reveals that the effect of social class on the differentiation of musical taste is very limited. Instead, such socio-demographic factors as age, sex and religion turn out to be among the most important factors, and measures of cultural capital also have some effects on musical taste. These results suggest some cohort effects on musical taste, the importance of religion, especially Protestantism, in forming taste groups, and the use of both exclusionary and tolerant strategy in maintaining symbolic boundaries. The rapid spread of digital information technology and globalization in recent years tend to contribute to the democratization of the access to information and to level off cultural hierarchy. As a result, cultural taste is increasingly subject to fragmentation by diverse factors.

COLONIAL LEGACY AND MODERN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KOREA

YANG JONGHOE(양종회) 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2004 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.33 No.1

GLOBALIZATION, NATIONALISM, AND REGIONALIZATION

YANG JONGHOE(양종회) 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2007 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.36 No.2

What Made the Civic Type of National Identity More Important among Koreans? A Comparisonbetween 2003 and 2010

Seokho Kim(김석호),Jonghoe Yang(양종회),Minha Noh(노민하) 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2015 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.44 No.3

This study aims to describe and explain the recent change in national identity in connection with the process of globalization that Korea has experienced in the last two decades. Analyzing data from the 2003 and 2010 Korean General Social Survey, our results show that Koreans’ worry about negative socio-cultural influence caused by an increase in the number of immigrants, namely the problem of social integration and harms to the Korean tradition and culture, resulted in increased civic and mixed types of national identity. In addition, stronger perceptions about immigrants taking jobs away and about immigrants’ contribution to the national economy strengthened ethnic identity, suggesting that Koreans tend to consider immigrants as having two separate kinds of economic influence: the first is their influence on the Korean economy as a whole, and the other is their influence on competition among individuals. All in all, the results indicate that Koreans started to realize that incoming immigrants are not just visitors but neighbors beside whom they must live. The worry that these immigrants lack the qualities necessary for them to become Korean citizens may result in an increased emphasis on the importance of the civic and mixed type of national identity. Since the mixed type of national identity is a combination of ethnic and civic national identity, its increase in importance would be partly affected by the fact that Koreans have come to think of the civilian virtue of immigrants as being critical.

호주, 말레이시아, 싱가포르의 환경정책

박길성,양종회 서울대학교 사회과학연구원 1998 한국사회과학 Vol.20 No.2

동남아시아의 사회계층 : 5개국 비교연구

유석춘,양종회,박길성 서울대학교 국제지역원 1993 국제지역연구 Vol.2 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 동남아시아 5개국, 즉, 인도네시아, 말레이사아, 필리핀, 싱가폴 그리고 태국의 계층구조와 계층과정을 파악하고 비교하는 것이다. 구체적으로는 각국별로 학력, 직업, 소득 및 재산의 분포는 어떠한가, 그러한 계층구조가 형성된 배경은 무엇이며 그 과정에서 어떤 요인들이 중요하게 작용하는가, 사회이동과 지위획득과정은 어떠한가, 그리고 계층구조와 계층과정이 어떤 사회적 결과를 초래했는가라는 물음에 대한 답을 구하는 것이다. 그러나 본 연구는 2차적 자료를 이용한 문헌연구이기 때문에 실제로는 문헌과 자료의 입수가능성에 크게 영향을 받아 각국별로 고른 연국가 이루어질 수 없었다. 하지만 국가별로 거시적 차원의 불평등의 양상은 대체로 파악할 수 있었으며, 이들 국가의 비교를 통해서 계층구조가 산업화와 경제발전의 수준에 따라 상당히 일관성 있는 형태를 보이고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를테면 싱가폴처럼 산업화의 수준이 높은 나라에서는 사회이동률이 비교적 높고, 또한 중간계층이 넓고 상층과 하층이 좁은 중간계급사회적 계층구조로 변하고 있는가 하면, 안도네시아나 필리핀처럼 낙후된 나라의 경우에는 사회이동률도 높지 않고, 계층구조도 하층이 많고 중간층이나 상층이 적은 전형적인 전산업사회적 형태를 보였다. 산업화의 정도 외에, 국가별로 독특한 민족구성이나(싱가폴, 말레이시아), 지역별 차이(인도네시아, 필리핀), 전통적인 신분구조 및 산업구조(태국) 등도 불평등 구조에 영향을 미치는 요인임이 판명되어, 산업화의 일반적 효과를 어느정도 수정하는 것으로 드러났다. The purpose of this study is toanalyse social stratification in 5 Southeast Asian countries, i.e., Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Specifically the following topics regarding social inequality were examined in each country : 1) the structure of inequality in terms of educational attainment, occupational status, income, property and other economic indicators; 2) major fators for the formation of stratification system; 3) social mobility and status attainment; 4) social consequences of the stratification hierarchy. Data for this analysis were mainly from secondary sources including various statistical reports and previous studies done by others. Due to the uneven availability and uneven quality of such data, each country report was often inconsistent to the point of being devoid of comparison. Still it was possible to compar, at the most general and macroscopic level, the nature of stratification system among the 5 countries. A major conclusion drawn from the comparison was that the level of industrialization and economic development has played a significant role in shaping the stratification hierarchy, which is commonly known as the industrialization thesis. For example, Singapore economically most advanced among the 5 countries, has experienced high vertical mobility and seems to have moved toward a 'middle class society' at least for the past two decades, while in the least developed Indonesia and the Philippines, mobility rates were very low and their stratification systems resemble a pyramid, a typical preindustrial type with a small upper and middle class and the vast majority in the bottom. However there were also national variations in the shape of the stratification hierarchy, indicating the particualr socio-cultural and other factors unique to each country countervailing to a certain extent the industrialization effect. Among the unique factors, ethnic composition in Malaysia and Singapore, regional differences in Indonesia and the Philippines, and traditional economic structure in Thailand were found to be important.