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이종철 ( Lee¸ Jong Cheol ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2021 국방연구 Vol.64 No.1
독재정권 혹은 독재체제는 ‘유지’되거나 ‘민주화’되거나 ‘혼란’으로 치닫는 세 가지 경로로 진행한다. 저항세력과 지배세력의 변수가 그 수준 및 정도에 따라 상이한 진행 과정과 결과를 만든다. 즉 독재체제는 저항세력의 저항 수준, 지배세력의 분열 정도 및 그 상호작용에 따라 체제 이행 여부뿐 아니라 결국 민주화로 나아가느냐 아니면 혼란으로 치달아 심각한 내홍 상태에 빠지느냐가 결정된다. 북한에서처럼, 저항세력의 저항 수준이 낮고 지배세력의 분열 정도가 약하면 독재정권은 이행하지 않고 유지된다. 동독과 이집트에서처럼, 저항세력의 저항 수준이 높고 지배세력의 분열 정도가 크면 독재정권은 이행하고 민주화로 나아간다. 시리아에서처럼, 저항세력의 저항 수준이 높아도 지배세력의 분열 정도가 약하면 독재정권은 이행하지 않고 혼란 상태로 나아간다. 독재정권은 ‘일당독재’를 보완하는 ‘개인독재’의 ‘효과적’인 ‘통제’를 통해 저항세력이 형성되거나 저항이 발생할 수 있는 여지를 미연에 차단함으로써 생존을 지속할 수 있으며, 저항세력의 저항이 높은 수준으로 발생하더라도 지배세력의 분열 정도가 약하며 지배자가 군을 동원하는 데 성공한다면 생존할 수 있다. The transition of a dictatorship proceeds in three ways : to remain, to be democratic or to be confused. The reason is that the variables of the ruling forces and resistance forces depending on their level and degree leads to different processes and outcomes. In other words, the level of the opposition, the degree of division of the elites, and its interaction determine not only whether the dictatorship is changing the system, but also whether it is moving smoothly toward democratization or into chaos. Like in North Korea, if the level of the opposition is low and the level of division of the ruling forces is weak, the dictatorship remains stable. Like in East Germany and Egypt, if the level of the opposition is high and the level of division of the ruling forces is large, the dictatorship will collapse and advance toward democratization. Like in Syria, if the level of the opposition is high and the level of division of the ruling forces is weak, the dictatorship does not collapse and goes into chaos. An authoritarian regime can maintain its survival by blocking the possibility of the resistance or the opposition in the bud through effective “control” of the individual dictatorship that complement the one-ruling party dictatorship. The autocracies also can survive when the level of division of the elites is weak and the capacity to mobilizing the military is full, even if the level of the opposition is high.
Jongcheol Seo,김승준,신승구 대한화학회 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.3
The energy- and time-dependent branching to the competing dissociation paths are studied by theory for coupled unimolecular dissociations of the o-, m-, and p-chlorotoluene radical cations to C7H7 + (benzylium and tropylium). There are four different paths to C7H7 +, three to the benzylium ion and one to the tropylium ion, and all of them are coupled together. The branching to the multiple paths leads to the multiexponential decay of reactant with the branching ratio depending on both internal energy and time. To gain insights into the multipath branching, we study the detailed kinetics as a function of time and internal energy on the basis of ab inito/RRKM calculations. The number of reaction steps to C7H7 + is counted for each path. Of the three isomers, the meta mostly goes through the coupling, whereas the para proceeds with little or no coupling. In the beginning, some reactants with high internal energy decay fast to the benzylium ion without any coupling and others rearrange to the other isomers. Later on all three isomers dissociate to the products via long-lived intermediates. Thus, the reactant shows a multiexponential decay and the branching ratio varies with time as the average internal energy decreases with time. The reciprocal of the effective lifetime is taken as the rate constant. The resulting rate-energy curves are in line with experiments. The present results suggest that the coupling between the stable isomers is thermodynamically controlled, whereas the branching to the product is kinetically controlled.
Polypyrrole-incorporated conductive hyaluronic acid hydrogels
Jongcheol Yang,최고은,Sumi Yang,Hyerim Jo,이재영 한국생체재료학회 2016 생체재료학회지 Vol.20 No.4
Background: Hydrogels that possess hydrophilic and soft characteristics have been widely used in various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery. Conventional hydrogels are not electrically conductive and thus their electrical communication with biological systems is limited. Method: To create electrically conductive hydrogels, we fabricated composite hydrogels of hyaluronic acid and polypyrrole. In particular, we synthesized and used pyrrole-hyaluronic acid-conjugates and further chemically polymerized polypyrrole with the conjugates for the production of conductive hydrogels that can display suitable mechanical and structural properties. Results: Various characterization methods, using a rheometer, a scanning electron microscope, and an electrochemical analyzer, revealed that the PPy/HA hydrogels were soft and conductive with ~ 3 kPa Young’s modulus and ~ 7.3 mS/cm conductivity. Our preliminary in vitro culture studies showed that fibroblasts were well attached and grew on the conductive hydrogels. Conclusion: These new conductive hydrogels will be greatly beneficial in fields of biomaterials in which electrical properties are important such as tissue engineering scaffolds and prosthetic devices.
IFC-Based Computational Support Tool for Managing and Using Design Planning Information
Jongcheol Seo,Inhan Kim 대한건축학회 2011 Architectural research Vol.13 No.2
Planning information generated during initial architectural design phases significantly influences subsequent phases, and is implemented into architectural design models during the design process. However, failures to manage and use planning information in Korean design offices remain common. Current design tools that incorporate planning information also do not address the issue of interoperability during the life cycles of buildings. To address these problems, the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) extension model was developed to accommodate the need to manage and use planning information for cooperation between design offices carrying out multidisciplinary tasks. This paper introduces a purpose-built software tool that implements the IFC model and demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method with the software tool.
Some Problems with the Korean Constitutional Adjudication System
( Jongcheol Kim ) 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2001 Journal of Korean Law Vol.1 No.2
Despite its very short history, the Korean Constitutional Court has been successful in carving out its position as the bastion of the Constitution and human rights. However, it now faces the more difficult task of consolidating its identity as such. This task requires not only more activist efforts on the part of the Court itself but also institutional reforms. Indeed, the relatively active performance of the Court over the last decade has veiled certain institutional defects of the present adjudication system. For the further development of the Korean constitutional adjudication system, these defects must be corrected not only by constitutional and statutory interpretation but also by revision of the relevant provisions of the Constitution and the Constitutional Court Act. This essay examines major institutional problems requiring constitutional and statutory revision and provides alternative proposals. Three kinds of problems will be looked into in this essay: (1) those requiring both constitutional and legislative revision; (2) those requiring the adoption of new legislative devices; and (3) those requiring only legislative revision. The first category includes (1) expansion of the Court’s jurisdiction, (2) reform in the composition of the Court, (3) changes in the quorum of judgement, and (4) problems of the separation of the power of constitutional review between the Court and the Supreme Court. The second category includes (1) measures to address the weak binding force of the Court’s decisions, (2) the lack of general procedures for provisional remedies or injunctions, (3) the statutory base for modified decision of unconstitutionality. The third category is concerned with (1) mandatory representation by attorney and (2) exclusion of ordinary courts’ judgements from constitutional complaint.