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Joel Selway 동아시아연구원 2015 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.15 No.3
In this article I explore how the current first-past-the-post (FPTP) rules contributed to the failure of ethnic compromise during the democratic period (1948–1962) in Myanmar by encouraging extremist parties, hardening ethnic divisions, and causing political deadlock, ironically the same charges the centripetal school lays against proportional representation(PR). This puzzle of “PR outcomes” under FPTP is explained using geographic information systems techniques that map the country’s 2010 electoral districts onto an ethnic population map. It shows that ethnic party success in the 2010 election closely follows the distribution of ethnic groups in Myanmar and that given the high level of ethno-geographic segregation in Myanmar the representation of ethnic parties would be similar under PR and the alternative vote to the current FPTP. I conclude by discussing Indonesia’s electoral rules as a possible solution for Myanmar. The general theoretic contribution is that, although past scholars have generally argued that FPTP is bad for ethnically divided societies, their mechanisms are incorrect for ethnogeographically segregated societies.
Design Optimization of CFRP Lower Arm Using Failure Criteria
Joel Renaud Gnidakouong Ngouan,Kyongil Kong,Young-Bin Park(박영빈),Hyung Wook Park(박형욱),Jong Won Keum,Hak Soon Jeong,Young Bok Jung 한국자동차공학회 2010 한국자동차공학회 지부 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.12
In this paper, we present a design procedure attempting to replace the lower arm made of steel by a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). We chose plain woven carbon fiber fabric and epoxy as reinforcement and matrix, respectively. Bending test simulation was performed on steel as well as on composites to determine the number of carbon fiber plies required to yield similar mechanical properties as steel. We also analyzed the composite lower arm and flexural specimens made of composites. Results showed that we need 22 plies for our composites materials to behave mechanically in the same way as steel and 73 plies to ensure their safety according to the Tsai-Wu criterion, which warrants further investigation. Reinforcement type, fiber orientation, and stacking sequence are to be optimized in the next step.
Joel Torretti,Jonathan Andrew Harris,Brandon Seth Bucklen,Mark Moldavsky,Saif El Din Khalil 대한척추외과학회 2018 Asian Spine Journal Vol.12 No.4
Study Design: In vitro cadaveric study. Purpose: To compare biomechanical performance, trial and implant insertion, and disc distraction during implant placement, when two interbody devices, an in situ continuously expandable spacer (CES) and a traditional static spacer (SS), were used for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Overview of Literature: Severe degenerative disc diseases necessitate surgical management via large spacers to increase the disc space for implants. Next-generation interbody devices that expand in situ minimize insertion forces, optimize fit between vertebral endplates, and limit nerve root retraction. However, the literature lacks characterization of insertion forces as well as details on other parameters of expandable and static spacers. Methods: Ten cadaveric segments (L5–S1) were divided into two groups (n=5) and implanted with either CES or SS. Each specimen experienced unconstrained pure moment of ±6 Nm in flexion–extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation to assess the contribution of CES and SS implants in biomechanical performance. Radiographic analysis was performed during trial and implant insertion to measure distraction during spacer insertion at the posterior, central, and anterior disc regions. Pressure sensors measured the force of trial and implant insertion. Results: Biomechanical analysis showed no significant differences between CES and SS in all planes of motion. A total 2.6±0.9 strikes were required for expandable spacer trials insertion and 2.6±0.5 strikes for CES insertion. A total of 8.4±3.8 strikes were required to insert SS trials and 4.2±1.6 strikes for SS insertion. The total force per surgery was 330 N for CES and 635 N for SS. Fluoroscopic analysis revealed a significant reduction in distraction during implant insertion at the posterior and anterior disc regions (CES, 0.58 and 0.14 mm; SS, 1.04 and 0.78 mm, respectively). Conclusions: Results from the three study arms reveal the potential use of expandable spacers. During implant insertion, CESs provided similar stability, required less insertion force, and significantly reduced over-distraction of the annulus compared with SS.
Joel Murithi Runji,Yun-Ju Lee,Chih-Hsing Chu 한국정밀공학회 2023 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.10 No.2
Smart manufacturing supported by emerging Industry 4.0 technologies is a key driver to realize mass product customizations. Augmented reality (AR) has been commonly applied to facilitate manual operations with ambient intelligence by overlaying virtual information on physical scenes. In most modern factories, maintenance remains an indispensable process that is difficult or yet to be fully automated. Several studies have previously reviewed AR-based maintenance across all industrial sectors, whereas those specific to manufacturing did not necessarily involve maintenance. Hence, this paper presents a systematic literature review on AR-assisted maintenance in manufacturing with a focus on the operator’s needs. A generic process has been proposed to classify the maintenance operations examined in the past studies into four sequential steps and to analyze the classification results based on the geographical location, maintenance type, AR technical elements, and integrated external sensors. The findings thus derived are expected to provide design guidelines for implementing AR applications with practical values to aid manual maintenance in future smart manufacturing environments.