예취빈도에 따른 무기태 질소시비가 오차드 그라스의 건물수량과 건물생산효율에 미치는 영향

조익환,김민 대구대학교 생명과학연구소 2002 생명과학연구 Vol.1 No.2

오차드그라스 초지에 재배년도(1996~1998년)와 예취빈도(연간 3회, 4회 및 5회)를 달리하여 재배하였을 때, 건물수량에 미치는 무기태 질소의 시비효과를 조사하여 건물생산효율이 높은 경제적 시비수준과 적정 예취빈도를 추정하려고 하였다. 모든 예취빈도에서 1998년의 건물수량이 다른 재배년도보다 유의하게 많았다. 즉, 3회 예취구에서는 시비수준 평균 10.3 ton ha^-1, 4회 예취구에서는 10.8 ton ha^-1, 5회 예취구에서는 10.8 ton ha^-1을 나타내었다. 시비수준별 평균 건물수량은 3회예취구에서는 90~120 kg ha^-1 cut^-1수준에서 10.6~11.7 ton ha^-1을 타나내었고, 4회와 5회 예취구에서 30~120 kg ha^-1 cut^-1수준에서 각각 8.9~9.9 ton ha^-1과 8.0~9.2ton ha^-1을 나타내어 다른 시비수준보다 유의하게 많았다. 건물생산효율은 3회 예취구의 360 kg ha^-1 ^yr-1 수준에서 10.4kg, 4회 예취구의 120kg ha^-1 수준에서 18.5kg 5회 예취구의 150 kg ha^-1 yr-1 수준에서 7.3kg으로 가장 높았다. 예취빈도별 예취번초의 평균 건물수량은 3회와 4회 예취구에서 1번 초가 각각 4.6과 3.3 ton ha^-1, 5회 예취구에서는 2번초가 2.7 ton ha^-1으로 다른 예취 번초의 건물수량보다 유의하게 많았다. 상대건물수량은 3과 4회 예취구의 1번초가 각각 47.7과 36.9%, 5회 예취구의 2번초가 31.5%로 가장 높았다. 예취시기 별 건물생산효율은 3회 예취구에서는 1번초에서 10.7 kg, 4회와 5회 예취구에서는 2ㄹ번초에서 각각 18.0과 12.1 kg으로 가장 높았다. A study was made to estimate the economic level of mineral nitrogen and a proper cutting frequency for the dry matter production of Orchardgrass (Dacrlyis glomerata L.) during the harvested years in 1996∼1998. Annual mineral nitrogen was applied at the levels of 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 ㎏ ha^-1 in 3 cuttings, 0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 ㎏ ha^-1 in 4 cuttings, and 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 ㎏ ha^-1 in 5 cuttings, respectively. The dry matter yields of all cutting frequencies in 1998 were significantly higher than in the other harvested years. Mean dry matter yield were 10.3, 10.8 and 10.8 tos ha^-1 in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yields were obtained as 10.6∼11.7 tons ha^-1 at the level of 90∼120 ㎏ ha^-1 cut^-1 in 3 cuttings, and 8.9∼9.9 and 8.0∼9.2 tons ha^-1 at levels of 30∼120 ㎏ ha^-1 in 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. Higher efficiencies of dry matter production inresponse to mineral nitrogen application were recorded as 10.4 ㎏ at level of 360 ㎏ ha^-1 yr^-1 in 3 cuttings, 18.5 ㎏ at level of 120 ㎏ ha^-1 yr^-1 in 4 cuttings, and 7.3 ㎏ at level of 150 ㎏ ha^-1 yr^-1 in 5 cuttings, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yields appeared as 4.6 and 3.3 tons ha^-1 at 1st cut in 3 and 4 cuttings respectively, 2.7 tons ha^-1 at 2nd cut in 5 cuttings. The highest values of relative dry matter yield were 47.7 and 36.9% for 1st cut in 3 and 4 cuttings respectively, 31.5% for 2nd cut in 5 cuttings. Higher efficiencies of dry matter production in response to mineral nitrogen application were recorded as 10.7 ㎏ at 1st cut in 3 cuttings, as 18.0 and 12.1 ㎏ at 2nd cut in 4 and 5 cuttings respectively.

Vermicomposting에 의한 음식물쓰레기와 돈분의 처리

조익환 대구대학교 생명과학연구소 2003 생명과학연구 Vol.2 No.1

This research was made to estimate the optimum mixing rate of swine manure and food waste investigating effect that get the growth and reproductive efficiency of earthworm and productivity of earthworm casts at processing process when handled swine manure and food waste by vermicomposting, in order to establish treatment system of organic wastes by vermicomosting. Survival rate of earthworm was highest in the mixing rate 80-100 % : 20-0 % of swine manure and food waste, and the increasing rate was highest in swine manure 100%, and the number of young worms, the weight of young worms and the productivity of earthworm casts in plots more than the mixing rate 60% of swine manure were significantly higher than in the other treatment plots (p<0.05, Table 1). Also, Carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N) of earthworm cast was suitable by 13.9-14.1% in plots more than the mixing rate 60% of swine manure (Table 2).

가축분뇨의 시용시기가 조사료 생산에 미치는 영향

조익환 대구대학교 생명과학연구소 2004 생명과학연구 Vol.3 No.1

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of applying times and dilution rates of cattle slurry on dry matter yields of orchard grass. Cattle slurry was applied at the rates of average mineral nitrogen fertilizer equivalent to 150 ㎏/ha/year in 3 cutting frequency. Significantly higher dry matter yields than that of no fertilization (3.04 ton DM/㏊) were recorded in the application of diluted cattle slurry (5.59∼6.37 ton DM/㏊) (p<0.05). Especially, this tendency was shown with higher annual dry matter yields at the partitioned dressing times, such as at the applications for 1st growth, 1st and 3rd growth, respectively. The yields of annual dry matter both at fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium, and phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen were higher than no fertilization as 5.40 tons and 8.60 tons per ㏊, respectively. However, with application of diluted cattle slurry, dry matter yield per year (5.92 ton DM/㏊) was higher than those of fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium. The efficiencies of dry matter production with mineral and cattle slurry nitrogen application (㎏ DM/㎏ N) were 21.3 and 14.7∼18.3 ㎏ DM/㎏ N, respectively. Especially, these tendencies were higher in diluted application plots than in no-diluted application plots of cattle slurry.

객체 지향 개발을 위한 OMT 동적 모델 개선에 관한 연구

안익수,노환주,김길준 聖潔大學校 情報産業技術硏究所 1997 情報産業技術論叢 Vol.2 No.-

Statecharts is usually used as the specification model for dynamic model and reactive system, Statecharts is a superior computation model, but aspect of data is expressed by global variables and side effects to them, so the readability is lower when we describe larger systems in Statecharts. Moreover state structure in Statecharts is less relevancy to structure of object model. In this paper we propose the specification model OMT++. In OMT++, dynamic model is described with the structure of object model, which have more relevancy to structure of object model and more locality caused by making each object have state transition diagram and data. We show the prosperity of OMT++ through examples, and compare with Statecharts, and give operational semantics of OMT++.

돈분과 톱밥의 혼합비율이 지렁이 생존에 미치는 영향 : Eisenia foetida

황보순,조익환,박창일,손장호 대구대학교 생명과학연구소 2002 생명과학연구 Vol.1 No.2

본 연구는 톱밥의 혼합비율을 달리한 돈분을 대상으로 부숙기간별 이화학적 변화를 측정하고 이를 바탕으로 생존율을 조사하여 가축분의 효율적인 vermicomposting의 기초자료로 이용하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 부숙이 경과함에 따라 지렁이가 생존하기 시작하여 8주부터 A구(돈분 100%)를 포함한 모든 구에서 지렁이의 생존이 가능하였다. C/N비는 부숙이 경과함에 따라 낮아졌으며, 톱밥혼합 비율이 높을수록 C/N비가 유의하게 높아 톱밥첨가 40인 E구가 다른구 보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 지렁이가 생존하기 시작한 C/N비는 10.8~16.0으로 나타났다. 톱밥 혼합비율을 달리한 돈분의 pH 변화는 부숙이 경과함에 따라 점차 pH 7.5에 가까워지는 경향을 보였으며 지렁이가 생존하기 시작한 pH는 7.5~8.0으로 나타났다. Ec의 변화는 부숙 경과에 따라 거의 없었으며, 처리구간에서는 톱밥첨가가 많을수록 낮아졌으며 지렁이가 생존하기 시작한 Ec는 2.2~4.7mS/㎝으로 나타났다. This study was performed to investigate the effect of different mixture ratio of the sawdust and swine manure and to measure C/N ratio, ph, Ec of the ripening of that and investigate on survival of earthworm with that and to use to efficient vermicomposting of swine manure as basic information. The results are summarized as follows. According as ripening of different mixture ratio of the sawdust and swine manure, earthworm begins to exist and survival of earthworm is possible in all including A(swine manure 100%) since 8 weeks. According as ripening, C/N ratio became low and sawdust mixing ratio is high. C/N ratio is significantly higher in E(sawdust 40%) than A, B, C and D(P< 0.05). C/N ratio that earthworm begins to exist appeared by 10.8∼16.0. pH value change of looked tendency that approach to pH 7.5 gradually according as ripening. pH value that earthworm begins to exist appeared by 7.5∼8.0. Electrolytic conductivity became low sawdust addition ratio is high. Electrolytic conductivity that earthworm begins to exist appeared by 2.2∼4.7mS/㎝.

주요 엽채류의 가식부위내 NO₃- 함량에 관한 연구

전하준,조익환 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 1995 科學技術硏究 Vol.2 No.2

This Study was to conduct to investigate the variations of NO₃- content in the leaf lettuce depending on the amounts of fermented poultry manure and growth conditions, and to examine the accumulation of NO₃- in the edible parts of major vegetable crops which on the market. The results are as follows 1. As the amounts of fermented poultry manure increase, the accumulation of NO₃- in the leaf lettuce increase under the lower light density. 2. Although the NO₃- contents in the welsh onion(24ppm) and Chinese chieves(133ppm) on the market showed somewhat low, the NO₃- content in the pepper leaf, Japanese parsley, sinsuncho, sesame leaf showed high, respectively 1250ppm, 1260ppm, 1386ppm, and 1400ppm. 3. The NO₃- contents in the leaf lettuce and kale on the market showed high except being cultivated at the field(790ppm). Especially the kale by organic farming(6785ppm) and hydroponic leaf lettuce(6500ppm) showed very high NO₃- content.

우분에 볏짚 혼합 수준이 지렁이 생육에 미치는 영향

황보순,조익환 대구대학교 환경기술연구소 2004 미래환경기술 Vol.1 No.1

본 실험에서는 우분과 볏짚의 혼합수준을 달리하여 지렁이 먹이로 이용하였을 때, 지렁이 생육과 증식에 미치는 영향과 분립의 생산량 및 화학적 조성을 조사하여 우분의 효율적인 Vermicomposting의 기초자료로 이용하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먹이의 C/N율은 20.4∼28.2로 볏짚 수준이 증가함에 따라 C/N율도 높아졌으며 실험기간 동안 지렁이의 생존율은 98.4∼99.2%로 나타났다. 산자수는 볏짚을 30과 40% 혼합한 구에서 각각 868와 906 마리로 우분 100%구의 769 마리보다는 유의하게 높게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 산자중은 8∼11.8g으로 볏짚 혼합 수준이 높을수록 유의하게 높아져 볏짚 40% 혼합구가 가장 높았다 (P<0.05). 분립생산은 볏짚 혼합 수준이 높을수록 낮게 나타났으며 소화량은 이와는 반대로 볏짚 혼합 수준이 높을수록 유의있게 높게 나타났다. This study was conducted to develop efficient vermicomposting using of different mixture ratio of the rice straw and cow manure by feeding these to earthworms and then by studying the growth and reproductive efficiency of earthworms, and the chemical composition of worm cast and its production. The results are summarized as follows. C/N ratio of feed was 20.4∼28.2 and it increased according to the higher proportion of rice straw and survival of earthworm was 98.4∼99.2%. Number of young worms were significantly higher in 30 and 40% addition of rice straw (number of 868 and 906) than number of 769 of real cow manure treatment (P<0.05). Fresh weight of young worms was 8∼11.8g and it was significantly higher in 40% addition of rice straw than other treatments (P<0.05). The cast production of earthworm was in the tendency of becoming higher according to higher ratio of rice straw but digested matter were significantly higher in 10∼40% addition of rice straw than real cow manure treatment (P<0.05).

지렁이분립과 커피찌거기의 혼합상토가 케일유묘의 생육에 미치는 영향

전하준,조익환 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 1996 科學技術硏究 Vol.3 No.1

This study was carried out to find the effects of the mixtures of earthworm cast and coffee lees as a vegetable plant growth medium on the growth of hale seedlings. The mixed ratios of earthworm cast and coffee lees were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50 25: 75 and 0:100%. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The hydrogen ion concentration(pH) was recorded 7.54 in nursery soil with 100% of earthworm cast treatment, but the lower mixed ratios of earthworm cast in nursery soil were, the more it fell down. Thus, pH in 100% of coffee lees treatment and commercial plant growth medium as control treatment was showed 5.68 and 5.80, respectively. 2. The nursery sorb with 100% of earthworm cast was generally higher than treatment of the others in shoot dry weight per plant. The shoot dry weight per plant was also high in the control treatment except 3rd week, but there was no significant between the control treatment and the treatment including 75% of earthworm cast and of 25% of coffee lees. 3. As growth stages were developed, the plant iength(cm), number of leaves and diameter of stem of kale seedling were increased in all treatments. Especially, it was clear in 100% of earthworm cast treatment. In the meanwhile, the plant Iength(cm), number of leaves and the diameter of stem in the control treatment were higher than those of in treaments consisting both of 75:25 and 50:50(%) of mixing ratios with earthworm cast to coffee lees in the early growth, but in the latter growth in the mixture of 75% of earthworm cast and of 25% of coffee lees was showed a similar tendency to the control treatment.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

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조익환 ( Jo Ik-hwan ),전하준 ( Jun Ha-joon ),이주삼 ( Lee Ju-sam ) 한국유기농업학회 2003 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different plant growth media on the growth of tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) seedlings during growth stages. The media were commercial plant growth medium 100%, earthworm cast(that was produced by vermicomposting of food waste and cattle manure) 100%, earthworm cast 50% + vermiculite 50%, earthworm cast 50% + perlite 50%, earthworm cast 40% + vermiculite 30% + perlite 30%. Plant length(㎜), number of leaves, leaf area(㎠), stem diameter(㎜), plant dry mater were greatest till the 2nd week growth stages in the commercial plant growth medium plots, but those were higher in the earthworm cast than those in the other plant growth media at the later stages of this study(p<0.05). And relative growth rate of biological yield, relative growth rate of shoot and relative growth rate of root were highest in the earthworm cast till the 4th week growth stage. Therefore it can be implied that there is the possibility of potential utilization of earthworm cast, which was produced by vermicomposting of food waste and cattle manure, as vegetable growth medium.