유아의 어머니에 대한 애착표상과 아버지에 대한 애착표상이 유아의 사회정서발달 및 유아교육기관 적응에 미치는 영향

이영환,이진숙 한국영유아보육학회 2003 한국영유아보육학 Vol.0 No.33

This study examined whether the quality of attachment to father is independent or not of the quality of attachment to mother, and the effects of representations of child-parents for children's socioemotional competence, adjustment ability at the children's educational center and the relationship between child-parent relationship. The representations of attachment were assessed by an Attachment Story Completion task, completed once for father and once for mother(in counterbalanced order). 130 children, aged between 4 and 5 years took place in this study. The mean attachment security score for father and mother was not significant differences. 90.1% of the participants were classified into the same attachment category for father and mother(both secure or both insecure). And 9.9% was 90.1% of the participants had discordant attachment classifications. It was found that children with two insecure attachment showed more confliction in parent-child relationship, more anxious-aggressive behavior, less social competence and less adjustment ability at children's educational center than children with two secure attachment.

주택용 환기시스템의 덕트설계를 위한 분배기 적용성 검토

이정재,최진혁,주성용 東亞大學校 建設技術硏究所 2007 硏究論文集 Vol.31 No.1

Although these days application of heat recovery ventilation and improved kitchen ventilation system came into wide use in mixed-use residential Buildings and exclusive residences, there are not enough ventilation systems except the local ventilation of kitchens and rest rooms. It is very important part to regulate and distribute correct air flow rate for controlling air change rate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of distributor at house ventilation system by comparing a duct system without distributor and with distributor. The results of this study are as follows. (1) When using distributor though the size of duct diameter is reduced rapidly, the pressure loss doesn’t rise largely. The pressure loss without distributor is 4.08 mmAq, the pressure loss with distributor 4.10 mmAq. (2) To use distributor can reduce materials of duct and secure enough ceiling space by reducing duct diameter. (3) Diameters and air flow paths of distributor on the design stage are important part for accurate air flow rate. 21 세기는 환경에 대한 고려 없이는 쾌적한 삶과 지속가능한 경제발전이 불가능한 시대 이다. 특히 요즘 건축물에서 고기밀, 고단열 을 강조하고 있으며,근래 건축기술의 발달과 토지이용의 효율화에 따라 20층 이상의 초고층 공동주택의 건설이 늘어나고 있으나 (Moon, J.S, 2004), 고충부분에서는 환기의 어려움이 발생하는 실정이다. 동시에 새 건축물의 자재나 도료에서 발생되어 호흡계 증상 및 신체의 부조화를 일으키는 새집증후군의 원인물질인 포름알데히드, 휘발성 유기 화합물질 등에 대해서는 대책이 미비한 실정이다. 때문에 국내 건축법의 환기기준이 강화되어 기존의 자연환기에만 의존했던 것과는 달리 2006년 l 월부터 건축법령에서 정한 신축되는 공동주택의 필요환기횟수는 0.7회이며, 이 기준을 충족하지 못할 경우 기계 환기 설비의 설치가 필요하게 되었다. 기존의 공동주택에서 환기시스템이 적극적으로 도입되기 어려웠던 이유는 설치비용의 경제성 문제뿐만 아니라 천장부분의 공간 부족으로 덕트 설치의 어려움이 있었으나 2005 년 l 월부터 시행되어진 소방법에 의해 11 층 이상의 공동주택에서는 전층에 스프링클러를 설치해야함에 따라 천장공간이 확보되어 덕트 설치 또한 가능하게 되었다. 환기시스템이 공동주택에 적용될 경우, 일반적으로 환기유나트 본체에서 각 실까지는 덕트를 통하여 신선한 공기가 공급된다. 주택환기시스템 덕트 설계의 경우, 소 풍량 으로 운전되므로 정확한 치수의 덕트 설계가 요구되며 24시간 가동을 전제로 하기 때문에 덕트내의 압력손실감소와 적절한 팬의 선정은 에너지 손실방지를 위해 반드시 고려되어야 할 부분이다.

일부 농촌지역노인의 신체기능 및 생활기능 관련요인

이정애,김진순,염영희 韓國保健敎育.健康增進學會 2001 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affected to physical functions, activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The subjects for this study,236 persons, 65 years and over, who were living at rural area in Chun-Cheon city. This survey was carried out from march 3rd to April 25th,1998. The data was analysed by using SPSS PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1.The variables that were related to the conditions of physical functions were as follows; age, sex, educational level among the general characteristics ; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, states of pocket money, obtaining method of pocket money, state of weight, problems in mind, whether or not chronic illness among socio · econo · physical conditions ; the level of satisfactions in life, subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking ; controlling state in smoking and drinking of alcohol among the lifestyles for promoting health. But the variables for medical utilization were not related to the level of physical function. 2.The variables that were associated with the condition of ADLs were as follows; age among the goner리 characteristics ; monthly using money for life, working amount among the socio · econo · physical conditions ; subjective conditions of health among the subjective thinking. But The variables for medical utilization, lifestyle for promoting health were irrelevant to the conditions of ADLs. 3.The variables that were related to the conditions of IADLs were as follows; age, educational level among the goneral characteristics ; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, resident type in the household, procurement method of pocket money, level of weight, problems in mind, wether or not chronic illness among soci · econo · physical condition ; regularity of health checking among lifestyles for promoting health ; kinds of utilizing medical agent among the variables about utilization patters of medical agencies ; subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking In this study, in the aged there were related factors of physical and life functions, were age, working amount, subjective condition of health.

"한국판 학령전기 기질성격검사[K-psTCI]" 의 신뢰도 및 타당도 검사

박진균,김지웅,기선완,신의진 大韓神經精神醫學會 2004 신경정신의학 Vol.43 No.4

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Preschool Temperament and Character Inventory (K-psTCI), a questionnaire based on Cloninger's seven-factor model of personality. Methods : The psTCI was translated into Korean and administered to 266 children aged 2-6 years. α test-retest study of the K-psTCI was conducted across a 4-month interval, Internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach a. Test-retest and reliability was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Factor analyses for the temperament and character dimensions were performed using principal component analysis, rotating factors by varimax. The psTCI scores of Korean and United States preschoolers were compared Results : Cronbach α values for the K-psTCI scales ranged from .62 to .78 for each dimensions. Test-retest correlations (r) ranged from .50 to .77 for each dimensions. Explorative factor analysis with the condition of eigenvalue greater than 2 produced four factors for the temperament items and three factors for the character items like the US original version of psTCI. Through factor analyses, five items in the K-psTCI were categorized differently from the US version of psTCI. Korean preschoolers had higher mean scores on Cooperativeness (CO) in males as compared to a sample of US preschoolers. Conclusion : The results of this study suggests that the Korean preschool TCI is satisfactory in reliability and validity.

반응성애착장애아의 어머니-아동 관계

신의진,이경숙,박숙경 대한소아청소년정신의학회 1997 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.8 No.1

본 연구는 반응성 애착 장애 아동(Reactive Attachment Disorder, 이하 'RAD')의 혼란된 부모-아동 관계를 애착이론의 입장에서 체계적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 1994년 8월에서 1995년 8월 사이 소아정신과에 내원한 RAD 아동과 어머니 20쌍과 비교집단으로 정상 아동과 어머니 20쌍을 대상으로, 아동에 대한 내적 실행 모델 면접(Working Model of Child Interview, 1986)과 낯선 상황 절차(Strange Situation Procedure, 1978), 부모-아동 상호작용 척도(Dyadic Parent-child Interaction Coding Scales, 1983)을 실시하여 어머니의 아동에 대한 내적 표상과 어머니의 내적 표상 유형과 아동의 애착 유형과의 관계, 내적 표상 유형에 따른 어머니-아동 상호작용 양상을 살펴보았다. 1) 대상 어머니들을 3가지 내적 표상 유형으로 분류해 본 결과, 비교 집단 어머니는 모두 균형된 표상으로 분류되었고 RAD 집단 어머니는 비개입된 표상(55%), 왜곡된 표상(45%)으로 분류되었다. 2) 어머니의 아동에 대한 내적 표상 유형은 아동의 애착 유형과 체계적으로 연관되었다. 균형된 표상의 어머니의 아동은 모두 안정 애착이었고 비개입된 표상 어머니의 82%는 그 아동이 불안/회피 애착으로 분류되었고 왜곡된 표상 어머니는 56%가 그 아동이 비조직/비일관 애착, 33%는 불안/저항 애착으로 분류되었다. 3) 어머니-아동 상호작용에서, 비개입된 표상의 어머니는 아동 중심 놀이에서 균형된 표상의 어머니에 비해 묘사적 진술, 반영적 진술, 묘사/반영적 질문을 적게 사용하였고 왜곡된 표상의 어머니는 균형된 표상의 어머니에 비해 직접 명령과 간접 명령을 많이 사용하였다. 장난감 정리하기 과제에서 비개입된 표상과 왜곡된 표상의 어머니는 균형된 표상의 어머니보다 직접명령, 간접명령을 더 많이 사용하였다. 위의 결과를 통해서 볼 때, 어머니의 아동에 대한 내적 실행 모델은 아동과의 애착 관계와 어머니-아동 상호작용에 중요한 요인으로서 혼란된 어머니-아동 관계를 이해하는데 효율적인 접근을 제공하며 아동에 대한 치료적 개입에 유용한 정보를 제공해 줄 것으로 생각된다. The objective of this study is to understand disordered parent-child relationships of Reactive Attachment Disorder(RAD) systematically through the mother's internal working model of child. In this study, RAD mothers' internal representations of the child were compared with mothers' of control group and association between mothers' representation classifications and children's attachment classifications was examined. Also individual differences in mother-child interaction by mothers' representation classifications was observed. The subjects of this study were 40 2-5 year-old children and their mothers, 20 attachment disordered dyads and 20 normal dyads of control group. Mothers were interviewed using the Working Model of the Child(Zeanah, Benoit & Barton 1986) to classify internal representations of child. Children's attachment patterns were assessed by the Strange Situation Procedure. for observation of mother-child interaction, Each dyad was seen in DPICS devised by Eyberg and Robinson(1983). The results of the study were as follows : 1) Among RAD group, 55% of mothers were classified as disengaged and 45% classified as distorted, while all mothers of control group were classified as balanced. In rating scales, there were significant differences in all 3 representation classifications in Intensity of involvement and Coherence. In Intensity of involvement disengaged representations had the lowest score and distorted representations had the lowest score in Coherence. 2) Mothers' representation classifications were related to children's attachment classifications. All mothers of control group whose children were classified as secure were classified as balanced. Among RAD's mothers, by contrast, 82% of mothers classified as disengaged had children classified as anxious-avoidant, 56% of mothers classified as distorted had children classified as disorganized/disoriented and 33% of mothers classified as distorted had children classified as anxious-resistant. 3) There were individual differences in mother-child interactions by mothers' representation classifications. In the child-centered play, mothers classified as disengaged used discriptive statement, reflective statement and discriptive-reflective question less than balanced mothers. Mothers classified as distorted used direct command and indirect command more than balanced mothers. In the clean-up task, mothers classified as disengaged and distorted used direct command and indirect command more than balanced mothers. The results of this study suggest that parents' working model of the child is an important factor to understand parent-child attachment relationships and their interactions. The understanding of parents' working model of the child is thought to enrich our understanding of disordered parent-child relationships and to provide useful informations for specific and successful treatments.

유아자폐증의 정신병리과 혈소판 혈장 세로토닌 농도와의 상관관계

신의진,민성길 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.6

We attempted to investigate the abnormalities of serotonergic system in infantile autism, and to find the relationship between the abnormalities of serotonergic system and the psychopathology of infantile autism. In this study, the concentrations of 5-HT in platelet rich plasma(PRP) were compared among autistic, atypically autistic and control groups, and the psychopathology of infantile autism, measured with Childhood Autism, Rating Scale(CARS), was correlated with the concentrations of 5-HT in PRP in autism o? atypical autism group. The subjects of this study were 48 autistic patients, 15 atypically autistic patients and 38 control children and the concentration of 5-HT was measured using HPLC-ECD(High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrochemical Detection) method. The results were as follows : 1) The concentration of PRP 5-HT in patients with atypical autism was significantly higher than that of control children, and patients with atypical autism showed the highest level. 2) The concentration of PRP 5-HT was related with 8th CARS item, abnormal auditory responsiveness, in autistic group. But there was no significant correlation in atypically autistic group. 3) Age was not significantly associated with the concentration of PRP 5-HT in autistic, atypically autistic and control groups. 4) The cognitive function(SQ) was not significantly associated with the concentration of PRP 5-HT in autistic and atypically autistic groups. 5) No significant sex difference of PRP 5-HT concentration was found in the autistic, atypically autistic and control groups. These results suggest that both autism and atypical are related with the abnormality of serotonergic system, and the high 5-HT level is related with the symptom of abnormal auditory responsiveness in children with infantile autism.

주의산만을 주소로 소아정신과를 내원한 아동의 인지적 특성 : T.O.V.A. 양상을 중심으로

신의진,이수진,이혜란,고려원 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2000 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구에서는 주의산만을 주소로 내원하는 아동을 진단 준거에 따라 분류하고 각 진단 집단을 설명할 수 있는 인지적 특성을 T.O.V.A. 양상을 중심으로 설명하였다. 소아정신과를 방문한 65명의 아동을 각각 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(38명), 틱장애(17명), 그리고 기타 정서장애(10명) 집단으로 분류한 후 주의산만의 정도에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 집단의 연령 및 지능(전체 지능, 동작성 지능, 언어성 지능)을 먼저 파악한 후 T.O.V.A.의 중다구인(누락오류, 오경보오류, 정반응시간, 반응시간 표준편차, 예기반응, 다중반응)을 통해 주의산만의 양상을 살펴보았다. 세 집단 간에 연령에서 집단 간에 유의미한 차이가 나타나 연령 수준의 차이에서 기인한 효과를 배제한 결과, 언어성 지능에서 세 집단 간에 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 또한, T.O.V.A.의 정반응 시간(전반부, 후반부, 전체)에서 세 집단간에 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 집단은 틱장애 및 기타 정서장애 집단보다 T.O.V.A.의 정반응 시간이 길어 정보처리의 지연을 시사해 주었다. 한편 주의산만을 주소로 내원하는 아동의 경우 T.O.V.A. 양상과 더불어 연령과 지능의 효과에 대해 신중히 고려해야 할 필요가 있겠다. 중심 단어 : 인지적 특성ㆍ주의산만ㆍT.O.V.A.ㆍ정반응시간ㆍ주의력결핍 과잉행동장애ㆍ틱장애ㆍ기타 정서장애. Objective : This study aims to investigate the cognitive characteristics of clinically referred children with symptoms of inattention, cash as having ADHD, tic disorder, and emotional disorder. Methods : 65 boys(38 with ADHD, 17 with Tic disorder, and 10 with Emotional disorder) were individually assessed using the KEDI-WISC(FIQ, VIQ, PIQ) and T.O.V.A.(errors of omission, errors of commission, reaction time, variability, anticipatory response, multiple response), and the results of those tests were analyzed. Results : There was significant difference among three diagnostic groups of the VIQ of KEDI-WISC and the reaction time of T.O.V.A. after the correction of the effect of age difference. Conclusion : The finding suggest that the reaction time of T.O.V.A. might be the useful variable to differentiate the ADHD from other psychiatric disorders and the effect of age and IQ difference should be considered carefully to diagnose in clinical setting. KEY WORDS : Cognitive characteristicㆍInattentionㆍT.O.V.A.ㆍReaction time.

북한의 기아상태가 소아 정신건강에 미치는 영향

신의진 연세대학교 통일연구원 2000 통일연구 Vol.4 No.1

Starvation of North Korea has been a world wide news for several years.Starvation may have a lot of serious negative impacts on both physical and mental health of North Korean people.In children, the problems might be even more serious, considering starvation's impacts on developing brain and future of the society. This study aims to review topics regarding current children's nutritional status in North Korea, the impacts of malnutrition on the brain development of pre/post natal periods of young children, and relationship between chronic malnutrition and social, emotional, cognitive development of children.We also try to discuss the reason why urgent food supply from other countries is necessary and how we can help them prevent negative complications effectively. We searched MEDLINE by using key words, such as malnutrition, starvation, physical health, brain development, behavioral problems, intelligence. From the collaborative studies of UNICEF, EU, and WFP, more than 60% of children under seven years in North Korea were suffering from severe malnutrition, and the situation was worse in children younger than 3 years.Several studies showed mother's severe malnutrition during early pregnancy was related to mental problems of their children.And also children experiencing chronic under-nutrition reveal to have more problems in cognitive development as well as social and behavioral problems.However, these negative impacts were somewhat reversible if resupply of food - especially protein rich food - was possible. These results suggest the serious malnutrition of children in North Korea might cause many problems in people's mental and physical health in the future.This can bring a lot of social problems and decrease social productivity after reunification of Korean peninsula.However, we can prevent these problems by simply supplying protein-rich food to young children and pregnant women in North Korea.

Arbitrage Pricing Theory의 OR的 發展

李鎭植,金貳南 Natural Science Research Institute JEONJU UNIVERSI 1990 전주대학교 자연과학연구소 학술논문집 Vol.3 No.1

The capital evaluation theory through the theoretical approach of Neo-classicists has been developed arond MM theory, CAPM, APT and OPM. CAPM estimates the assets by examining the condition of balance in the capital market and market portfolio. CAPM however can not solve the problem of normal distribution of various changes in the assets income and that of the secomd effect function in the preferance of economic subject. Therefore, it has been essentical to justify CAPM theoredtically and practically. APT has been deviced to overcome these difficulties. This study will examine two types of theortical development of ROSS's basic model. The purpose of this study is to clarify the theortical structure of APT, especially through the viewpoint of decision and balance.

반응성 애착장애 아동의 애착유형

신의진,이순행,이경숙,전여숙,노경선,민성길 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.6

This study aims at examining examine the quality of attachment in children with Reactive Attachment Disorder(RAD). The subjects of this study were 26 chidren with RAD and 22 normal children as control group. The diagnosis of RAD was made according to DSM-Ⅳ and ICD-10 criteria of reactive attachment disorder. Attachment of each children was classified by using the Strange Situation Procedure(SSP). The data was statistically processed through Fisher's exact test and t-test. The results were as follows : Among the RAD children, 61.5% were classified as disorganized(D) type, 26.9% as anxious-avoidant(A) type, 11.6% as anxious-avoidant(C) type. Among the normal children, 63.5% were classified as secure attachment(B) type, 18.3% as anxious-avoidant(A) type, 13.6% as anxious-avoidant(C) type, 4.5% as disorganized(D) type. And RAD children had sifnigicantly higher proportion of disorganized(D) type and lower proportion of secure(B) type than that normal children. The above results suggest that RAD children has serious problems in their attachment relationship and there must be some consideration on serious attachment problems to make diagnosis and intervention of RAD children.