百濟 漢城期 對中關係 硏究 : 4~5세기 對高句麗政策의 推移와 관련하여

안성진 고려대학교 대학원 2019 국내박사

In the 4th century, the subject of Baekje relations with China changed from the Chinese local government to the central government. There were two ways of Baekje 's relations with China during this period: diplomatic methods through tribute and tribute, and economic methods through exchange of logistics and culture. However, this dramatic change of public relations in the 4th century was not carried out independently, but was carried out by receiving and influencing other foreign relations of Baekje. Since the fourth century, Baekje's greatest diplomatic issue has been to counter the military invasions of Goguryeo facing borders. The military confrontation between Baekje and Goguryeo was completed in 475 when the capital of Baekjae, Hansung, was captured by Goguryeo. Therefore, the top priority of Baekje foreign policy in the 4th ∼ 5th century was the Goguryeo policy and the Chinese policy had to be influenced. Baekje and Goguryeo faced the border for the first time as the Daebang which was located in the northern part of Baekje in 314, was destroyed by Goguryeo. And Baekje, who imported Chinese artifacts through the Daebang and Nakrang commendary, had to establish a new trade route to trade with China. With the imminent military invasion of Goguryeo, Baekje hastily pioneered a new trade route with China, and as a result, succeeded in trading with Eastern Jin(東晉) in the middle of the 4th century. In general, it is common for economic relations between countries to be established after diplomatic relations are established. At the time, however, Eastern Jin was not able to control the central government, and the aristocratic power was strong. Thus, before the formal diplomatic relations between Baekje and Eastern Jin, Baekje and Eastern Jin nobles were able to open their trade first. Baekje officially established diplomatic relations with Eastern Jin in 372, during the course of the war with Goguryeo in earnest. At that time, Baekje and Goguryeo were fighting over the territorial rights of Nakrang and Daebang areas, and Paekje was able to reinforce the justification for dominating these areas by being formally fired from Eastern Jin. The tribute to the tribunal of the period from the Geunchogo-king to the Ashin King was carried out with such a very political purpose. Baekje was defeated in the territorial dispute by declaring surrender to King Asukin and finally to King Gwangyogyeong. At the same time, the tributary relationship with Eastern Jin was cut off for a while. Baekje wanted to reinforce its relationship with Eastern Jin at the beginning of the 5th century. Baekje needed to strengthen its political and economic exchanges with China in order to defeat itself in the war against Goguryeo and to secure internal stability. This movement was reinforced by the fact that the clan Jin , which had led the war with Goguryeo in Baekje, collapsed and the defenders of Koguryo clan Hae were defended. However, there was a change in the inside of Eastern Jin in China at the time, such as the destruction of Eastern Jin and the newly founding of Liu Song(劉宋) and the full-scale public relations resumed in Liu Song. In order to control the movement of the aristocracy, Liu Song was to strengthen the control of the province and to establish a power system centered on the imperial court. As a result, the private trade between Baekje and China was greatly reduced, and Baekje changed its policy to strengthen the postal services. Until the 4th century, the relation between the tribute and the tribute was stronger than the political character, but the relationship between the tribute and the tribute in the 5th century was strengthened. In 455, Goguryeo resumed attacks against Baekje and Silla, and Baekje had to choose whether to continue to defend itself or to attack. King Gogol tried to push the aggressive force by changing the existing policy on Goguryeo, which was placed in the position of the Sun power. So King Gaero tried to strengthen his position by reorganizing the power system centered on the royal family. In this process, King Gaero was asked to fill out the royal family for the relocation and approved the public relations to strengthen the kingship. For the first time in the history of Baekje, King Gaero promoted a military alliance with Northern Wei. King Gongo proposed to attack the Goguryeo by the union of Northern Wei and Baekje, which were behind Goguryeo. This is the first example of military use of Koguryeo by Chinese forces. Although King Gaero's attempt was abandoned by the Northern Wei's refusal, the fact that he attempted to use the public relations for military purposes was different from the previous period. As King Gaero continued to attack Goguryeo, Goguryeo felt the need to stop Baekje's oppression. King Jangsoo Goguryeo invaded Baekje in 475 BC by using the period when the Northern Wei army abandoned the military activities, and destroyed Hansung and removed King Gaero. Baekje used public relations in accordance with his purpose for each period, and the pattern of public relations was also affected by the situation with Goguryeo.

Controllability and regularity for parabolic and hyperbolic equations

천수진 Pukyong National University 2018 국내박사

이 논문은 공학적, 물리학적으로 응용 가능한 1계 방물형 방정식과 2계 쌍곡형 방정식에 대한 해의 정칙성과 제어이론을 다루었다. 먼저, 시간지연을 가진 준선형 방물형방정식: (E) [수식은 본문내용 참조] 의 해의 존재성과 정칙성을 밝혔다. 이에 사용된 기본해를 이용하여 국소조건이 있는 준선형 방물형방정식을 수학적으로 해석하였다. 2계 비선형 변분부등식의 쌍곡형 함수미분방정식: [수식은 본문내용 참조] 의 선형성을 가진 변분부등식으로 변환을 통하여 해의 성질과 수학적 해석으로 일반적인 방물형의 변분부등식을 일반화하였다. (E) 방정식의 제어계(외압 대신에 제어기 와 제어로 이루어진 항으로 이루어진 방정식)가 포함된 제어이론으로서 인경우의 가제어성이 되기 위한 충분조건을 유도하여 기존 이론을 일반화하여 시간지연과 비선형 항을 포함한 비선형계의 수학적 해석과 응용가능성을 가능하게 하였다. 그리고 가제어성이 되지 않는 경우에는 주어진 목표에 도달 가능한 것 중 최적제어의 존재성과 최적시간을 규명하였다.

Development of bio-elastomers from vegetable oil and styrene-butadiene copolymers by molecular structure control

장진 Gyeongsang National University 2015 국내박사

This work is focus on developing bio-elastomers based on styrene-butadiene copolymers as a potential replacement for traditional elastomers used in industrial applications. Three kinds of styrene-butadiene copolymers (polystyrene-polybutadiene diblock copolymer (SB), polystyrene-polybutadiene random copolymer (SBR) and polystyrene-polybutadiene- polystyrene triblock copolymer (SBS)) are polymerized via different anionic polymerization process at first. Waste soybean oil (WSO) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) are reacted with these styrene-butadiene copolymers respectively to produce bio-elastomers. The mechanism of formation of the bio-elastomers has been analyzed by GPC, FTIR and NMR. The Mn of the obtained products is roughly two or one times higher than that of the original molecules. The molecule size of the precursor polymer, the molar ratio of precursor to oil and the weight ratio of styrene to butadiene are found has effect on the second nucleophilic attack reaction, which forming the product with Mn is two-fold higher than that of the original molecule. The mechanical properties of these bio-elastomers have been studied by universal tensile tester. Due to the difference of the backbone structures, the result shows that the bio-elastomers obtained from SB and SBR reveal better tensile properties compare with the precursor polymers, but the bio-elastomers obtained from SBS shows the opposite result. In addition, chemical modifications of traditional styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) and the bio-based SBS (SB-WSO) have been studied via respectively grafting with maleic anhydride (MAH), in order to discuss the influence of the oil parts in SBS molecules on the grafting copolymerization. 1HNMR spectra confirmed that the reaction mechanism of the maleic anhydride grafted onto the two kinds of SBS is different. The results also show that the grafting degree of bio-based SBS (SB-WSO) is higher than that of the traditional SBS at the same condition of grafting copolymerization. The bio-elastomers which show excellent mechanical properties are blended with commercial styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBS and SBR), respectively. The result shows that the mechanical properties of commercial SBS have been improved after blending with a small quantity of bio-elastomers SB-WSO or SB-ESO. The elongation at break of commerical SBR increases but tensile strength of commerical SBR decreases with the increase of the addition of SBR-WSO or SBR-ESO in the blends. The influence of bio-elastomer on the mechanical properties of commercial copolymer after thermal aging also has been studied. The tensile testing results support that bio-elastomer SB-WSO has a little influence on increase the aging behavior of commercial SBS, but the SB-ESO reduces the aging behavior of the commercial SBS. However, the results supported that the bio-elastomers SBR-WSO and SBR-ESO can obviously improved the aging performance of the commercial SBR. 본 연구에서는 다양한 산업 분야에서 사용되고 있는 기존 탄성체의 잠재적 대체 소재로써 스티렌-부타디엔 공중합체를 기초로 한 바이오 탄성체의 개발에 중점을 두었다. 스티렌-부타디엔 공중합체의 세 종류(폴리스티렌-폴리부타디엔 디블록 공중합체(SB), 폴리스티렌-폴리부타디엔 랜덤 공중합체(SBR), 폴리스티렌-폴리부타디엔-폴리스티렌 트리블록 공중합체(SBS))는 서로 다른 음이온 중합 방법을 통해 중합된다. 폐 대두유(WSO) 및 에폭시화 대두유(ESO)는 각각 바이오 탄성체를 생산하기 위해 이러한 스티렌-부타디엔 공중합체와 반응한다. 바이오 탄성체의 형성 메커니즘은 GPC, FTIR 및 NMR을 이용하여 분석하였다. 생성물은 원래 분자량보다 약 두 배 이상 분자량이 증가하였다. 전구체 고분자의 분자 크기, 전구체 고분자와 오일의 몰비 그리고 부타디엔과 스티렌의 중량비가 두 배 높은 분자량을 갖는 생성물을 형성하는 두 번째 친 핵성 공격 반응에 영향을 미친 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 바이오 탄성체의 기계적 성질은 만능인장시험기를 통해 분석하였다. 주사슬의 구조 차이로 인해, SB와 SBR에 의한 바이오 탄성체의 인장 특성 결과는 전구체 중합체와 비교하였을 경우 더 나은 물성을 나타내었으나, SBS로부터 얻어지는 바이오 탄성체의 경우는 반대 결과를 나타내었다. 또한, 각각 오일의 영향을 논의하기 위해서, 기존의 스티렌-부타디엔-스티렌 트리블록 공중합체(SBS)와 SBS를 기초로 폐 대두유를 반응시킨 결과물(SB-WSO)의 화학적 변형은 말레산 무수물(MAH)의 그라프팅을 통해 연구하였다. 1H NMR 스펙트럼을 통해 SBS의 두 종류로 그라프트된 말레산 무수물의 반응 메커니즘이 다르다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 SB-WSO의 그라프팅 정도는 그라프트 공중합의 동일 조건에서 기본 SBS보다 더 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 우수한 기계적 특성을 보인 바이오 탄성체는 각각 상용화된 스티렌-부타디엔 공중합체(SBS와 SBR)와 블렌드하였다. 결과를 통해 상용화된 SBS의 기계적 성질이 바이오 탄성체인 SB-WSO 또는 SB-ESO를 소량 배합한 후에 개선되었음을 확인하였다. SBR-WSO 또는 SBR-ESO을 첨가하는 양이 증가함에 따라 상용화된 SBR의 파단신율은 증가하지만 인장강도는 감소하였다. 내열노화 후 상용화된 공중합체의 기계적 특성에 바이오 탄성체의 영향도 연구하였다. 인장시험 결과는 SB-WSO 바이오 탄성체가 상용화된 SBS의 노화 거동의 증가에 약간의 영향을 주지만, SB-ESO는 상용화된 SBS의 노화 거동을 감소시킨다. 그러나 SBR-WSO와 SBR-ESO 바이오 탄성체는 분명히 상용화된 SBR의 노화 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다.

Reliability characterization in consideration of self-heating in FinFET technology

Jin, Minjung Sungkyunkwan university 2018 국내석사

Plasma-polymer thin films for interlayer dielectrics and other applications

Cho, Sang-Jin Sungkyunkwan University 2012 국내박사

This studies investigated the plasma polymer thin films for low-κ, bio, and organic thin film transistor (OTFT) applications. Toluene, methylycclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohxane were used as organic precursors, in each experiment. Also, tetraethylorthosilane (tetraetoxysilicate; TEOS) was used as inorganic (organosilicon) precursor. The plasma polymer thin films were deposited on several substrate for according to analytical methods or applications by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The deposition was performed under room temperature or 150 ℃. In addition, each precursor was injected into the reaction chamber by bubbling gas. Also, precursor ratio was controlled with bubbling gas flux by mass flow controller. Moreover, the hybrid plasma polymer was deposited by co-deposition or alternating injection of organic and inorganic precursors. The as-grown plasma polymer thin films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, water contact angle, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nanoindentation method. For low-κ, simple capacitor was built with metal-insulator-silicon structure. I-V and capacitance (at 1 MHz) measurement was examined. Also, OTFT was built with top contact structure. OTFT characterization was performed for usage as gate dielectric materials in OTFT application. Additionally atmosphere environmental high energy electron beam irradiation were investigated for DNA fixation. The optimal condition for each application was determined by each result. Also, each result showed that the characteristics of plasma polymer was controlled by usage of the plasma powers, kinds of precursor, precursor ratios, electron dose, etc.

Modification of amorphous hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film for bio-sensing

Jin, Chunyan Sungkyunkwan University 2012 국내석사

개선된 금속나노입자 전극은 효과적인 표면적을 가지고 대량 수송과 촉매작용을 하며 미세환경영역까지 쉽게 다룰 수 있기 때문에 전기분석영역에서 큰 주목을 받고 있다. 지난 30년간, boron doped diamond (BDD) 박막전극은 전기분석영역에서폭 넓게 연구되었다. 그 박막들은 금속나노입자를 증착하기위해 기판으로 사용되었다. 그러나 BDD 전극은 표면개질의 유무와 관계없이 낮은 검출한계를 가졌다. 최근, 연구자들은 BDD 전극을 nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon (N-DLC) 박막으로 대체하려는 노력을 하고 있다. N-DLC 박막은 마이크로바이오센서로 개발하기 위해 마이크로유체채널과 쉽게 통합되는 기존의 반도체 기술인 마이크로전극배열를 이용하여 제작할 수 있다. 이 논문에서, N-DLC 박막의 합성은 RF-PECVD 법에 의해 수행되었다. 또한N-DLC 표면의 금속나노입자를 개선하는 방법과 바이오센서로서의 응용에 대한연구를 진행했다. 제이장는 다른 금속나노입자를 이용한 N-DLC 전극을 바이오센서에 응용했던 내용이다. 우리는 N-DLC표면에 다른 금속나노입자가 증착되고 촉매기능을 밝혀내기를 원한다. 제삼장는 전기증착법을 이용하여 니켈 나노입자들을 성장시킬때 증착조건들이 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해 나타냈다.

Studies on meteorin in endoderm specification and SNX5 in secretion of pancreatic hormones

김윤영 Pohang University of Science and Technology 2014 국내박사

Organs derived from endoderm provide a vast array of major functions including detoxification, food digestion, nutrient absorption, and glucose homeostasis and disruption of these endodermal organ functions causes various human diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying developmental processes into endoderm and functional regulation of endodermal organs would provide a great insight in disease progression and effective treatments. In this study, I identified Meteorin as a molecule involved in endoderm specification and SNX5 as a molecule regulating secretion of pancreatic hormones, respectively. Meteorin is highly expressed during early embryogenesis and genetic ablation of it results in early embryonic lethality presumably due to impaired lineage allocation and subsequent cell accumulation. Studies using embryoid body culture of Meteorin-null embryonic stem cells and Meteorin-deficient mice consistently showed reduced Nodal expression and a concomitant impairment of mesendoderm specification. These results show that Meteorin is a novel regulator of Nodal transcription, and is required to maintain sufficient Nodal level for endoderm formation, elucidating the regulatory mechanism for mesendoderm allocation. Once endoderm is specified, various organs consisting respiratory and digestive systems are generated through sequential developmental processes. Among these organs, the pancreas plays critical roles in assisting digestive function and regulating glucose homeostasis. Here, I suggest SNX5 as a novel regulator of secretion of pancreatic hormones. It is expressed in pancreatic epithelium, specifically in islets of Langerhans consisting of various endocrine cells. When SNX5 is ablated, both levels of serum glucagon and insulin were significantly increased and glucose tolerance was enhanced, while blood glucose level after fasting was normally maintained. Further studies delineating the molecular mechanism for regulating hormonal secretion in SNX5-/- mice would provide the great insight in understanding the physiology of pancreatic hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis.

A Study on the Discomfort Glare Evaluation for Different Window Composition

Jin, Xian-Hua Graduate School Chungnam National University 2004 국내석사

건축설계는 주광을 도입한 조도를 자연스럽게 변화시켜 재실자들에게 쾌적한 환경을 제공 해야 한다. 조명방식은 조명에너지 절약 및 제공간의 조도를 자연스럽게 변화시켜 재실자들에게 쾌적한 환경을 제공한다. 건물에 주광을 도입할 경우, 천공상태에 따라 실내로 유입되는 빛에 의해 창에는 글레어가 발생한다. 창면에 발생하는 글레어는 재실자들에게 시각의 저하등 심각한 문제가 되고 있다. 외국에서는 이러한 창면불쾌글레어를 해결하기 위해 다양한 시도가 있었지만 여전히 창면불쾌글레어를 정확히 평가하기에는 많은 문제점을 갖고 있다. 본 연구와 관련된 선행연구에서는 창면불쾌글레어를 정확하게 평가하기 위한 평가도구를 개발하기 위해 광원휘도, 배경휘도(Ls), 입체각(ω), 수정입체각(Ω), 수평거리(T), 수직거리(H), 시선의 위치와 같은 다양한 평가실험을 실시하였으며 그 결과 Hopkinson 과 Iwata 가 제안한 불쾌글레어 평가식의 문제점 및 보완점을 발견하였으며 그 해결방법을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 창면불쾌글레어의 원인이 될 수 있는 변수 즉 창면적, 창의 개수, 창의 위치을 실험변수로 선정한 후 각각의 변수들의 값을 변화시켜 평가실험을 실시하였으며 각 변수의 변화와 창면불쾌글레어감의 변화를 정량적으로 분석하기 보다 실제적인 불쾌글레어의 예측ㅁ평가도구를 제작하기 위한 기초데이터로 제공하는데 연구의 목적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 다음같이 3단계로 나누어 진행하였다. 첫째, 창의 면적(600×600mm, 800×800mm, 1000×1000mm), 피험자시선의 상하, 창의 개수(1 개, 2 개, 3 개) 등을 고려한 실물대모형를 제작하였으며, 불쾌글레어감을 평가할 수 있는 평가어휘를 선정하였다. 둘째, 각각 실험 변인 별 평가실험을 실시하였다. 셋째, 실험결과를 분석하여 창면불쾌글레어에 영향 크게 미치는 변수를 제시하였다. 불쾌글레어평가실험을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 피험자의 위치별로 창면적이 600×600mm, 1000×1000mm 으로 증가 할수록 17%에서 32%의 변화 불쾌글레어감이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 휘도에서도 불쾌글레어감을 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 광원과 피험자의 시선의 위치의 변화에 따른 불쾌글레어감의 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 피험자 수직시선은 불쾌글레어감의 평가에서는 영향이 없다는 것을 나타났다. 3. 광원개수의 변화에 따른 불쾌글레어감 평가에서 불쾌글레어감에 가장 영향을 미치는 광원을 선정할 때 수정입체각이 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 광원의 휘도가 고휘도 일 때 광원개수의 증가는 중요한 변수로 작용하지만 광원의 휘도가 낮은 상황에서의 광원의 개수증가는 불쾌글레어감을 평가할 수 있는 중요한 변수로 작용하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. Building occupants generally prefer to live and work in a well day-lighted space. The physical working environment, particularly the visual environment such as admission of daylight for indoor illumination, affects occupant satisfaction and worker performance and thereby also productivity. Daylight was one of the main considerations in building design. So it is important to use daylight available from the natural resource for interior lighting in order to provide psycho-physical comfort in room space and thereby to reduce the electric power consumption for lighting. However, in the field of view light sources of excessive brightness or uneven distribution can cause glare of varying degrees from a mild sensation of discomfort to an intolerable feeling of pain. The precise physiological origins of the discomfort experienced under bright lights remain obscure. Glare is one of the major factors affecting visual comfort. Therefore, it is important to have a better understanding of the magnitude of the glare caused by daylight from windows. In our previous studies on the discomfort glare, various of parameters were used, which were source luminance(Ls), background luminance(Lb), solid angular subtense of the source at the eye(ω), solid angular subtense of the source modified for the effect of the position of its elements in different parts of the field of view(Ω), the horizontal distance between source and eyes (T), the vertical distance between source and eye (H). Comparing the result of the previous studies with that of Hopkinson and Iwata, we proposed the method to deal with the discomfort glare. Based on these previous studies, we enlarge the field of parameters effected by the window glare to assess if it is possible for these parameters to affect discomfort, those are window size, number of windows, and position of the glare source that were ignored in the previous studies and referred the experimental results as base data for future glare study. Then the conclusion is as follows: 1) With the difference of subject position series, there is 17% to 32% increasing from 600 × 600mm to 1000 × 100mm. And an increase in luminance when increasing the size of window makes the value of discomfort glare sensation higher. As the increase in solid angular sub tense of the source modified for the effect of the position of its elements in different parts of the field of view (Ω), even at the lower luminance the discomfort glare sensation is found. 2) There is no significant change in discomfort glare with changing the positions of eyes. And it is concluded that discomfort glare sensation is irrelevant to vertical sight line between subjects and source. 3) In glare evaluation, the more the number of windows, the more glare sensation can be concluded. Meanwhile, Ω is regarded as the most effected factor when the numbers of windows are considered in discomfort glare evaluation. However, Ω is the most important factor in high luminance used to evaluate discomfort glare, while in low luminance Ω effect is small.

(The) sustainability of the Chinese textile industry : focusing on technological progress

Ma, Jin Graduate School of International Studies, Koera Un 2011 국내석사

Effect of placental derived mesenchymal stem cells on trophoblast via mitochondrial function

석진 CHA University 2017 국내석사

Trophoblast cells were critical to the progress of implantation and development of embryo as well as placentation. Especially, the trophoblast invasion ability was key process to successful implantation in the early stage of development. Alterative mitochondrial function has been reported to be a key regulator for dynamic trophoblast functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and invasion. We previously reported that placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) have several potentials for differentiation, immunomodulation, and affects the invasion ability of trophoblast cells. However, their effects and mechanisms on trophoblast invasion ability via mitochondrial functions are still unclear. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to compare the trophoblast invasion ability and analyze mitochondria related gene expression and ATP production according to PD-MSCs co-cultivation. Finally, we investigated their regulation mechanism on invasion ability of trophoblast. The expression of markers related to mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, energy production and autophagy in trophoblast co-cultured with PD-MSCs were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting and ELISA. In addition, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidation of mitochondria in trophoblast cells were analyzed by JC-1 and Mito-Sox dye staining, respectively. In 24 insert trans-well system, PD-MSCs co-cultivation significantly increased the invasion ability of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells through increasing MMP-9 activities (p<0.05). The expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1-α), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1α), ATP cassette subfamily B member 10 (ABCB10), and autophagic markers were increased by PD-MSCs co-cultivation (p<0.05). Furthermore, PD-MSCs induce to increase mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidation in HTR-8/SVneo cell via activation of autophagic mechanism in mitochondria. Taken together, PD-MSCs can regulate trophoblast invasion by dynamic mitochondrial functions via autohpagic mechanism. These result supports the fundamental mechanisms of mitochondria function contribute to trophoblast invasion and suggest new therapeutic strategy in infertility. Keywords : Trophoblast, Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell, Invasion abilrily, Rho Family, Mitochondria, ROS, ATP, Mitochondrial DNA copy number, Mitochondrial autophagy