증폭(蒸曝)에 의한 지황(地黃)의 성분 변화에 대한 고찰

정재우 ( Jae Woo Jung ),김한영 ( Han Young Kim ),류지효 ( Ji Hyo Lyu ),김정훈 ( Jung-hoon Kim ) 대한본초학회 2021 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.36 No.6

Objectives : ‘Steaming and drying’ is a traditional processing method that has been used to produce Suk-ji-hwang (熟地黃; Rehmanniae Radix Preparata) from Ji-hwang (地黃, the fresh root of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz ex Steudel; Rehmanniae Radix). The steaming and drying process, which is proceeded in heating and moisturizing conditions, plays a crucial role in the change of therapeutic effect of Ji-hwang, presumably due to the modification of its chemical constituents. In this article, the chemical influence of the ‘Steaming and drying’ process was investigated for understanding the underlying mechanism of chemical modification of Ji-hwang. Methods : The articles regarding the modifications of chemical constituents of Ji-hwang during the ‘Steaming and drying’ process were collected and analyzed to investigate the influence of the processing to Ji-hwang. Results : The results indicated that iridoid glycosides were degraded to their aglycones and sugars, and such degradations occurred faster at a high pressure than at an atmospheric pressure during the process. The contents of catalpol, ajugol, and acteoside were decreased, while those of rehmannioside A and D were slightly increased during the repeated processing. The contents of oligosaccharides, namely sucrose, maltose, raffinose, and stachyose (except for manninotriose), were decreased, while those of monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, were increased by the repeated processing. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that the ‘Steaming and drying’ process influenced the chemical constituents of Ji-hwang and provide probable basis for the therapeutic modification of Suk-ji-hwang after the processing of Ji-hwang.

18–30세 사이에 발생하는 뇌경색의 특징, 다기관 레지스트리 연구

장윤경,송태진,김용재,허지회,이경열,김영은,장민욱,조수진,강석윤 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 2017 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.40 No.3

Objectives: Although there have been several reports that described characteristics for young age stroke, information regarding very young age (18–30 years old) has been limited. We aimed to analyze demographic factors, stroke subtype, and 3-month outcome in acute ischemic stroke patient who have relatively very young age in multicenter stroke registry. Methods: We evaluated all 122 (7.1%) consecutive acute ischemic stroke (within 7 days after symptom onset) patients aged 18 to 30 from 17,144 patients who registered in multicenter prospective stroke registry, 1997 to 2012. Etiology was classified by Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Stroke severity was defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and stroke outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months after index stroke. Results: The mean age of all included patients was 25.1±3.7 years and 76 patients (62.2%) were male. The median NIHSS at admission was 4. Considering stroke subtype, 37 patients (30.3%) had stroke of other determined etiology (SOD), 37 (30.3%) had undetermined negative evaluation (UN) and 31 (25.4%) had cardioembolism (CE) were frequently noted. After adjusting age, sex and variables which had P<0.1 in univariable analysis (NIHSS and stroke subtype), CE stroke subtype (odds ratio, 4.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–15.48; P=0.011) were significantly associated with poor functional outcome (mRS≥3). Conclusion: In very young age ischemic stroke patients, SOD and UN stroke subtype were most common and CE stroke subtype was independently associated with poor discharge outcome.

해방 후 전통적 지식인의 탈식민 민족(民族)(시문학(詩文學))사(史)의 기획-조지훈의 반공/보수/민족주의와 한국현대시문학사 서술

박지영 ( Ji Young Park ) 반교어문학회 2014 泮橋語文硏究 Vol.0 No.37

본고는 보수/민족주의자인 전통적 지식인 시인 조지훈의 1960년대 (문학)史 인식에 대해서 살펴보는 것이 그 목적이다. 이는 해방 이후 한국의 보수적 민족주의의 일면과 이 사상을 바탕으로 한 한국현대시문학사의 정신적 근원을 살펴보는 일이다. 조지훈은 전통적 지식인으로서 전통을 부정하는 좌파 사상에 생래적으로 부정적인 태도를 갖고 있었다. 그러나 다른 순수시론과 달리 그는 순수시에도 사상이 있어야 한다고 주장하면서 항쟁의 사상으로 인식하고 있었던 좌파 사상에 ‘전통’ 사상을 대응시킨다. 이 전통론은 근대 이전과의 연속성을 확보해 내는 보수/민족주의 사관에 이르게 된다. 그러나 선비의 정치를 주장하는 그의 유학적 세계관은 다른 보수주의 민족주의자들과는 다르게 당대 정권에 저항적 위치에 서게 만든다. 62년부터 64년까지 집약적으로 실시된 그의 학문적 활동을 이러한 그의 신념의 결과이다. 그는 한국민족운동사와 한국현대시 문학사를 서술하면서 근대 이전과 이후의 역사적 연속성을 확보하고 이를 통해 민족국가의 역사적 전통성을 확보해 내려 한다. 특히 그가 희구했던 역사는 운동사로 그는 이를 통해 식민의 치욕적 역사를 떨어내고 저항사로 탈식민의 역사를 새롭게 재편하려던 기획이었다. 그러나 그 저항사에서는 맥락없이 연결된 사건 중심의 서사가 정신주의로 연결되는데, 이렇게 탈식민의 기획이 정신사로 귀결될 수밖에 없는 것은 이 치욕의 역사를 지우고 매끈한 저항사를 만들어내는 것이 실증적으로는 거의 불가능하다는 것을 보여주는 역설적 증표이다. 한국현대시문학사 역시 전통의 계승이라는 문학사적 연속성의 확보를 가장 큰 목적으로 삼은 것이다. ‘개화가사’란 장르의 탄생은 바로 이러한 의도에서 기획된 산물이다. 이렇게 조지훈이 1960년대 초반부터 1964년 거의 완성해 간한국(문학/문화)사 인식론 역시 당대 저항적 민족주의 담론의 전형적인 형상이 었다. 이는 좌파 사상에 대적할 새로운 저항 의식을 만들어야 한다는 유학적 지식인이 자신의 존재성을 걸고 만들어낸 성과이자 한계이다. This paper aims to examine the literary historical epistemology of the conservatist, nationalist, traditional intellectual and poet Jo Ji-hun in the 1960s. This seeks to examine the conservative nationalism of post-liberation Korea, and the origin of Korea`s literary history of modern poetry based on that thought. Jo Ji-hun, a traditional intellectual, had an inherent negative attitude toward leftist thoughts which negated tradition. But unlike with other theories of genuine poetry, he insists that even genuine poems should embrace certain thoughts, and corresponds traditional thoughts to leftist thoughts recognized as thoughts of resistance. This tradition theory leads to the historical view of conservatism/nationalism which secures a link with pre-modern times. But his Confucian view of the world, which postulates politics of scholars, leaves him to resist the then regime unlike conservative nationalists. His academic activities, intensified expecially from 1962 - 1964, are the result of such belief. When he describes Korea`s history of national movements and Korea`s literary history of modern poetry, he tries to secure the historical continuity of pre-modern and post-modern times, and thus to ensures the nation`s historical traditionality. Notably, the history that he pursued is the history of movements, and through such pursuit, he makes a great attempt to shake off the humiliating Korean history of being colonized, and to reestablish anew the history of decolonization as a history of resistance. But that history of resistance involves the description of events, connected with one another without essential contexts, being linked with mentalism. The process of such decolonization attempt having to result in the history of mentalism proves that it is nearly empirically impossible to erase the humiliating history and to create an impeccable history of resistance. Korea`s literary history of modern poetry also sought to prove the literary historical connectivity, namely, the inheritance of tradition. The birth of the genre of history of enlightenment is the product of this very attempt. As such, the epistemology of Korean history of literature and culture, which from the early 1960s to 1964, Jo Ji-hun nearly completed, was typical of discourses on the then resistant nationalism. This is the result from and the limits of the Confucian intellectual making all-out efforts to create a new spirit of resistance to cope with leftist thoughts.

식민지 조선의 카페여급을 다루는 역사연극과 역사연구 -<이상, 열셋까지 세다>와 <깃븐우리절믄날>을 중심으로

전영지 ( Jeon Young-ji ) 한국드라마학회 2017 드라마연구 Vol.0 No.51

본고는 한국계 미국인 극작가 성 노(Sung Rno)의 희곡 <이상, 열셋까지 세다>(1999)와 한국인 극작가 성기웅의 희곡 <깃븐우리절믄날>(2008)의 비교를 통해 역사연극과 역사연구 사이의 관계에 대해 묻는다. 두 희곡 작품 모두는 일제강점기 요절한 천재시인 이상의 단편소설을 기반으로 이상과 이상의 주변인물들 간의 자살기도를 동반하며 일어났던 애정문제를 다룬다. 게다가 이 애정문제에 중심이 되는 여주인공들은 모두 카페여급으로 설정되어 있다. 그러나 이러한 강한 유사성에도 불구하고 두 작품의 카페여급 캐릭터, 그린과 권영희는 매우 상이한 인물로 설정되어있다. 식민지 조선의 기생과 기생의 근대적변형인 카페여급은 매춘 또는 `자유연애`에 관여하는 동시에 전통기예 또는 근대성을 향유하는, 양가성(兩價性)을 지닌 여성들로 여겨졌으나, 두 희곡은 이러한 양가적 특징 중 하나의 측면은 강조하고 다른 하나의 측면은 축소시켜 완전히 다른 상(像)의 여성캐릭터를 제시한 것이다. 필자는 두 희곡이 보이는 이러한 차이에 주목하고 한국어와 영어로 쓰인 식민지 조선의 카페여급에 대한 역사 연구서들을 검토하여 두 개의 다른 언어권에서 생산된 역사 서술 내러티브들이 보이는 공통의 관심과 관점을 밝힐 것이다. 결국 본고는 역사연극과 역사연구 모두 본질적으로 과거의 이야기를 잠재적 독자/관객과 소통하고자 시도하는 내러티브이기 때문에 언어가 누구와 소통할 것인가를 규정하며 상이한 역사쓰기를 추동한다고 주장한다. This paper explores the relationship between history plays and historical studies by conducting a comparative analysis of Yi Sang Counts to Thirteen (1999) by Korean American playwright Sung Rno and Showa 10, Our Joyful Young Days (Gitbeun-uri-jeolmeun-nal, 2008) by Korean playwright Ki-woong Sung, as well as that of Korean-written and English-written historical studies concerning cafe-maids in colonial Korea. The two plays portray strong similarities; the both deal with the 1930s Korean poet Yi Sang and his love conflict, which included cafe-maids in its center and entailed suicide attempts. Nevertheless, the two cafe-maids - Green in Yi Sang Counts to Thirteen and Young-hee Kwon in Showa 10, Our Joyful Young Days - appear considerably different even in their job descriptions. While gisaeng and its modern incarnation of cafe-maids had ambivalent features of artistic talents/modern intellectualism and prostitution, the two plays provide the audience with different pictures by highlighting one aspect and blurring the other. Considering such dramaturgical technique in history narratives, I examine whether Korean and English-speaking historical scholarships concerning cafe-maids in colonial Korea echo the differences of the plays, and ask why, if they do. This research ultimately suggests that history plays and historical studies are alike as an attempt to communicate past stories with their potential readers/audiences, and thus conditioned by languages that storytellers choose, since the languages establish who their potential communication partners would be.

김수영 시의 생태학적 상상력 : ‘온몸’의 카오스모스 시학을 중심으로

노지영(Roh Ji-Young) 문학과 환경학회 2009 문학과 환경 Vol.8 No.2

This paper is to examine an aesthetic form in poetics of 'the entire body', a core of Kim Soo-Young's poems with special reference to ecological world vision. The term 'entire body' in his poem does not mean simply metaphoric vehicle but poem of principle with which overcomes and restores loss of reason. Especially in this paper, I tried to find out eco-poetical world vision in his work by means of the notion 'chaosmos' which means paradoxical coordination of order and chaos. The term 'chaosmos' is the one laid in area of fortuity in which steady pattern in order, and it explains a fundamental relation of 'life' through self-organization by which restores separated world. In this paper, I understand the 'loss sense' as a momentum to overcome and restore relations with principle of poem, especially the post-war period of chaosmos to optimize total adventure of poem world, in terms of inconsistency between recognized reality and actual life. Experience of colonization and liberation, serial national war, and 4.19 Revolution & 5.16 Coup d’?tat made the poet to experience repetitious failure of teleological and linear thesis. Here a need to figure out a relation that beyond repetitious process of replacement, serial loss & mourning sense caused by order of reason as a tool. The mode to stand against repetitious death of reason order is now appeared as a type to foreground material feature in poetic language. As seen in the series 'Singuigeorae', the formal experiment to poetic language and its attitude to the nature is the typical example of it. The abject like 'saliva' or 'sputum' that was abandoned from reason order is a motif to maximize materiality of the body. The 'seed' or 'root' also functions as an uncortant motif to explain producing movement of text and life flow in a world abandoned from reason order. Such motives, in period of repetitious loss, show off Kun Sod young's socio-is a motif thinking way to reconstitute a principle of poem viewed through the 'entire body'. In addition, the poet, in other various poems, created some meta-poems through which we should follow for a future direction of 'poetics.' He tried to elucidate entity of poem as a processing principle of 'body' and 'genotext' which shows possible form goes beyond meaning of described sentences, total sum of individual parts. Ultimately he wanted to show off a principle of poem like plurality and complexity of organic life than any other referential messages.

딥러닝을 활용한 전략물자 판정 지원도구 개발에 대한 연구

조재영(Jae-Young Cho),윤지원(Ji-Won Yoon) 한국정보보호학회 2020 정보보호학회논문지 Vol.30 No.6

전략물자관리 제도의 이행 확산에 따라 전략물자 판정의 중요성이 높아지고 있으나 전략물자 제도를 처음 접하는 수출기업은 전략물자의 개념을 이해하기 쉽지 않고, 전략물자를 통제하는 기준이 다양하여 전략물자 판정에 어려움이 따른다. 본 논문에서는 전략물자 제도를 처음 접하는 기업이나 전략물자 판정시스템 이용자에게 진입장벽을 낮추어 판정이라는 과정을 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 이용자가 전략물자 판정이라는 절차를 매뉴얼이나 카탈로그의 제공만으로 판정결과를 확인할 수 있게 된다면, 전략물자 판정 방법과 절차에 보다 편리하고 쉽게 다가설수 있을 것이다. 본 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 이미지 인식 및 분류에서 연구되고 있는 딥러닝과 OCR(광학문자판독) 기술을 활용하고, 전략물자 판정 지원도구에 대한 개발과 연구를 통하여 우리 기업의 전략물자 판정에 도움이 되는 정보를 제공한다. As the implementation of export controls is spreading, the importance of classifying strategic items is increasing, but Korean export companies that are new to export controls are not able to understand the concept of strategic items, and it is difficult to classifying strategic items due to various criteria for controlling strategic items. In this paper, we propose a method that can easily approach the process of classification by lowering the barrier to entry for users who are new to export controls or users who are using classification of strategic items. If the user can confirm the decision result by providing a manual or a catalog for the procedure of classifying strategic items, it will be more convenient and easy to approach the method and procedure for classfying strategic items. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, it utilizes deep learning, which are being studied in image recognition and classification, and OCR(optical character reader) technology. And through the research and development of the support tool, we provide information that is helpful for the classification of strategic items to our companies.

요대(遼代) 선연(鮮演)에 수용된 법장(法藏)의 화엄사상

박은영(지현)(Park, Eun-Young (Ven. Ji-Hyun)) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2018 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.85

중세 동아시아의 화엄사상은 법장에 의해 대성되고, 징관에 의해 혁신을 거듭한다. 당대(唐代)에 확립된 화엄교학은 이후 북송(北宋)에서는 법장의 화엄학이 중시되었던 반면에, 같은 시기에 요대(遼代)에서는 특히 징관의 화엄학이 중점적으로 연구된다. 따라서 요대에는 법장이 큰 연관이 없는 것 같지만 사실은 요대 화엄학 저술인 선연의 『담현결택기』6권속에서 법장의 사상은 충실히 수용되고 있다. 징관의 『대소』와 『연의초』가 법장을 종지로 받들어 지어진 것이고, 『결택기』가 그것의 주석서인 점에서 볼 때, 『결택기』에는 그 자체로 법장의 사상이 녹아들어 있다고 할 수 있다. 실제 『결택기』에 인용된 문헌 중에는 법장의 저술인 『교의분제장』이 가장 많이 인용되었고, 또 다른 저술인 『지귀』, 『탐현기』, 『기신론의기』도 직접 · 간접적으로 인용되었으며, 선연은 매우 빈번하게 ‘현수의 뜻’을 회통하고 있다. 내용적으로는 『현담』 본문의 제1장 「교장소섭(藏敎所攝)」과 제2장 「의리분제(義理分齊)」부분에서 많이 인용되었는데, 특히 일승과 삼승의 불일불이(不一不異), 동교일승 ․ 별교일승, 5교교판과 십현문 등 화엄일승원교의 의리를 밝히는 데 있어 주요쟁점들을 선연이 법장의 사상을 통해 적극 활용하고 있는 것에서 잘 드러난다. 본 논고에서는 『결택기』에 인용된 법장의 저술과 그 구체적인 내용을 중심으로 해서 선연이 법장의 사상에서 무엇을 강조하고 있고, 석성하고 있는 내용은 무엇인지를 중점적으로 살펴서 선연에게 수용된 법장의 화엄사상을 살펴봄으로써 요대 화엄사상속에서 법장 화엄사상의 위상을 파악하고자 한다. Chinese Buddhism and especially Huayan thought flourished in the Liao dynasty 遼(916-1125) and was based on Chinese translations of Buddhist literature made during the Tang dynasty 唐 (618-907). Huayan Jing Tǎnxuan Juezĕ Ji, written by Xianyǎn 鮮演(1040-1118), was one of the later annotations to the Xuant-1 玄談 from the 20 volumes of Dafang’guangfo Huayan Jing Shu 大方廣佛華嚴經疏 and the 40 volumes of Suishuyanyi Chao 隨疏演義鈔, which was widely known as a distinctive commentary on the 80 volumes of the Avataṃsaka sutra written by Qingliang Chengguan 淸涼 澄觀 (738-839). Juezĕ Ji was annotated for Xuantan 玄談 in a very clear and accurate tone, as the way in which Xianyǎn’s opinions were absorbed in the writing of Chengguan did not include notes or as water permeating into any objects. We are able to see that Juezĕ Ji was annotated in Xianyǎn’s own unique way, which made Chengguan’s writings clear and obvious. Additionally, Juezĕ Ji frequently quoted classic literature, Fa-Tsang 法藏 (643-712) wrote and the number of quotes ranged from twos to score every fascicle. Thus, it can be said that the same way as Xianyǎn was absorbed in Chengguan’s writing, the essence of the Huayan thought of Fa-Tsang was accepted by Xianyǎn from the Liao period in Juezĕ Ji.

젊은 성인에서 흡연에 의한 상완동맥 내피기능의 부전에 관한 연구

이상철,권영주,방덕원,이선해,이보영,김지욱,김영훈,온영근,현민수,김성구 순천향의학연구소 2002 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.8 No.1

Background and Objectives : Cigarette smoking is a major factor and the most modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherosclerosis, before the structural change of the systemic arteries. We hypothesized that endothelial dysfunction might be present in the systemic arteries of young adult smokers and that this might be dose-dependent phenomenon. Therefore, we try to certify that smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy young adults without other risk factor of atherosclerosis. Subjects and Methods : we studied noninvasively 29 subjects aged 3 to 4 decades without other risk factor of atherosclerosis, they were composed of the two groups, current smokers(n=15) and nonsmokers(n=14). Smoking history varied from 3 to 20 pack years. Using high-resolution ultrasound, vessel diameter and mean flow rate were measured at rest, during reactive hyperemia(with flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation), and after sublingual nitroglycerin(NG-induced endothelium-independent vasodilation). Result : Flow mediated endothelium dependent dilation was observed in the control subjects (9.4±3.44%) but was impaired in the smokers(5.8±2.51%)(p=0.004). NG-induced endothelium independent dilation is no difference in all subjects. Conclusion : Cigarette smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy young adults.

유아의 자연물에 대한 연상, 유사성, 생명 개념에 관한 연구

최진승,김지영 동아대학교 교육대학원 1998 동아교육논총 Vol.24 No.-

본 연구는 유아가 자연물에 대한 지식을 연상하고 생명 유무와 유사성을 판단하는 기준을 공통적인 준거로써 찾고 그 준거별 반응정도가 연령 및 성별, 자연물의 범주에 따라서 어떠한 양상을 보이면서 발달하는지 밝히는데 그 목적을 두었다. 본 연구의 대상은 부산 시내 유치원에 재원하는 3, 4, 5세 유아 90명이며 유아에게 제시된 자연물은 예비 조사와 친숙도 검사를 통해 선정하였으며, 범주에 따라서 동물, 식물, 천체, 기타 무생물 범주로 나뉘며 각 범주별로 3개씩 총 12개이다. 자료는 인터뷰식으로 진행하여 수집되었으며 유아의 반응은 모두 녹음하여 준거에 따라 수량화하였고, 통계처리는 일원변량분석, 다변량분석, t-검증, Duncan(.05)사후 검증 등을 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결과 및 논의를 통해 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자연물의 소유, 형태, 주제에 관한 개념은 3세에 이미 발달되어 있으며, 색깔과 기능에 관한 개념은 4세와 5세 사이에 크게 발달하는 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 여아는 남아보다 자연물의 기능 및 행위에 관한 개념을 더 먼저 획득한다. 셋째, 동물 및 기타 무생물 범주에 관한 자연물의 개념은 식물 범주 및 천체 범주에 대한 개념보다 더 먼저 발달한다. 넷째, 유아의 자연물의 유사성 판단은 주제-지각-기능-개념 이행으로 변화하며 발달한다. 여섯째, 유아들이 자연물과 유사한 대상으 판단할 때 근거하는 기준은 자연물의 범주에 따라 다른데, 생물 범주는 기능적인 법칙에 근거하고 무생물 범주는 지각적인 특징에 근거하여 판단한다. 일곱째, 자연 법칙에 근거하여 자연물의 생명성을 판단할 수 있는 능력은 5세에 갖추어어지며, 자연물의 범주에 따라 생명성의 판단의 기준이 다르다. 동물 범주는 자연법칙에 근거하며 식물 범주는 사람들의 활동과 개입 유무에 근거하고, 무생물 범주는 의인적인 준거에 근거하여 판단하는 경향이 높다. The purpose of this study is that how the young childrens' association, simialrity, life concept on natural kinds changes with age, sex, and the categories of natural kinds. The subjects in this study were 90 young children who were 3, 4, and 5 years old, and sampled from 3 kindergartens in Pusna. Natural kinds were selected through the pilot test and the categories of natural kinds were divided into animal, plant, planet, and dnonbiological category. Following conclusions were derived from discussion on the results to this study: 1.Young children's association about natural kinds' having, shape, thematic knowledge don't change with age, and their association for the color, functional knowledge of natual kinds were increaed with age. 2.Female childrens' association is higer than male in the natural kinds' functional knowledge. 3.Young childrengs association about plant, planet is increasing with age. Therefore, young childrens' concept about animal, nonbiological kinds is formed nearly at 3 age olds, and young childrens' concept about plant, planet develops highly between the age of 4 and 5 years old. 4.Young children's association about natural kinds' shape is high in the all categories of natural kinds, their assocaition about natural kinds' thematic knowledge is high in nonbiological category. In addition, their association about natural kinds' function is high in animal category at most. 5.Young childrens' reponses about natural kinds' thematic simiarity are decreasing with age. On the other hand, their responses about natural kinds' perceptual, functional simiarity are increasing with age. The result suggests that young childrens' concept on natural kinds is developing thematic-perceptural-founctional-conceptual shift. 6.Young childrens' assocaition about the simiarity is based on objects' founctional character in biological category. On the other hand, their assocaition about inanimates' similarity is based on the perceptual character in nonbiological category. 7.Young childrens' ability to discriminate the animates-nonanimates is increasing at 5 years old. Therefore, young childrens' life concept is formed nearly at 5 years old. 8.Young childrens discriminate between animate and inanimate things in animal category at the based of animals' functional character and in plant category at the based of persons' activity. However they justify the objects' lives at the based of perceptual character in nonbiological category.

Elderly kidney transplant recipients have favorable outcomes but increased infection-related mortality

임정훈,Lee Ga Young,Jeon Yena,Jung Hee-Yeon,Choi Ji Young,CHO, JANG-HEE,Park Sun Hee,김용림,Kim Hyung-Kee,Huh Seung,유은상,Won Dong Il,Kim Chan-Duck 대한신장학회 2022 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.41 No.3

Background: The number of elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease has been increasing, but the outcomes of kidney transplants (KT) remain poorly understood in elderly patients. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of elderly KT recipients and analyzed the impact of elderly donors. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent KT between 2000 and 2019. KT recipients were divided into four groups according to a combination of recipient and donor age (≥60 or <60 years); elderly recipients: old-to-old (n = 46) and young-to-old (n = 83); young recipients: old-to-young (n = 98) and young-to-young (n = 796). We compared the risks of mortality, graft failure, and acute rejection between groups using Cox regression analysis. Results: The incidence of delayed graft function, graft failure, and acute rejection was not different among groups. Annual mean tacrolimus trough level was not lower in elderly recipients than young recipients during 10-year follow-up. Mortality was significantly higher in elderly recipients (p = 0.001), particularly infection-related mortality (p < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, old-toold and young-to-old groups had increased risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14– 7.32; p = 0.03; aHR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.51–6.20; p = 0.002). However, graft failure and acute rejection risks were not increased in elderly recipients. Conclusion: In elderly recipients, graft survival and acute rejection-free survival were not inferior to those of young recipients. However, mortality, especially risk of infection-related death, was increased in elderly recipients. Thus, low immunosuppression intensity might help decrease mortality in elderly recipients.