月沙 李廷龜의 漢詩 硏究

이명희 忠南大學校 大學院 2014 국내박사

For this thesis, I have surveyed the poetic achievement by Yi Jeong-gu who, as one of superb men of letters during King Seonjo’s Reign, was active at the center of the contemporary literary circle, and investigated the value and status of Yi Jeong-gu’s poetry. In Chapter Ⅱ The Background of Yi Jeong-gu’s Creative Work, I have focused on his literary activity and life as a government official to examine his thoughts and acquaintances, the tendency of the contemporary literature, and his literary view. Yi led his literary activity and life as a government official while experiencing wars and political tumults from King Seonjo’s reign to Gwanghaegun and King Injo. Ye’s writing skills made major contribution to overcoming pending issues in politics and foreign affairs as well as other major issues facing the country in the face of continued factional strife and national turmoils. Especially through his four private travels and eight stints on official accompaniment, we can clearly see his life’s trajectory, who worked a literary bureaucrat. The poems that were written on those occasions were collected by period in Weolsajib. Judging from Yi Jeong-gu’s ideas as seen in his thoughts and attitude on Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, he was a scholar and statesman with Confucian thinking who believed in and asserted the legitimacy of Confucianism. As revealed in his Daehakgangeo, his philosophy staunchly followed the doctrines of Chu-tzu. Yet, in his daily life and writings, he showed conciliatory and receptive toward Taoism and Buddhism. Yi was the cynosure among so many figures that led the literary community during King Seonjo’s Renaissance. Leading them and receiving their fresh influence, Yi’s literature grew. Always keeping a low profile and associating with a lot of men of letters through his unique generosity, he was able to expand his literary network through his sincerity. And it worked as the motive that provided diversity and plentiful subject matters for his poetic creation. Under the influence of traditional Confucianism and based on the Establishment view of literature, Yi Jeong-gu thought that the rise and fall of letters were related to the purity and turbidness of energy and that the beauty and ugliness of poetry were grounded on the uprightness and viciousness of mentality. Yi was opposed the formalism that laid much store on poetic technique and decoration, pursued by those poets who worshipped the poetry of Song Dynasty, and poetry that was recondite and mysterious therewith. Such a position naturally connected to his preference of the poetic style of Tang Dynasty, which was followed by his practice in such poetic tenets. In Chapter Ⅲ, I review the characteristics of Yi’s poetry in the four categories as follows. First, in poetic purification of agonies, I conduct an analysis of his poems written during his government service, by classifying them into his soul searching related to his return to pastoral life, political worries, narratives, and comic sketches. While he looked like he was in pursuit of worldly success, Yi was having spiritual conflicts originating from the discrepancy between ideal and reality. Therefore, Yi tried to forget the torment with narrative and comic poems. Second, by analyzing his poems written during his diplomat’s duties such as accompaniment to higher-ranked officials and private travels, I have verified Yi’s diverse inner topography which comprises his patriotic reflections, a traveler’s difficulties in foreign land, heartfelt friendship shared with men of letters and ordinary people of Ming Dynasty, his historical consciousness revealed in his passage through localities during his private travels, and his observations on the urgent situation towards the end of Ming Dynasty. Third, I have discussed Yi’s inner consciousness projected in his intense adoration of natural landscape and the facettes of his consciousness that pursed poetic embodiment and share it. Natural landscape was to Yi an object at once of eternal poetry and sharing in sentimental correspondence. Yi was excellent at esthetically capturing natural landscape. Water, as part of nature lying outside, meets with my heart inside to confirm their juncture, and embodying it in poetry, possesses it spiritually. Fourth, as for the esthetics of grieving, I have recollected his special relationship with the dead mainly through his elegies. I have reviewed Yi Jeong-gu’s creative practice that conveys his commitment to acknowledging and remembering beyond death the deceased while granting meaning to death as what befalls all humans. Chapter Ⅳ treats the expressional characteristics and tones of Yi’s poetry. His life was always busy, filled with gruelling routines, since he was a government official. Naturally, his life as such was dotted with impromptu poetry. Yi’s impromptu poetry arose from his on-spot feelings, and as Jo Ik put it, its expression was like floating clouds and streaming water. So, his impromptu poetry was touted far and wide, which can be said to be another feature of Yi’s poetry. Not choosing to be controlled by the poetic form, Yi Jeong-gu diversified it to different cases. The minor difference found among his poems with five-word lines, a quatrain with seven-word lines, and poems with seven-word lines constitute proof that in versification, Yi wasn’t skilled in certain poetic forms only. Yi’s poetry includes descriptive works, which expanded the role and function of poetry and strengthened literary sense with poems that carried various themes and contents, similar to morceaux. Yi was skillful in both verse and prose, and in poetry, with natural-born ability, he skillfully handled various poetic forms. So, he created narrative works, not in old writings that required formalities but in poetry with less restrictions on length or subject matter. When poetry wasn’t enough. he ensured depth of appreciation by employing lengthy titles or annotations and thereby creating long poems regardless of length. These expression techniques were very important features of his poetic creation. Yi’s poetic style was described by Yang Chi-wŏn of Ming Dynasty as broad-minded and carefree. Broad-mindedness and carefreeness wouldn’t describe everything about Yi’s poetry, but they are the traits of his poetry as attracted the attention of not only Koreans but also Chinese people. Yi’s poetry, with its description of grand and vast nature and depiction of space in fast mobility, grants speed and liveliness to the poetic development, and expresses uplifting excitement and manly spirit through natural diction free from difficult classical allusions. Through his protracted and boring bureaucrat’s life, he dreamed in vain of retiring to a pastoral life, so with every opportunity, he slaked his thirst through brief escapades. Untrammeled anywhere and full of free and lively spirit, Yi Jeong-gu’s poems excellently embody what carefreeness signifies. Chapter Ⅴ has surveyed the significance of Yi’s sino-Korean poems in the literary history. As a person who led the literary circle during King Seonjo’s Renaissance, Yi Jeong-gu demonstrated excellent achievement not only in prose, but also in sino-Korean poetry. While aiming at the Flourishing Period of the Tang Dynasty, he treated various poetic subject matters to avoid imitation and create his own area in literary practice, and based on his nature-given talents, he achieved honest literature free from artificial qualifications, cutting a difference from Gwanin munhak (‘courtier literature’) of the earlier period. While some of his aims are shared with Gonganpai (公安派), its influence is not to be acknowledged. So, instead of regarding as the influences from Gonganpai all the tendencies of the late Joseon Period that seemed to be shared with Gonganpai, we should focus on their connection with the efforts by excellent poets like Yi Jeong-gu and the natural trend in the Joseon literary community.

이광수『무정』의 교수·학습 방법 연구 : 성장소설적 특성을 중심으로

정은미 동국대학교 2011 국내석사

This study aims to consider teaching and learning methods in Lee, Gwang-soo's 『Moo jeong』 focusing on its growth novel characteristics. Growth novel is an useful genre, educationally in the way that it helps teenagers form self-identity through interaction with characters and provides an opportunity for them to reflect on a desirable way of life. The first stage of this research is to examine growth novel's concepts and characteristics and extract its educational values and points to aim for in order to gain a foothold of discussion, ultimately. Prior to exploring the possibility of 『Moo jeong』 as a growth novel, a critical mind supporting the necessity of this study was found, by searching growth novel-related elements in the 7th Korean language curriculum and curriculum devised in 2007 and reviewing how it is being taught in the 7th 「literature」 textbook. The curriculums only contained fragmentary elements relevant to establishment of self-identity or figure study through literatures rather than focusing on ‘growth novels’. For lack of space, the 7th 「literature」textbook included conclusions only as well, and most of students did nothing but learn the significance of literature history and a fragmentary relationship of characters. For such reasons, there was a limit to development into growth novel education. We need to consider a relation between characters and their internal changes to educate students about growth novels, as they strikingly highlight characters' internal growth and show assistants to help their growth. Chapter Ⅲ, therefore, explores the possibility of 『Moo jeong』 as a growth novel in earnest focusing on its characters. When analyzing 8 character compositions of a teacher-pupil relation in 『Moo jeong』, Young-chae was influenced the most by other characters, whereas Hyung-sik influenced them. In succession, discussion was depended, by deriving three growth elements from them, separately. Here, Young-chae's growth elements are summarized into ‘A collapse of family and Gisaeng's position’, ‘A suicidal act and meeting with Byung-wook’ and ‘A sense of duty for serving the country as the pillar’, and Hyung-sik's growth elements are summarized into ‘An awakening of the modern love’, ‘The realization of intellectual vanity’ and ‘Positioning as a pioneer for the people’. Chapter Ⅳ critically considers teaching and learning models of the existing literatures and proposes teaching and learning methods of 『Moo jeong』 as the final objective of this study. To achieve this, teaching and learning models to bring ‘PlanningㆍDiagnosisㆍGuidanceㆍAssessmentㆍInternalization Processes’ together, were developed, based on learner-centered educational view and constructivist science of literature. Of them, guidance process consists of ‘Heuristic reading → Interpretive reading → Critical reading’ and assessment and internalization include the whole teaching and learning processes. In conclusion, this discussion is diversifying teaching and learning methods in 『Moo jeong』 which are monotonous and suggesting a way of exploring its growth novel characteristics that have rarely been handled, so far. In addition, it is expected that it would be a role model about specific, educational plans of growth novels and arouse the necessity of growth novel education.

조선 후기 類書의 자료조직 특성에 관한 연구 : 『芝峯類說』과 『星湖僿說類選』을 중심으로

한만성 전북대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내박사

This study selected two representative Yu-seo (Compiled books made up of contents from various sources), Jibong-yuseol (芝峯類說) and Seongho-saseol-yuseon (星湖僿說類選) from the late Joseon Dynasty and analyzed the characteristics of each of them with the aim of organizing the knowledge. Then it drew a conclusions about the characteristics after comparing them focusing on the classification system. The classification and list contents of the Jibong-yuseol (芝峯類說) were reviewed from the 17th Century while referring to the contents listed in Jibongjib (芝峯集), the characteristics and significance of knowledge organization of Lee Su-Gwang (李睟光) were also analyzed. The other research was conducted from the 18th century, the Seongho-saseol (星湖僿說) and the edited versions of Seongho-saseol- yuseon (星湖僿說類選) based on it were scrutinized, to trace how Ahn Jeong-Bok (安鼎福) edited the articles of Lee Ik (李瀷), and also how he clarified the characteristics and significance of knowledge organization work. First, the knowledge organization characteristics of Lee Su-Gwang and Ahn Jeong-Bok are summarized as follows: 1) Lee Su-Gwang's knowledge organization characteristics are (1) Use of abridgement editions, (2) Emphasis on Novels and acceptance of heresy (3) Focus on writing in Korea (4) Independence of poetry and undifferentiated history part. 2) Ahn Jeong-Bok's knowledge organization characteristics are (1) Classification system by hierarchy, (2) Arranging duplicate entries, (3) Changing of article's entries, (4) Reclassification of items into another group (5) The synthesis of articles. Second, the study results comparing classification system of the two books are as follows: (1) In the case of the classification system of Seongho-saseol-yuseon, 20 parts and 125 sections are rather simpler than that of Jibong-yuseol, which consisted of 25 parts and 182 sections, while the 5 larger parts are different. So the information and knowledge can be grasped by a wide three-tiered vision in Seongho-saseol-yuseon. (2) Lee Soo-Gwang's ‘extra course part’ is succeeded by Ahn Jeong-Bok's ‘heresy part’. The content is also diverse, as it encompasses not only Buddhism, Taoism, Medical health care, but also includes Catholicism, and other classes of philosophers. (3) Lee Soo-Gwang's tradition, which emphasizes novels, is continued by Ahn Jung-Bok to some extent. Ahn established ‘miscellaneous novels' section in the history part and does not completely exclude novels. (4) The tradition of Lee Soo-Gwang, who values the works of Korea, is strongly inherited by Ahn Jeong-Bok. Lee Ik’s writing itself strengthened the characters, history, culture of Korea and put priority Korea over China. Ahn Jeong-Bok also focused on Korean people and history, including the entry of ‘the articles of Korean History’. (5) Ahn Jung-bok succeeded the tradition of Lee Soo-Gwang, whose poems part are independent and different from the Chinese Yu-seo system. Dealing with letters, the 2 parts and 11 sections of Ahn is rather brief than the 30 sections of Lee. In conclusion, Lee Soo-Gwang and Ahn Jeong-Bok can be seen as having carried out the knowledge organization work appropriate to the situation in Joseon, without the restraint of the Chinese Yu-seo system.

"수룡음" 중 "농" 아쟁선율 비교 분석 : 악기편성에 기하여

정성수 한국예술종합학교 2016 국내석사

“수룡음”은 “자진한잎” 중 한곡으로, 아쟁이 편성된 정악합주 곡이다. 대개의 정악합주곡에서 정악아쟁은 주로 긴 지속음을 내며 주선율을 받쳐주는 역할을 한다. 정악아쟁은 주로 합주편성에서만 연주되는데 반해 “수룡음”의 경우 중주편성 연주뿐만 아니라 독주곡로서의 모색이 시도되어지고 있다. “수룡음”의 경우 합주 · 중주 · 독주편성 연주시 각각의 편성에 따라 아쟁선율에 변화가 있는데, 이에 본고는 “수룡음”의 악기편성에 따른 아쟁선율이 어떠한 변화를 보이고 있는지를 비교, 분석하고, 선율전개의 상관관계를 규명하였다. 이에 따른 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1) 1장 1장의 선율을 비교해 본 결과 총 32박 중 합주아쟁과 중주아쟁의 동일음은 6.25%(2박)이고, 유사음은 93.75%(30박)이다. 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 100%(32박)이다. 중주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 6.25%(2박)이고, 유사음은 93.75%(30박)이다. 중주아쟁은 합주아쟁보다 전반적으로 한 옥타브 낮은 선율진행을 보였고, 연속하는 같은 음은 연결하여 지속음으로 처리하는 특징을 볼 수 있다. 독주아쟁은 합주아쟁에서 추성과 같은 장식음을 추가하였고, 선율진행 양상은 동일하게 나타난다. 2) 2장 2장의 선율을 비교해 본 결과 총 27박 중 합주아쟁과 중주아쟁의 동일음은 18.52%(5박)이고, 유사음은 81.42%(22박)이다. 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 88.89%이고(24박), 다른음은 11.11%(3박)이다. 중주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 70.37%(19박)이고, 유사음은 18.52%(5박)이며, 다른음은 11.11%(3박)이다. 1장과 동일하게 중주아쟁은 합주아쟁보다 전반적으로 한 옥타브 낮은 선율진행을 보였고, 연속하는 같은 음은 연결하여 지속음으로 처리하는 특징이 나타난다. 종지형 또한 동일하게 나타난다. 독주아쟁은 합주아쟁에서 추성과 같은 장식음과 간음(間音)을 추가하였고 선율진행 양상은 동일하게 나타난다. 3) 3장 3장의 선율을 비교해 본 결과 총 37박 중 합주아쟁과 중주아쟁의 동일음은 94.6%(35박)이고, 다른음은 5.4%(2박)이다. 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 91.9(34박)%이고, 다른음은 8.1(3박)%이다. 중주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 유사음은 86.48%(32박)이고, 다른음은 13.52%(5박)이다. 중주아쟁은 합주아쟁보다 전반적으로 한 옥타브 낮은 선율진행을 보였고, 연속하는 같은음은 연결하여 지속음으로 처리하는 특징을 알 수 있었다. 또한 합주아쟁의 선율진행에 사용된 간음을 중주아쟁에서는 삭제하여 선율을 진행하였다. 독주아쟁은 합주아쟁에서 추성과 같은 장식음과 간음을 추가하였고 선율진행 양상은 동일하게 나타난다. 4) 중여음 중여음의 선율을 비교해 본 결과 총 16박 중 합주아쟁과 중주아쟁의 유사음은 100%(16박)이다. 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 87.5%(14박)이고, 다른음은 12.5%(2박)이다. 중주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 유사음은 87.5%(14박)이며, 다른음은 12.5%(2박)이다. 중주아쟁은 합주아쟁보다 한 옥타브 낮은 선율진행을 보였다. 독주아쟁은 합주아쟁에서 추성과 같은 장식음과 간음을 추가하였고 선율진행 양상은 동일하게 나타난다. 5) 4장 4장의 선율을 비교해 본 결과 총 27박 중 합주아쟁과 중주아쟁의 유사음은 100%(27박)이다. 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 100%이다. 중주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 유사음은 100%(24박)이다. 중주아쟁은 합주아쟁보다 한 옥타브 낮은 선율진행을 보였고, 독주아쟁은 합주아쟁과 동일한 선율진행이 나타난다. 6) 5장 5장의 선율을 비교해 본 결과 총 48박 중 합주아쟁과 중주아쟁의 동일음은 37.5%(18박)이고, 유사음은 60.4%(29박)이며, 다른음은 2.1%(1박)이다. 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 95.83%(46박)이고, 다른음은 4.17%(2박)이다. 중주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 37.5%(18박)이고, 유사음은 56.25%(27박)이며, 다른음은 6.25%(3박)이다. 중주아쟁은 합주아쟁보다 전반적으로 한 옥타브 낮은 선율진행을 보였지만, 5장 4각의 경우 거의 같은 선율진행을 보인점이 1~4장과 다른점으로 살펴진다. 독주아쟁은 합주아쟁에서 추성과 같은 장식음과 간음을 추가하였고 선율진행 양상은 동일하게 나타난다. “수룡음”의 대여음을 제외한 장별 비교 결과를 종합하면 다음과 같다. “수룡음”은 대여음을 제외한총 187박 중 합주아쟁과 중주아쟁의 동일음은 32.1%(60박)이고, 유사음은 66.3%(124박)이며, 다른음은 1.6%(3박)이다. 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 94.65%(177박)이고, 유사음은 0%(0박)이며, 다른음은 5.35%(10박)이다. 중주아쟁과 독주아쟁의 동일음은 20.85%(39박)이고, 유사음은 72.2%(135박)이며, 다른음은 6.95%(13박)이다. 중주아쟁은 합주아쟁과 독주아쟁에 비해 한 옥타브 낮은 선율진행을 하였고, 리듬을 단순화 하였으며, 독주아쟁은 합주아쟁의 선율에서 추성과 간음을 활용하여 선율의 진행을 더욱 다양하게 하였다. 이상의 연구를 통해 “수룡음”의 합주, 중주, 독주편성 연주시 아쟁선율을 비교함으로서, 편성별 아쟁선율을 밝힐 수 있었고, 아쟁의 선율은 각각의 편성에서 크게 다르지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 합주음악에만 편성되던 아쟁의 중주와 독주로서 가능성을 확인하고, “Suryongeum", a Ajaeng formed Jeong-ak ensemble music, is one of the piece in "Jajinhanip". Most of Jeong-ak music Jeong-ak Ajaeng mostly supports main melody with sustaining sound. While most Jeong-ak Ajaeng is played in the form of ensemble, "Suryongeum" of Jeong-ak Ajaeng is played in the form of duet ensemble and even solo piece as well as in ensembles as usual. However, melodies of "Suryongeum" Ajaeng changes differently depending by its different forms of play; ensembles, duets and solo. To define those differences in melodies of Ajaeng "Suryongeum", I compared and analyzed relations between those differences of melodies. These followings are results. 1) The first movement By comparing the first movement of "Suryongeum" in ensemble, overall 32 beats in whole melodies, duet and solo melodies of Ajaeng plays same note in 6.25%(2beats) and similar note in 93.75%(30beats). Ensemble Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng plays 100 %(32 beats) same melodies. Duet Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has same note in 6.25 %(2 beats) and similar note in 93.75%(30beats). Duet Ajaeng plays one octave lower melodies than ensemble Ajaeng and sustains following beat when same notes follow after. Solo Ajaeng adds ornaments such as Chuseong than ensemble Ajaeng but melodies flow same. 2) The second movement In the second movement, total 27 beats in melodies, ensemble Ajaeng and duet Ajaeng has 18.52 %(5 beats) same notes and 81.42%(22beats) same notes. Ensemble Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has 88.89 %(24 beats) same notes and 11.11%(3beats) of different notes. Duet Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng plays 70.37 %(19 beats) same notes and 18.52%(5beats) of similar notes and 11.11%(3beats) of different notes. Same as first movement, Duet Ajaeng plays one octave lower melodies and sustains following beats which have continuing same notes than ensemble Ajaeng. Ending melodies are also same. Solo Ajaeng has ornaments and adds notes between each notes than ensemble Ajaeng. 3) The third movement On the third movement, overall 37 beats in melodies, ensemble Ajaeng and duet Ajaeng has 94.6 %(35 beats) of same notes and 5.4 %(2 beats) of different notes. Ensemble Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has 91.9 %(34 beats) of same notes and 8.1 % (3 beats) different notes. Duet Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has 86.48 %(32 beats) of similar melodies and 13.52%(5beats) of different notes. Duet Ajaeng plays one octave lower melodies than ensemble Ajaeng and continues following notes when same pitch note comes after and solo Ajaeng shows same melodies in ensemble Ajaeng but has added notes and ornaments. 4) Jungyeoeum Jungyeoeum(small movement between third and fourth movement), total 16 beats in melodies, ensemble ajaeng and duet ajaeng has 100 %(16 beats) similar notes. Ensemble ajaeng and solo ajaeng has 87.5 %(14 beats) of same notes and 12.5 %(2 beats) different notes. Duet ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has 87.5 %(14 beats) of similar notes and 12.5 %(2 beats) different notes. Duet Ajaeng plays one octave lower melodies than ensemble Ajaeng and sustains following beats which have continuing same notes. Solo Ajaeng plays same melodies flowing as ensemble music but has more added notes in the melodies. 5) The fourth movement On the fourth movement, overall 27 beats in melodies, ensemble Ajaeng and duet Ajaeng has 100 %(27 beats) of similar notes. Ensemble Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has 100 %(27 beats) of same notes and duet Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng also plays 100%(27beats) of similar notes. Duet Ajaeng plays one octave lower than ensemble Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng plays same melodies as ensemble Ajaeng. 6) The fifth movement In the fifth movement, total 48 beats in melodies, ensemble Ajaeng and duet Ajaeng has 37.5 %(18 beats) same notes and 60.4 %(29 beats) similar notes and 2.1%(1beat) of different notes. Ensemble Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has 95.83 %(46 beats) same note and 4.17 %(2 beats) of different notes. Duet Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng plays 37.5 %(18 beats) same notes and 56.25 %(27 beats) of similar notes and 6.25%(3beats) of different notes. Duet Ajaeng overall plays one octave lower melodies than ensemble Ajaeng but in fourth line(gak) of fifth movement, different from first to fourth movement, these had same melodies in same pitch range. Solo Ajaeng has ornaments such as Chuseong and has added notes along melodies than ensemble Ajaeng. By the results, among total 187 beats of "Suryongeum", ensemble Ajaeng and duet Ajaeng has 32.1 %(60 beats) of same notes, 66.3 %(124 beats) of similar notes, and 1.6 %(3 beats) of different notes. Ensemble Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng has 94.65 %(177 beats) of same notes, no matches in similar notes and 5.35 %(10 beats) in different notes. Duet Ajaeng and solo Ajaeng plays 20.85 %(39 beats) of same notes, 72.2 %(135 beats) of similar notes and 6.95 %(13 beats) of different notes. Compare to ensemble and solo Ajaeng, Duet Ajaeng has one octave lower melodies and simplifying rhythms while solo Ajaeng uses chuseong and ornaments to make more diverse melodies. Overall, on this thesis I compared each ensemble, duet and solo melodies of Ajaeng melodies in "Suryongeum" and defined those different characters of melodies. It only had slight differences but I could examine characteristics of each melodies. On this research I could confirm Jeong-ak Ajaeng, which almost all formed only in ensemble music in usual, as duet and solo music playing instruments also and reveal various musical changes of Jeong-ak Ajaeng.

IPv6 vehicular networking for safety and data services

Jeong, Junsik Sungkyunkwan university 2017 국내석사

Recently, there are various reliable services to transmit useful information from vehicles to the Internet cloud server or other vehicles for safety. To achieve main requirements of safety and data services in vehicular networks, we devise two clever schemes; 1) fast network prefix and service discovery scheme and 2) TCP context migration scheme. First, in fast network prefix and service discovery scheme, we define novel options for prefix and service discovery in IPv6 neighbor discovery (ND) where an moving network (MN) or an fixed network (FN) can quickly exchange prefix and service information by sending the neighbor solicitation (NS) and neighbor advertisement (NA) messages containing a sender’s prefix and service information. We compare our proposed ND scheme with the traditional scheme via mathematical analysis. The result shows that our approach can reduce the overall delay. Thus, it can efficiently provide diverse intelligent transportation services such as cooperative adaptive cruise control, forward collision warning, and electronic emergency brake light in vehicular environment. Second, we propose high performance TCP context migration scheme (TOMS) to improve various performances for data services in vehicular networks. To support the reliability of data transmissions in vehicular environment, TCP is the most preferable transport layer protocol. However, heavy burdens of TCP initialization phase severely degrade the performance of data transmissions in vehicular environment. To alleviate the problem, we provide a proactive TCP connection initialization using a moving TCP proxy as a cluster head, which will have the Internet connectivity with a Road-Side Unit (RSU). A cluster member can initiate its TCP connection toward its corresponding TCP end-system via the TCP proxy within its cluster. The TCP proxy performs the TCP connection set-up for the sake of other cluster member vehicles and acknowledges the received TCP segments toward these vehicles. When the TCP proxy moves out of the communication range of the RSU, it transfers the TCP contexts of other vehicles to another vehicle, which will play the role of a TCP proxy through the proposed TCP context migration scheme. Also, the RSU works as a fixed TCP proxy for handling the acknowledgement of TCP segments and TCP timer handling (e.g., persist timer and keep-alive timer) when there happens the disconnection between the moving proxy and the RSU. Thus, it is shown that our TOMS outperforms the legacy TCP in vehicular networks.

Comparative analysis of false discovery rate control methodologies

유경미 Chonnam National University 2019 국내석사

유전체학, 단백질체학, 대사체학과 같은 오믹스 데이터는 대규모의 생물학 정보를 포함하고 있어서 이러한 자료에 관한 연구는 생물학적 시스템의 기능과 원리를 이해하기 위해 생물학적 분자들의 총체적인 특성을 정량화하여 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이러한 목적 달성을 위해 현재까지 대규모 추론에 대한 다양한 방법이 개발되었다. 1995년에 최초로 Benjamini와 Hochberg가 false discovery rate(FDR)을 공식적으로 정의하고, 평균적인 의미에서 FDR를 컨트롤하는 step-down 방법론을 제안하였다. 그 이후, 많은 연구자들은 혼합 모형을 이용하여 엄격하게 FDR를 컨트롤하려고 시도해왔다. 비교 연구를 위해 우리는 그 중 네 가지 방법론을 선택하였다: Efron et al.(2001), Ploner et al.(2006), Jeong et al.(not published yet), Kim et al.(2018). 그리고 우리는 모의실험 데이터와 실제 데이터를 이용하여 다섯 개의 방법을 여러 가지 성능 측정 지표를 이용하여 평가하고자 한다. Omics data such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics include large scale biological information, and omics study aims to analyze or quantify the collective characterization of pools of biological molecules to understand the function and dynamics of a biological system. To that end, various methods for large scale inference have been developed. In 1995, Benjamini and Hochberg firstly introduced the formal definition of false discovery rate (FDR) and suggested a step-down procedure that control FDR on average sense. After this, many researchers have tried to control strictly FDR in the mixture framework. For comparison study, we selected four of them: Efron et al. (2001), Ploner et al. (2006), Jeong et al. (not published yet), Kim et al. (2018). We evaluate the five methods both on simulated data and real data by using many different performance measures.

Flowering and morphogenesis of chrysanthemum and kalanchoe in response to quality and intensity of night interruption light

정해경 Gyeongsang National University 2018 국내석사

Both chrysanthemum and kalanchoe are qualitative short day plants (SDP), and they will not produce flowers when the night length is short than their critical values which is species- and cultivar-dependent. Flowering is effectively inhibited when the required uninterrupted night period is broken by short periods of exposure to night interruption light (NIL). Effect of quality and intensity of NIL on morphogenesis and flowering of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) ‘Golden Egg’ and ‘Pearl Egg’ and kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) ‘Lipstick’ and ‘Spain’ were examined. Plants were grown in a close-type plant factory under a light intensity of 250 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD provided by white light emitting diodes (LEDs) under an either long day (LD, 16-h light period + 8-h dark period), short day (SD, 8-h light period + 16-h dark period), or SD with a 4-h night interruption (SD + NI) condition. The NI was provided by 10 or 20 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD provided by either blue (B), red (R), white (W), or blue+white (BW) LEDs. In chrysanthemum ‘Golden Egg’, most of the growth parameters were more affected by light quality than light intensity of NIL. In chrysanthemum ‘Pearl Egg’, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of the root were affected by quality of NIL, while it was not affected by intensity of NIL. In the kalanchoe ‘Spain’, SPAD value and morphogenic characteristics, such as leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, leaf thickness and fresh and dry weights of the shoot and root, were affected by quality of NIL, while those of ‘Lipstick’ were not significantly affected by NIL. Plant length of chrysanthemum was the greatest in the LD, while that of kalanchoe was the greatest in the SD. Number of leaves per plant of chrysanthemum was less in the SD and NI-B provided at 10 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD than other treatments, while that of kalanchoe was significantly less in the SD than in other treatments. In chrysanthemum, flowering was observed in the SD treatment and NI-B provided both at 10 or 20 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD. In the case of kalanchoe, flowering of ‘Lipstick’ was not affected by quality of NIL, ‘Spain’ flowered in the SD and NI-B provided at 10 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD. It is thought that flowering response to quality of NIL depends on cultivar of kalanchoe. These results suggest that morphogenesis and flowering of these plants were affected by quality and intensity of NIL. The results of this study suggest that effect of quality and intensity of NIL on morphogenesis and flowering was consistent in chrysanthemum, but differed in kalanchoe, by cultivar. There is need to assess further effect of quality and intensity of NIL on morphogenesis and flowering in SDPs before practical applications.

정조대 화성축성과 옹성의 군사적 기능

정규완 경기대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

The Purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of the Hwaseong Ongseong and discovering the significance of the construction of Hwaseong Fortress. A study on the defense of the Hwaseong Fortress was conducted mainly on the newly applied construction techniques or defensive facilities. Hwaseong Ongseong has only been mentioned as one of the defensive facilities applied to the Fortress. Ongseong is a gate defense facility that was used before the Joseon Dynasty. The importance of Ongseong was emphasized even in the Joseon Dynasty. Ongseong has an advantage in defense, but the difficulty of construction was a problem. However, on Hwaseong Fortress, Ongseong has been constructed in all the gates to increase the defensive feature. The Hwaseong Fortress was in a flat area without moats and easy for the enemy to approach. Due of the function of the gate that requires it to be opened and closed, the gate was more likely to be attacked as it was the weakest facility in the fortress and was easily accessible to the enemy. Defending the gate, which is the most vulnerable facility on the fortress, was the Hwaseong Ongseong. Therefore, the feature and concept of the Hwaseong Ongseong will be a major part of the fortress. Based on the characteristics of the Hwaseong Ongseong, this research is to be used as a measure to analyze the significance of the Hwaseong Fortress. This study will discuss the background of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress as a flat field fortress and explore the criterion of architecture. I’ll discuss the defense system of the capital fortress, the defense system of the flat field fortress, and the Yu soo bu system, and analyze the Sungjego(城制考) that will set as an example of the construction of Hwaseong. Based on this analysis, This study will show and analyze the features and characteristics of it compared to those shown in the Hwaseongseongyeoguigwe.(華城城役儀軌) Hwaseongseongyeoguigwe is records of Hwaseong Fortress Construction King Jeong-jo founded the Royal Platoon to protect Hwaseong Fortress and the tomb of his father. Royal Division of Hwaseong has a regulation for the defense of fortress. Through this regulation, we will learn about the number of fortress defense troops deployed to the Hwaseong Fortress and show the practical importance of Hwaseong ongseong. In military defense of the Joseon Dynasty, fortresses were considered as an important system. However, Emergence of a city defense system for stabilization of the regime makes the era of "Flat field fortress defense system" and a "Yusubu system" Hwaseong Fortress planned in Suwon in this concept. King Jeong-jo presented a Chinese fortress system in order to have the practical defense of the flat field fortress. Overall, Hwaseong Fortress follows the system of Seongjego. However, there were some variations of ongseong. It was not a transformation to match the military realities of Joseon. In addition, "Sungjego" offers moat and additional defense facilities as the basic features of the fortress system, but were not built in Hwaseong Fortress. This study identifies the characteristics and limitations of Hwaseong Ongseong. Hwaseong Ongseong was a facility which can protect the gate to overcome the structural weakness of Hwaseong. For this purpose, Ongseong was planned and built based on the castle system, which was discussed even in period Jeong-jo. Northern Ongseong and Southern Ongseong were designed to secure the fortress by deploying rangers and the size of troops was the same with the main gate defense troops. The Seong Je proposed for the construction of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is a composite of the cases of China and Japan. However, incomplete factors of design raise doubts about the defensive power of Suwon Hwaseong. Hwaseong Fortress' defense system is not directly related to the military status and situation of Joseon. In conclusion, Hwaseong Fortress had more ways to increase its defenses, but they were not fully applied. Based on this, the significance of the Hwaseong Fortress is to strengthen the national governance system, rather than to compose effective defense against foreign invasion. Such discussions are expected to be complemented by detailed research on the location, nature, and status of the moats as defense facilities during the late Joseon Dynasty. Overall, Hwaseong Fortress follows the system of Seongjego. However, there were some variations of ongseong. It was not a transformation to match the military realities of Joseon. In addition, "Sungjego" offers moat and additional defense facilities as the basic features of the fortress system, but was not built in Hwaseong Fortress. This study identifies the characteristics and limitations of Hwaseong Ongseong. Hwaseong Ongseong was a facility which can protect the gate to overcome the structural weakness of Hwaseong. For this purpose, Ongseong was planned and built based on the castle system, which was discussed even in period Jeong-jo. Not only did it end with the construction of Ongseong, but to protece the gate. Northern Ongseong and Southern Ongseong were designed to secure the fortress by deploying rangers and the size of troops was the same with the main gate defense troops. The Seong Je proposed for the construction of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is a composite of the cases of China and Japan. However, incomplete factors of design raise doubts about the defensive power of Suwon Hwaseong. Hwaseong Fortress' defense system is not directly related to the military status and situation of Joseon. In conclusion, Hwaseong Fortress had more ways to increase its defenses, but they were not fully applied. Based on this, the significance of the Hwaseong Fortress is to strengthen the national governance system, not the effective defense against foreign invasion. Such discussions are expected to be complemented by detailed research on the location, nature, and status of the moats as defense facilities during the late Joseon Dynasty. 본 연구는 화성 옹성의 성격을 분석하여 화성축성의 의의를 밝히는 것이 목적이다. 화성의 방어시설물에 관한 연구는 주로 화성에 적용된 축성술과 시설물을 중심으로 진행되었다. 화성 옹성은 화성에 적용된 방어시설물 중 하나로 언급되었다. 옹성은 조선시대 이전부터 사용되었던 성문 방어시설물로서 조선시대에도 계속해서 그 중요성이 확인되었다. 옹성은 방어적 이점이 있지만 공역의 어려움이 계속해서 제기되었다. 공영의 어려움에도 화성은 성의 방어력을 높이기 위해 모든 성문에 옹성이 설치되었다. 화성은 평지성이고 해자가 없어 적군이 접근하기 쉬웠다. 성문은 개폐하는 기능의 특성상 성곽에서 가장 취약한 시설일 수밖에 없고 적군이 쉽게 접근하여 공격할 확률이 높았다. 화성의 가장 취약한 시설이라고 할 수 있는 성문을 방어하던 대표적 방어시설이 화성 옹성이었다. 따라서 화성 옹성 연구는 화성 성곽 연구의 새로운 토대를 구축하는 시금석이 되고자 한다. 이와 함께 본 연구는 화성이 평지성에 축성된 배경을 논하고 화성 축성의 기준에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 정조대까지 논의되던 도성방어체제와 평지성 방어체제, 유수부체제를 논하고 화성 축성의 모범을 알 수 있는 『성제고』를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 기준으로 삼아, 『화성성역의궤』에 나타난 화성 옹성의 모습과 비교하여, 그 특징과 성격을 조명하려 한다. 한편 조선시대 성곽방어체제에서 산성은 주효하게 다뤄졌다. 다만 정권을 안정화하기 위해 도성 방어체제가 등장하면서 평지성 방어체제와 4부 유수부체제가 나타났다. 화성은 이런 배경 속에서 수원에 축성되었다. 정조는 평지성의 실제적인 방어능력을 갖추기 위해 중국성제를 도입하여 『성제도설』로 정리하였다. 『성제도설』의 내용은 『성제고』를 통해 알 수 있다. 화성 옹성은 『성제고』에서 제시된 성제를 전체적으로 잘 따르고 있다. 다만 몇몇 부분에서 옹성의 변형이 있었다. 그것은 조선의 군사적인 현실에 맞춘 변형은 아니었다. 또한 『성제고』는 성의 기본 모습으로 해자와 추가적인 방어시설물을 제시하나 화성에 설치되지는 않았다. 화성의 수성절목을 통해, 화성의 주요 방어거점인 북옹성과 남옹성에는 성문 수성군에 달하는 인원이 배치되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 북옹성과 남옹성에는 많은 수의 수성군이 배치되었다. 요컨대 화성 옹성은 화성의 핵심적인 방어시설물이지만 형식의 변형이 있었다. 이것은 조선의 군사적인 여건에 따른 부분은 아니었다. 화성 옹성의 변형은 화성이 효과적인 외적방어를 할 수 있을지에 대한 의문을 가지게 한다. 또한 『성제고』에 따르면 화성은 성문 및 옹성 등의 방어력을 높일 방법이 더 존재했으나 이것이 모두 적용되지는 않았다. 화성 옹성은 외적을 막기에는 미비점이 있었다. 다만 화성 축성시기 조선정부의 위협은 주로 국내의 것이었다. 그것은 무신난과 정조 즉위초기 암살위협이 대표적이다. 이를 바탕으로 보면 화성 축성은 외적의 효과적인 방어가 아니라 국내통치 체제를 강화하기 위한 것으로 보인다. 국내의 반란군에게서 성문을 수비하는 것은 옹성이면 충분했다. 해자 등이 설치되지 않은 것은 합리적인 선택일 수 있었다. 화성 옹성을 바탕으로 본 화성 축성의 의의는 국내 통치체제의 강화라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 논의는 조선후기 방어시설물로서 해자의 위치와 성격, 현황에 대한 구체적인 연구를 통해 보완되어야할 것으로 보인다.

Real time transmission electron microscopy observation of metal nanoparticle growth using graphene

정명호 KAIST 2015 국내박사

Characterization and utilization of fibrinolytic enzyme genes produced by bacillus subtilis strains isolated from Cheonggukjang

정선주 Gyeongsang National University 2015 국내박사

국내뿐 아니라 전 세계적으로 심혈관 질환과 뇌혈관 질환은 가장 중요한 사망원인들 중 하나이다. 뇌혈관 및 심장질환의 주된 원인은 혈관벽에 축적되는 혈전에 기인한다. 인체에서는 혈액 응고와 생성된 혈전 용해가 매우 정교하게 조절되지만 간혹 이런 균형이 깨어져서 생성된 혈전의 용해가 제대로 이루어지지 못할 경우 혈액순환이 방해되고 산소와 영양소 공급이 부족하여 혈전증이 나타난다. Bacillus 속 혈전용해 효소들을 심혈관, 뇌혈관 및 다른 부위에서 혈전에 의해 유발되는 질환 치료제로 개발 가능성을 검증하는 연구들이 진행 중이다. 오랜 기간 섭취해 온 발효식품들에서 유래한 균들로서 인체에 안전한 장점과 함께 Bacillus 균주들은 대규모 배양이 쉽고 유전자 조작을 통한 균주개량도 용이하다. 우리는 Bacillus 균주들이 생산하는 혈전용해 효소를 보다 쉽게 정제하고 개량하기 위해 대장균에서 과발현 시켰다. 대장균에서 발현된 혈전용해효소는 37℃에서 배양하여 얻었을 경우 비활성형으로, 20℃에서 배양하였을 경우 활성형을 나타내었다. 20℃에서 발현을 유도한 후 혈전용해효소를 정제한 후 특성을 조사하였다. B. subtilis CH3-5에서 유래한 혈전용해효소 AprE2와 B. subtilis HK176에서 유래한 혈전용해효소 AprE176은 각각 pH 7.0, 40℃ 그리고 pH 8.0, 40℃에서 최대 활성을 보였고, specific activity는 각각 1,069.4 ± 42.4, 216 ± 54 U/ mg prtein을 나타내었다. 두 혈전용해효소의 촉매 활성은 3.1 × 104, 2.8 × 105으로 나왔다. 두 단백질의 활성을 증가시키기 위해 error-prone PCR 방법을 이용하여 혈전용해효소 유전자에 변이를 일으킨 결과 AprE176보다 약 2.2배 높은 활성을 보이는 mutant를 확보할 수 있었다. 이 mutant를 M119라고 명명하였으며, M119는 wild type인 AprE176보다 열안정성도 높게 나타났다. 열안정성이 증가한 이유를 구조 분석을 통해 알아본 결과, 칼슘과의 결합력이 증가하여 단백질 folding이 견고하게 일어나 열안정성이 증가한 것으로 생각되어 진다. 이렇게 대장균에서 특성을 조사한 3개의 혈전용해효소 단백질을 Bacillus에 도입하여 활성을 측정하고 나아가 혈전용해능이 우수한 종균으로써 활용하기 위한 기초 연구로, 항생제 내성 유전자 없이 Bacillus subtilis 168의 chromosomal DNA에 각각 3가지 혈전용해효소 유전자를 삽입하였다. 3개의 변이주를 각 각 B. subtilis SJ3-5nc, 176nc 그리고 SJ179nc라고 명명하였다. LB배지에서 96시간 배양하면서 혈전용해능을 관찰한 결과 시간이 경과할수록 혈전용해능이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었고, SJ3-5nc가 가장 높은 10.8 ± 0.3 U/ml을 보였고, 그 다음으로 SJ179nc, SJ176nc, 그리고 대조균주인 168이 차례로 각각 6.2 ± 0.1, 6.1 ± 0.0, 2.7 ± 0.2 U/ml의 활성을 보였다. 또한 이 변이주들을 이용하여 청국장을 제조, 혈전용해능을 비교한 결과 대조균주인 B. subtilis 168보다는 약 2배 이상 높은 활성을 나타내는 것을 관찰하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 Bacillus가 생산하는 혈전용해효소의 특징을 파악하고, 분자 생물학적 기법으로 혈전용해효소의 활성을 증가시키며, 열안정성을 높일 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 혈전용해효소 유전자를 항생제 내성 유전자 없이 Bacillus의 유전자에 삽입하여 활성이 증가하는 결과를 얻었다. 이런 결과를 바탕으로 더욱더 연구해 나간다면, 혈전치료제 생산을 위한 균주로 또는 기능성 식품제조를 위한 종균으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료되어진다.