THE EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GEOSYNTHETIC CLAY LINERS WITH HUMIC SUBSTANCES OF LEACHATE IN THE LANDFILL

( Young-soo Han ),( Jai-young Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) have widely used as one of the hydraulic barrier materials in waste landfills; however, they also have a potential danger when exposed to some organic and inorganic leachate. The major component of the GCLs is bentonite. Hydraulic conductivity of GCLs can be easily changed due to bentonite, if they are permeated with various components of the leachate. Especially, the humic materials of landfill lechate closely interact with clay particles in bentonite. This study was performed to characterize the humic materials composed of two kinds of landfill leachate; the first one was a leachate of old-landfill (O-landfill) and the other one was a leachate of young-landfill (Y- landfill). Also,another purpose was to evaluate the effect of humic materials on the swelling and hydraulic conductivity of GCLs. The result of the swelling tests showed that the amount of humic materials and high electrical conductivity caused a decrease of the swelling of bentonite. This was expected to increase the hydraulic characteristics of GCLs. The increase in hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with O-leachate was significantly higher than that with Y-leachate. This trend showed that humic materials were responsible for the increase in hydraulic conductivity of GCLs. Therefore, the potential danger of increasing hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with the landfill leachate has to be considered when GCLs are used in waste landfills.

폐기물 매립지 침출수내의 휴믹 물질이 토목합성 점토 라이너의 수리학적 특성에 미치는 영향의 평가

한영수 ( Young-soo Han ),이재영 ( Jai-young Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

폐기물 매립지에서 수리학적 차단층의 하나로 사용되는 토목합성 점토 라이너(GCLs)는 유기 또는 무기 침출수에 노출됨에 따라 잠재적인 위험성을 갖는다. GCLs의 주요소는 벤토나이트이다. GCLs의 투수계수는 침출수의 여러 가지 물질이 침투되었을 때, 벤토나이트 때문에 쉽게 변할 수 있다. 특히, 침출수의 휴믹 물질과 벤토나이트의 점토 입자는 상호간에 밀접한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 매립 연령이 오래된 매립지(O-매립지)와 신생매립지(Y-매립지)의 침출수 내 휴믹 물질의 특성을 파악하였다. 또한 이러한 휴믹 물질이 팽윤도와 GCLs의 투수계수에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것을 목적으로 했다. 팽윤도 실험 결과는 휴믹 물질의 양과 전기전도도가 증가할수록 벤토나이트의 팽윤도가 감소함을 보였다. 이것은 GCLs의 수리학적 특성을 증가시킨 것으로 예상된다. 수리학적 전도도 실험결과, O-매립지의 침출수 및 휴믹 물질을 Y-매립지의 침출수 및 휴믹 물질보다 GCLs 의 투수계수를 큰 폭으로 증가시켰다. 이것은 휴믹 물질이 GCLs의 투수계수를 증가시킨다는 경향을 보인다. 따라서, 매립지에서 GCLs이 사용될 때 침출수가 GCLs에 침투되었을 때 투수계수가 증가하는 잠재적인 위험성을 반드시 고려해야 할 것이다. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) have widely used as one of the hydraulic barrier materials in waste landfills; however, they also have a potential danger when exposed to some organic and inorganic leachate. The major component of the GCLs is bentonite. Hydraulic conductivity of GCLs can be easily changed due to bentonite, if they are permeated with various components of the leachate. Especially, the humic materials of landfill lechate closely interact with clay particles in bentonite. This study was performed to characterize the humic materials composed of two kinds of landfill leachate; the first one was a leachate of old-landfill (O-landfill) and the other one was a leachate of young-landfill (Y-landfill). Also, another purpose was to evaluate the effect of humic materials on the swelling and hydraulic conductivity of GCLs. The result of the swelling tests showed that the amount of humic materials and high electrical conductivity caused a decrease of the swelling of bentonite. This was expected to increase the hydraulic characteristics of GCLs. The increase in hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with O-leachate was significantly higher than that with Y-leachate. This trend showed that humic materials were responsible for the increase in hydraulic conductivity of GCLs. Therefore, the potential danger of increasing hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with the landfill leachate has to be considered when GCLs are used in waste landfills.

Assessment of Effective Doses in the Radiation Field of Contaminated Ground Surface by Monte Carlo Simulation

Chang,Si-Young,Chang,Jai-Kwon,이재기 대한방사선 방어학회 2000 방사선방어학회지 Vol.24 No.4

지표에 오염된 방사성핵종의 단위방사능당 유효선량환산계수를 남성과 여성 인형모의 피폭체와 MCNP4A 코드를 이용하여 계산하였다. 모사실험은 40 keV에서 10 MeV 영역의 19개 단일 에너지에 대한 유효선량 계산을 수행하였다. 에너지에 따른 단위 선원강도에 대한 유효선량 E를 기존 연구자들의 결과물인 유효선량당량 H와 비교한 결과, 본 연구의 E값이 USEPA의 FGR에 주어진 H 값에 비해 30%의 편차를 보였다. 에너지와 유효선량의 관계를 polynomial fitting을 통해 구한 유효선량 감응함수는 다음과 같다. f(ε)[fSv ㎡]=0.0634+0.727ε-0.0520ε²+0.00247ε³, 여기서, ε는 감마선의 에너지(MeV)이다. 감응함수와 ICRP38의 방사성핵종 붕괴 자료를 이용하여 지표면과 공기 오염의 단위 방사능농도에 대한 유효선량환산계수를 계산한 후 DOSEFACTOR코드를 사용하여 계산한 베타선에 의한 피부선량을 합하여 90개의 중요 핵종들에 대한 환산계수를 평가하여 도표로 제시하였다. 기존 자료들과 비교들 통해 기존 환산계수를 사용할 경우 특히 저에너지 감마선이나 고에너지 베타선을 방출하는 핵종에 대해서 상당한 과소평가가 이루어질 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. Effective dose conversion coefficients from unit activity radionuclides contaminated on the ground surface were calculated by using MCNP4A code and male/female anthropomorhpic phantoms. The simulation calculations were made for 19 energy points in teh range of 40 keV to 10 MeV. The effective doses E resulting from unit source intensity for different energy were compared to the feeective dose equivalent H of previous studies. Our E values are lower by 30% at low energy than the H values given in the Federal Guidance Report of USEPA. The effective dose response functions derived by ploynomial fitting of the energy-effective dose relationship are as follows: f(ε)[fSv ㎡]=0.0634+0.727ε-0.0520ε²+0.00247ε³, where ε is the gamma energy in MeV. Using the response function and the radionuclide decay data given in ICRP 38, the effective dose conversion coefficients for unit activity contamination on the ground durface were calculated with addition of the skin dose contribution of beta particles determined by use of the DOSEFACTOR code. The conversion coefficients for 90 important radionuclides were evaluated and tabulated. Comparison with the existing data showed that a significant underestimates could be resulted when the old conversion coefficients were used, especially for the nuclides emitting low energy photons or high energy beta particles.

보문 : Polyethylene Film포장이 포도 Sheridan의 저장력에 미치는 영향

남상영(Sang Young Nam),김경미(Kyoung Mi Kim),박종천(Jong Chun Park),주선종(Seon Jong Joo),정재현(Jai Hyun Jung) 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 1997 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.4 No.1

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1994)

김재홍,안진균,정성재,김영태,김중환,김시영,이석종,이홍렬,서호석,김경훈,권혁진,정우권,고우석,이용석,안필수,오준규,오용섭 대한화학요법학회 1996 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Background : In recent years gonorrhoea has been panendemic and remains one of the most common Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Method : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae(PPNG), Ive have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1994, 168 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 109 (64,9% ) were PPNG. Conclustion : Our results suggests that the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is still increasing.

정상인의 입각기에서 발바닥압력측정시 압력중심점의 위치

허재균,박시복,이상건,이강목,김영호,양길태,장윤희 大韓再活醫學會 1998 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.22 No.2

디푸루칸 캅셀(플루코나졸 50 mg)에 대한 플루코나 캅셀의 생물학적 동등성

조혜영,강현아,이석,오인준,임동구,문재동,이용복 한국약제학회 2003 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.33 No.2

Fluconazole is an orally active bis-triazole antifungal agent, which is used in the treatment of superficial and systemic candidiasis and in the treatment of cryptococcal infections in patients with the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two fluconazole capsules, Diflucan(Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Korea Inc.) and Flucona (Korean Drug Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). The fluconazole release from the two fluconazole capsules in vitro was tested using KP Ⅶ Apparatus Ⅱ method at 0.1M hydrochloride dissolution media. Twenty normal male volunteers, 23.60±1.88 years in age and 63.57±6.17㎏ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2×2 cross-over study was employed. After three capsules containing 50㎎ as fluconazole was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of fluconazole in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two fluconazole capsules were very similar at 0.1M hydrochloride dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_t, C_max and T_max were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed AUC_t and C_max and untransformed T_max. The results showed that the differences in AUC_t, C_max and T_max between two capsules based on the Diflucan were 4.96%, 5.65% and -13.76%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(1.01)∼log(1.08) and log(1.00)∼log(1.12) for AUC_t and C_max respectively), indicating that Flucona capsule is bioequivalent to Diflucan capsule.

스프렌딜 지속정(펠로디핀 5㎎)에 대한 스타핀 지속정의 생물학적동등성

조혜영,강현아,이석,백승희,박은자,최후균,문재동,이용복 한국약제학회 2003 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.33 No.4

Felodipine is a calcium antagonist that lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral resistance by means of a direct, selective action on smooth muscle in arterial resistance vessels. Furthermore, it have been approved for the effective in angina pectoris and cardiac failure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two felodipine extended release (ER) tablets, Splendil (YuHan Corporation) and Stapin (Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). THe felodipine release from the two felodipine formulations in vitro was tested using KP Ⅷ Apparatus Ⅱ method at pH 6.5 buffer solution. Twenty six healthy male subjects, 22.73±1.78 years in age and 66.66±7.28 ㎏ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2×2 cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 5 ㎎ as felodipine were orally administered, blood sample was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of felodipine in serum were determined using column-switching HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at pH 6.5 buffer solution. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUG_(t), C_(max) and T_(max) were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed AUC_(t) and C_(max) and untransformed T_(max). The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the Splendil were 2.53%, 1.32% and 18.32% for AUC_(t), C_(max) and T_(mzx), respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(0.86)∼log(1.20) and long(0.89)∼long(1.23) for AUC_(t) and C_(max), respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating Stapin ER tablet and Splendil ER tablet are bioequivalent.

굴루코파지 정(염산메트폴민 500mg)에 대한 그리코민 정의 생물학적 동등성

조혜영,문재동,이용복 한국약제학회 2002 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.32 No.3

Metformin is an oral antihyprrglycemic agent used in the therapy of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and does not cause hypoglycemia at the therapeutic dose. Its mechanism of action may involve and increased binding of insulin to its receptors and glucose uptake at the post-receptor level. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two metformin tablet, Glucophage (Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Glycomin(Ilsung Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The metformin release from the two metformin tablets in vitro was tested using KP Ⅶ Apparatus Ⅱ method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four normal male volunteers, 23.78±1.96 years in age and 68.77±10.41㎏ in body weight, were divided into two groups with a randomized 2×2 cross-over study. After one tablet containing 500㎎ as metformin was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of metformin in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. Besides, the dissolution profiles of two metformin tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_t C_max and T_max were calculated. The ANPVA test was performed for the statistical analysis of the logarithmically transformed AUC_t and C_max, untransformed T_max. The results showed that the differences in AIC_t, C_max and T_max between two tablets based on the Glucophage were 0.09%, 6.09% and -8.22%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two tablets in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) ti log(1.25) (e.g.,log(0.94)∼log(1.09) and log(1.01)∼log(1.15) for AUC_t and C_max, respectively), indicating that Glycomin tablet is bioequivalent to Glucophage tablet.

리스페달 정(리스페리돈 2㎎)에 대한 리스펜 정의 생물학적 동등성

조혜영,박은자,강현아,백승희,이석,박찬호,문재동,이용복 한국약제학회 2004 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.34 No.2

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two risperidone tablets, Risperdal (Janssen Korea Co., Ltd) and Rispen (Myung In Pharm. Co., Ltd), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The risperione release from the two risperidone formulations in vitro was tested using KP Ⅷ Apparatus Ⅱ method with various of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 butter solution and water). Twenty four healthy male subjects, 23.33±2.10 years in age and 69.24±8.05 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2×2 crossover study was employed. After one tablet containing 2 ㎎ as risperidone was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of risperidone in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_(t), C_(max) were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed AUC_(t), C_(max) and untransformed T_(max). The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the Risperdal were 0.20, -1.29 and -11.09% for AUC_(t), C_(max) and T_(max), respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(0.90)∼log(1.03) and log(0.84)∼log(1.09) for AUC_(t) and C_(max), respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guideline for the bioequivalence were satisfied, indicating Rispen tablet and Risperdal tablet were bioequivalent.