“누가 이야기하는가?” - 우베 욘존의 『기념일들』의 다성적 서술

이재원 ( Lee¸ Jaewon ) 한국독일어문학회 2021 독일어문학 Vol.94 No.-

이 논문은 우베 욘존의 장편소설 『기념일들』을 특징짓는 복잡한 서술구조를 분석한다. 『기념일들』은 ‘계약’이라는 허구적 설정을 통해 다층적 차원에서의 대화적 구조로 이루어진다. 주인공 게지네와 딸 마리의 계약 차원에서는 게지네가 마리에게 자신의 가족사를 들려주는 과정에 마리가 적극적으로 개입하여 개인적이고 주관적인 기억에 대한 성찰이 이루어진다. 죽은 사람과의 계약의 차원에서는 게지네와 ‘작가 동지’에 의해 죽은 사람들을 둘러싼 독일의 과거가 서술되는 가운데 전후 독일의 집단적 기억에 대한 비판적인 성찰이 시도된다. 마리와 죽은 사람들이 서술에 적극적으로 참여하는 독립적인 ‘목소리’로 등장하기는 하지만 서술자로 보기는 어려운 반면, 게지네와 작가의 계약을 통해 두 사람이 소설 전체를 함께 서술하는 공동서술자로 나타난다. 이러한 독특한 서술상황으로 인해 기존의 서사이론의 틀에서 서술자를 확정하려는 시도는 실패할 수밖에 없다. 이는 ‘다성적 소설’에 관한 바흐친의 이론을 통해 설명할 수 있다. 다성적 소설에서는 인물이 작가의 생각을 전달하는 매체 혹은 도구가 아니라 자신의 목소리를 갖는 능동적 주체로 등장한다. 작가와 인물이 동등한 위치에서 함께 서술한다는 설정은 소설이 전지적 작가에 의해 창조된 완결된 세계가 아니라 욘존이라는 작가 개인의 하나의 견해일 뿐임을 분명히 하며 독자에게 이 대화에 참여할 것을 촉구한다. 『기념일들』은 다층적 구성과 다성적 서술을 통해 독일의 최근 역사를 일방적으로 전달하는 것을 넘어 독자에게 비판적으로 성찰하게 한다. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert das komplizierte Erzählgefüge in Uwe Johnsons Roman Jahrestage. Aus dem Leben von Gesine Cresspahl. Die Geschichten im Roman werden durch die fiktiven „Verträge“ der Hauptfigur Gesine jeweils anders erzählt: in Bezug auf ihre Tochter Marie, in Bezug auf die Toten und den Schriftsteller Johnson. Dadurch ordnet der Roman verschiedene Erzähler ihren jeweiligen Geschichten zu. Auf der Ebene des Vertrags mit Marie erzählt Gesine mündlich die Familiengeschichte Cresspahls und dabei wird das Problem der individuellen subjektiven Erinnerung reflektiert. Auf der Ebene des Vertrags mit den Toten schreiben Gesine und der Schriftsteller die Geschichte der NS-Zeit und der deutschen Teilung und dadurch versuchen sie die deutschen kollektiven Erinnerungen zu reflektieren. Dabei fungiern Marie und die Toten zwar als selbständige Stimmen, aber nicht als Erzähler. Auf der Ebene des Vertrags mit dem Autor Johnson erzählen Gesine und der Schriftsteller zusammen. Dies ist eine polyphone Erzählstruktur, bei der Figuren nicht als ein Medium oder ein Mittel des Autors, sondern als aktive Subjekte mit eigener Stimme auftreten. Durch diese Erzählweise zeigt Johnson, dass der Roman keine vom auktorialen Autor geschriebene geschlossene Welt darstellt, sondern nur ein „Entwurf“ der deutschen Geschichte, d.h. eine Ansicht eines deutschen Autors ist. Nun fordert er die Leser auf, diesen Entwurf mit ihren Meinungen zu vergleichen und aktiv zu seiner Vollendung beizutragen.

Samuel Beckett의 희곡에 드러나는 불확실성에 대한 연구

강재원 ( Kang¸ Jae-won ) 현대영미어문학회 1994 현대영미어문학 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to study about the meaning of the uncertainty in the drama of Samuel Beckett. When I began to study the work of Beckett, the general impression seemed to be that his plays portrays the impossibility of achieving meaning in this chaotic world. It appeared to me that his play progressed towards a total nothingness, a nihilism. But after close reading of his works it seemed to be able to discover another way of meaning in them. This paper is to detect the significance of the uncertainty not in the literal sense of the word but in the demonstration of a scientific proof. In Waiting for Godot, in which plot, language and characters crumble to uncertainty, there is nothing cetain While waiting for Godot the two tramps, Vladimir and Estragon. waste time to avoid their loneliness because they don't care about the present. Their only future and meaning of existence in this time is dependent upon a visit of Godot. However Godot doesn’t come and seems not to appear for ever. Their future is uncertain. The Beckettian characters cannot identify their real existence with themselves at a moment because being itself is in time and has to be changed in the stream of time. Both their future and present are uncertain. The uncertainty is a creature of the times and a result of the destruction of faith which have been bequeathed to us since the Old Greek, the illusion of mankind, the Absolute being. Man realizes that he is thrown into life without any given meaning or purpose. Man has to find out the value of human being from emptiness of this world himself. The uncertainty means not the ambiguity of the whole things and events in the world but the possibility of the discrimination of some uncertain things from the major premise of authenticity. In this confusion and uncertainty one thing alone is certain. We are here now. Let us not waste our time in idle discourse. Let us do something, while we have the chance.(Waiting for Godot,p.51a)

로살리아 데 카스트로와 소수자의 글쓰기

장재원 ( Chang¸ Jae Won ) 세계문학비교학회 2021 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.76 No.-

본 논문은 19세기 후반 스페인의 대표적인 여성 시인 로살리아 데 카스트로의 시적 특징을 살펴보고, 그것을 소수자적 글쓰기의 관점에서 재조명하였다. 그녀는 뛰어난 시적 가치에도 불구하고, 사후 오랫동안 스페인 문단에서 간과되었다가 여러 문인들의 노력에 의해 20세기 후반부터 재평가받기 시작하여 현재에는 스페인의 주요시인들 중 한 명으로 인정받는다. 그녀의 수용이 지연된 이유에 대해 여성에 대한 스페인 사회의 뿌리 깊은 성차별로 설명하는 여성주의적 시각과, 오랫동안 스페인에서 정치·경제·문화적으로 소외되었던 갈리시아의 민중의 목소리를 대변하며 갈리시아 문학을 부흥시킨 그녀에 대한 주류 사회의 외면으로 보는 민족주의적 시각이 대립해왔다. 본 연구는 이것을 소수자의 글쓰기라는 관점으로 통합하여 그녀의 시적 담론이 지닌 복합적 양상과 성격을 총체적으로 조명하고자 시도하였다. 앞에서 언급한 두 가지 요소 이외에도. 그녀는 사제의 딸로 태어나 소위 말하는 ‘결손 가정’이라는 사회적 편견과 냉대를 견디며 우울한 성장기를 거쳤기에 ‘정상 가정’과 ‘비정상 가정’이라는 사회적 ‘구분 짓기’의 희생자였고 그로 인해 사회적 주변인이라는 의식, 아웃사이더라는 소외의식이 소수자 의식을 구성하는데 중요한 단초가 되었음을 지적하였다. 그녀는 때로는 비판적이고 때로는 몽환적이고 상징적인 시를 통해 그녀의 소수자적 현실을 노래하면서 그것을 극복하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 소수자의 글쓰기가 지니는 특성과 그녀의 고유한 시적 가치의 관련성을 탐구하며 로살리아 데 카스트로의 낭만주의적이고 실존적인 시의 의의를 성찰하였다. This paper examined the poetic characteristics of Spain’s leading female poet Rosalia de Castro in the late 19th century and attempted to shed new light on it from the perspective of minority’s writing. Despite the outstanding value of her poetry, she was overlooked in the Spanish literary circle for a long time after her death, but began to be reevaluated in the late 20th century by the efforts of several literary figures, and is now recognized as one of Spain’s leading poets. As for the reason for the delay in acceptance of her, there has been a confrontation between a feminist view of explaining it as deep-rooted gender discrimination against women in Spain, and a nationalist view of explaining it as mainstream society’s rejection of her who represented the voices of Galician people, which have long been politically, economically, and culturally marginalized in Spain, and revived Galicia’s literature. This study attempted to give a integral light to the complex aspects and characteristics of her poetic discourse by integrating this into the perspective of minority’s writing. In addition to the two elements mentioned above, she was born as a daughter of a priest and went through a depressing childhood enduring the social prejudice and coldness for the reason of so-called defective family. So she was a victim of social discrimination of normal family and abnormal family. As a result, her consciousness of alienation as a socially marginal person and an outsider became a key factor in constructing her minority consciousness. She described and overcame her humble reality as minority through poems that were sometimes critical and sometimes dreamlike and symbolic. So this study examined the significance of Rosalia de Castro’s post-romantic and existential poetry by exploring the relation of minority writing’s characteristics and her poetry’s unique values.

사무엘 베켓의 시간세계

강재원 ( Kang¸ Jae-won ) 현대영미어문학회 1998 현대영미어문학 Vol.16 No.2

In Waiting for Godot the characters do not use images of the past to create a sense of their identity within time. They don’t sustain a concept of the continuity of their experience by assimilating images of the past. Consequently they must invent and improvise with materials they find in their present situation. Vladimir looks at the sleeping Estragon, for example, and realizes that their relationship will continue within the same pattern as before. He not only questions the validity of his perception of experience, but sees himself caught within some form of sleep, dreaming his life not experiencing it directly. In a sense time is a real existence. Time continuously passes by and it makes all the living things be changed and brings them to an end. In this play he put man’s life not in timeless but in time, and this kind of specific character of time constitutes the main structure of the hidden plot. Samuel Beckett makes the players dreamers rather than the audience. They exist there somewhere, projecting themselves into questions about the future, considering the possibilities. Because the act of waiting is an essential and characteristic aspect of the human condition in this play, Godot or “Waiting” itself seems to represent the objective of our waiting in the real life. And they probably exist in time and timeless world at the same time in the sense of a gnostic reality―fantasy. Consequently I think that the audience watching the play seem to consider Godot as an image reflecting themselves through the characteristics.

채널 차원 감소를 통해 얻어진 이중 가상 채널 행렬을 활용하는 셀룰러 시스템의 간섭 제거 방안

김재원(Jaewon Kim),장재원(Jaewon Chang),성원진(Wonjin Sung) 한국통신학회 2008 한국통신학회 학술대회 및 강연회 Vol.2008 No.4

하향 링크 셀룰러 시스템의 Eigen-Beamforming 전송을 위한 적응적 인접 셀 간섭 완화 방법

장재원(Jaewon Chang),김세진(Sejin Kim),김재원(Jaewon Kim),성원진(Wonjin Sung) 한국전자파학회 2009 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.20 No.3

MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) 시스템에서 EB(Eigen-Beamforming)는 MIMO 채널의 특이값 분해(Singular Value Decomposition: SVD)를 통하여 수신기의 유효 신호 대 잡음비(Signal-to-Interference Plus Noise Ratio: SINR)를 최대화하는 빔을 형성하는 방법으로써 널리 활용되고 있으나, 인접 셀 간섭 신호의 영향으로 셀 경계에 위치한 단말기의 신호 검출 성능은 급격히 열화되고 전송 효율은 감소하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 EB 전송을 활용하는 경우, 적응적 인접 셀 간섭 완화 방안을 제시하고 그 수신 성능을 평가한다. 특히, EB 전송을 이용하여 기지국에서 전송된 신호를 단말기가 수신할 때, 최대의 유효 신호 대 간섭 잡음비를 얻기 위한 OC(Optimum Combining) 및 MMSE-ISD(Minimum Mean-Squared Error for Intercell Spatial Demultiplexing)를 적응적으로 사용하기 위한 기준을 제시하고 유효 신호 대 간섭 잡음비 및 전송 용량 측면의 수신 성능을 분석한다. 제안하는 적응적 수신 방식은 수신 빔포밍 벡터만을 사용하는 기존의 EB 수신 방식 대비 평균 전송 용량 측면에서 향상된 성능을 보이며, 셀 경계 지역에 단말기가 위치할 경우 최대 2 bps/㎐ 성능 개선을 가져온다. EB(Eigen-Beamforming) has widely been applied to MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) systems to form beams which maximize the effective signal-to-interference plus noise ratio(SINR) of the receiver using the singular value decomposition(SVD) of the MIMO channel. However, the signal detection performance for the mobile station near the cell boundary is severely degraded and the transmission efficiency decreases due to the influence of the interference signal from the adjacent cells. In this paper, we propose an adaptive interference mitigation method for the EB transmission, and evaluate the reception performance. In particular, a reception strategy which adaptively utilizes optimal combining(OC) and minimum mean-squared error for intercell spatial demultiplexing(MMSE-ISD) is proposed, and the reception performance is investigated in terms of the effective SINR and system capacity. For the average system capacity, the proposed adaptive reception demonstrates the performance enhancement compared to the conventional EB reception using the receiver beamforming vector, and up to 2 bps/㎐ performance gain is achieved for mobile station located at the cell edge.

Hybrid Open Drain Method and Fully Current-Based Characterization of Asymmetric Resistance Components in a Single MOSFET

Kim, Jaewon,Lee, Heesung,Kim, Seong Kwang,Kim, Junyeap,Park, Jaewon,Choi, Sung-Jin,Kim, Dae Hwan,Kim, Dong Myong IEEE 2016 IEEE transactions on electron devices Vol.63 No.11

<P>Separate extraction of source (RS) from drain resistance (RD) is important in the systematic modeling of electrical characteristics and investigation of physical mechanism related to the performance and reliability in MOSFETs and their integrated circuits. We report a hybrid open drain method (ODM), as a fully current-based characterization technique, for a comprehensive separation of asymmetric source and drain resistance components in a single MOSFET. In the hybrid ODM, the ODM through the parasitic bipolar transistor is combined with the dualsweep combinational transconductance technique, the channel resistance method, and the parasitic junction current method. We fully considered the asymmetry in the source and the drain possibly caused by the layout, process, and degradation under bias. We successfully extracted the resistance components with R-Se = 6.66-7.35 Omega, R-De = 7.64-8.34 Omega, RSo = 0.78-8.07 Omega, R-Do = 1.11-10.08 Omega, and R-SUB = 6.29-9.17 Omega in the n-channel MOSFETs. R-Se (R-De) is the VGS-independent external source (drain) resistance. R-So (R-Do) is the VGS-independent external spreading source (drain) resistance and RSi (RDi) is the VGS-dependent intrinsic source (drain) resistance, respectively. RSUB is the substrate resistance. The hybrid ODM is expected to be useful in the characterization of parasitic resistances in each MOSFET with asymmetry caused by the layout, process, and degradation without using multiple devices with different channel length (L) and width (W) for measurement.</P>

SnSe₂ nanoplate–graphene composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Choi, Jaewon,Jin, Jaewon,Jung, Il Gu,Kim, Jung Min,Kim, Hae Jin,Son, Seung Uk Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Chemical communications Vol.47 No.18

<P>Through a solution approach, SnSe<SUB>2</SUB> nanoplate–graphene composites were prepared and applied as anode materials in lithium ion batteries, showing promising storage performance superior to SnSe<SUB>2</SUB> nanoplates or graphene alone.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Through a solution approach, SnSe<SUB>2</SUB> nanoplate–graphene composites were prepared and applied as anode materials in lithium ion batteries, showing promising storage performance superior to SnSe<SUB>2</SUB> nanoplates or graphene alone. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c1cc10317b'> </P>

Columnar assembly and successive heating of colloidal 2D nanomaterials on graphene as an efficient strategy for new anode materials in lithium ion batteries: the case of In₂S₃ nanoplates

Choi, Jaewon,Jin, Jaewon,Lee, Jeho,Park, Ji Hoon,Kim, Hae Jin,Oh, Dong-Hwa,Ahn, Joung Real,Son, Seung Uk The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.22 No.22

<P>This study shows that heat-treatment of colloidal inorganic nanoplates with columnar assembly under argon is a good strategy for development of anode materials. The heating of colloidal In<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB> nanoplates under argon resulted in the formation of film-like materials through interconnection of plates in a side by side manner. When the columnarly assembled colloidal In<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB> plates were heated at 400 °C under argon for 2 hours <I>on graphene</I>, more efficient anode materials with smaller diameters were obtained. Interestingly, the heat-treated columnarly assembled In<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB> plates on graphene had a layered structure, which was attributed to the possible existence of carbon materials between plates formed by the heat-treatment of surfactants under argon. The resultant graphene–In<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB> composites showed enhanced discharge capacities, up to 716–837 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP>, as well as excellent stabilities. In addition, the materials showed promising coulombic efficiencies and rate performances. We believe that, based on the strategy in this work, diverse graphene–inorganic nanomaterial composites with a layered structure can be prepared and applied as new anode materials in lithium ion batteries.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>The heat-treated graphene–In<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB> composites with a layered structure showed enhanced discharge capacities up to 716–837 mA h g<SUP>−1</SUP> and excellent stability. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2jm30949a'> </P>

Assessment of Meteorological Drought in Korea under Climate Change

Kwak, Jaewon,Kim, Soojun,Jung, Jaewon,Singh, Vijay P.,Lee, Dong Ryul,Kim, Hung Soo Hindawi Limited 2016 Advances in meteorology Vol.2016 No.-

<P>Drought has become one of the most important elements for water resources planning and management in Korea. The objective of this study is to estimate the spatial distribution of drought and change in the drought characteristics over time due to climate change. For the spatial characterization of drought, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) is calculated from the 45 observatories in Korea and the spatial distribution is also estimated based on the joint probability analysis using the copula method. To analyze the effect of climate change, spatial distribution of drought in the future is analyzed using the SPI time series calculated from Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios and HADGEM3-RA regional climate model. The results show that the Youngsan River and the northwest of Nakdong River basins in Korea have nearly doubled drought amount compared to the present and are most vulnerable to drought in near future (2016 to 2039 years).</P>