American Women's Adoption of Pants and the Changing Definition of Femininity during World War II

이예영,JANE FARRELL-BECK 대한가정학회 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

Articles from The New York Times and magazines including Consumer Digest, Journal of Home Economics, Scholastic, Time and Woman's Home Companion were analyzed in this study and focused on the following research questions: How did the social situation influence American women's adoption of pants during World War II? How were the social opinions of women's adoption of pants? How did American women's adoption of pants and the social opinions on women's pants represent the process of change in the definition of femininity during World War II? Women were encouraged to wear pants in work places because many women had to work in defense industries and farms. Women had to wear pants during the winter to keep warm in order to conserve oil, rubber, and other materials. In addition, wearing men's clothes became a fashion trend among college women during this period. However, practicality was often not the primary thing alone to consider in women's fashion. Femininity was still important in women's fashion. There were criticisms over the women's adoption of pants. Regulations against pants were imposed on women, while there were women who wanted to dress like ladies even at defense industries. An abrupt change in women's gender roles and the increased adoption of trousers aroused social ambivalence about the traditional definition of femininity. Even though many women returned to their homes after the war, the social demand of practicality in women's day-time clothes during the war offered women the experience of comfort and practicality in pants. These experiences contributed to paving the way for more women to adopt pants and helped establishing a new definition of femininity after the war.

Western Influences on Young Women's Fashion in South Korea in the 1970s

Kim Eundeok,Jane Farrell-Beck The Costume Culture Association 2005 Fashion, industry and education Vol.8 No.2

The purposes of this study were to examine young women's fashion and their values in South Korea in the 1970s and to explore the dynamics of how the changes in values affected fashion. Fifteen Korean women who were college students in the 1970s were interviewed. With industrialization and acculturation to Western customs in the 1970s, Korean women's fashion reflected the permeation of new ideas and behaviors into the culture. New ideas of 'pursuing a career' or 'gaining professional success' rooted in the women's movement were most important and were reflected in the prevalence of casual and comfortable styles. However, 'having a good husband and being a good wife' was also important. In addition to the transition in gender roles, Korea was fast moving from a collectivist to an individualistic society and underwent the process of melding traditional and newly-adopted values in their acculturation to the West. This study helps us better understand Korea's acculturation process through dress and the dynamics involved between fashion and value changes.

A Qualitative Assessment of Feminism in U.S. Women's Fashion of the 1970s

Kim, Eundeok,Farrell-Beck, Jane The Costume Culture Association 2003 Fashion, industry and education Vol.6 No.2

The purposes of this study were to examine the fashion adopted by young women in the United States in the 1970s and to explore how the dynamic shifts toward feminist values influenced those fashion trends. Fifteen American women who were college students in the 1970s were interviewed for the study. Throughout the decade, casual and comfortable styles became more prevalent; for example, pants became widely accepted for formal occasions as well as informal occasions due to an overall emphasis on practicality. The feminist and civil rights movements along with more liberal attitudes toward religion were among the more dominant cultural values that influenced the respondents' choices in clothing styles. Feminist presentation was divers - extreme or eclectic - and constantly renegotiating itself. This study helped us better understand the dynamics involved between fashion and value changes as well as the influence of feminism on the 1970s fashion in the United States

Transactions : Women`s Body Exposure in Leisure Wear during the 1930s-Focused on Bathing Suits, Shorts, and Halters-

( Yhe Young Lee ),( Farrell Beck Jane ) 한국의류학회 2012 한국의류학회지 Vol.36 No.6

Social reactions to body exposure in American leisure wear (bathing suits, shorts, and halters) in the 1930s were analyzed to provide an understanding of the process of adopting more abbreviated and less-occasion specific styles of garments in women`s fashion. The research questions were as follow: How did women expose their bodies in leisure wear during the 1930s? How did the social reaction to women`s body exposure in leisure wear change throughout the 1930s? How did the body exposure in women`s leisure wear play a significant role in the history of women`s fashion? Primary sources were collected from issues of The New York Times published in the 1930s. Topics including dress, fashion, ethics, social ethics, and sexual ethics, were reviewed in The New York Times indices. The findings were analyzed and interpreted with reference to secondary sources that included books and research papers. The results showed that the body exposure of the styles as well as the place where these styles were worn was a public issue. Women were criticized and regulated for body exposure as well as for wearing bathing suits, shorts, and halters on the streets. However, the social regulations that restricted bathing suit styles almost disappeared by the end of the decade. This represented the change of social expectations toward body exposure in the 1930s. In addition, reports of laws that forbade the wearing of bathing suits, halters, and shorts outside of beaches, pools, and parks indicated women`s increased attempts to expose their bodies in public places. However, reactions to women`s body exposure in leisure wear changed to accept more flexibility in the social customs throughout the decade. These phenomena were a partial step toward the popularization of less occasion-specific styles ? sportswear ? that took place in the 20th century.

A Qualitative Assessment of Feminism in U.S. Women`s Fashion of the 1970s

( Eun Deok Kim ),( Jane Farrell Beck ) 복식문화학회 2003 Fashion, industry and education Vol.6 No.2

American Women's Adoption of Pants and the Changing Definition of Femininity during World War II

Lee, Yhe-Young,Farrell-Beck, Jane The Korean Home Economics Association 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

Articles from The New York Times and magazines including Consumer Digest, Journal of Home Economics, Scholastic, Time and Woman's Home Companion were analyzed in this study and focused on the following research questions: How did the social situation influence American women's adoption of pants during World War II? How were the social opinions of women's adoption of pants? How did American women's adoption of pants and the social opinions on women's pants represent the process of change in the definition of femininity during World War II? Women were encouraged to wear pants in work places because many women had to work in defense industries and farms. Women had to wear pants during the winter to keep warm in order to conserve oil, rubber, and other materials. In addition, wearing men's clothes became a fashion trend among college women during this period. However, practicality was often not the primary thing alone to consider in women's fashion. Femininity was still important in women's fashion. There were criticisms over the women's adoption of pants. Regulations against pants were imposed on women, while there were women who wanted to dress like ladies even at defense industries. An abrupt change in women's gender roles and the increased adoption of trousers aroused social ambivalence about the traditional definition of femininity. Even though many women returned to their homes after the war, the social demand of practicality in women's day-time clothes during the war offered women the experience of comfort and practicality in pants. These experiences contributed to paving the way for more women to adopt pants and helped establishing a new definition of femininity after the war.

American Women`s Adoption of Pants and the Changing Definition of Femininity during World War 2

( Yhe Young Lee ),( Jane Farrell Beck ) 대한가정학회 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

Articles from The New York Times and magazines including Consumer Digest, Journal of Home Economics, Scholastic, Time and Woman`s Home Companion were analyzed in this study and focused on the following research questions: How did the social situation influence American women`s adoption of pants during World War II? How were the social opinions of women`s adoption of pants? How did American women`s adoption of pants and the social opinions on women`s pants represent the process of change in the definition of femininity during World War II? Women were encouraged to wear pants in work places because many women had to work in defense industries and farms. Women had to wear pants during the winter to keep warm in order to conserve oil, rubber, and other materials. In addition, wearing men`s clothes became a fashion trend among college women during this period. However, practicality was often not the primary thing alone to consider in women`s fashion. Femininity was still important in women`s fashion. There were criticisms over the women`s adoption of pants. Regulations against pants were imposed on women, while there were women who wanted to dress like ladies even at defense industries. An abrupt change in women`s gender roles and the increased adoption of trousers aroused social ambivalence about the traditional definition of femininity. Even though many women returned to their homes after the war, the social demand of practicality in women`s day-time clothes during the war offered women the experience of comfort and practicality in pants. These experiences contributed to paving the way for more women to abopt pants and helped establishing a new definition of femininity after the war.

Western Influences on Young Women`s Fashion in South Korea in the 1970s

( Eun Deok Kim ),( Farrell Beck Jane ) 복식문화학회 2005 Fashion, industry and education Vol.8 No.2