Deriving the Derived Environment Constraint in non-derivational phonology

Gregory K. Iverson 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.1

Gregory K. Iverson. 2004. Deriving the Derived Environment Con-straint in non-derivational phonology. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology. 10.1. 1-21. A challenge to optimality theory has been to find motivated mechanisms that will impose general grammatical limitations equivalent to those uncovered in derivational frameworks. Proponents of optimality theory have struggled in particular to accommodate predictions of the Derived Environment Constraint (Kiparsky 1973), a widely tested principle that is shown here to play a key role in the staged development of contrasts in second language phonology. The paper concludes that the most straightforward implementation of the Derived Environment Constraint within optimality theory is the approach of Y. Cho (2002), which is to introduce a top-ranked "Lexical Faithfulness" constraint (FAITH-LEX) to the effect that optimal candidates may deviate from their input representations just in case these are not also lexical representations. Yet without explicit incorporation of the notion of contrast to limit FAITH-LEX to structure-preserving domains, the optimality theory rendition of the Derived Environment Constraint remains empirically inadequate. A solution lies in the "No Specification" (*SPEC) proposal for lexicon optimization recently advanced by J. Kim (2002): Redundant features must be absent in the underlying representation. (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)

Contrast and hypercontrast in interlanguage

Fred R,Eckman,Gregory k,Iverson 한국음운론학회 2000 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.6 No.2

Eckman, Fred R. and Gregory K. Iverson. 2000. Contrast and Hypercontrast in Interlanguage. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 6.2, 213-247. We report on an experimental study investigating a well-known, yet seemingly intractable, problem in L2 pronunciation, namely, the splitting of native language(NL) allo phones into separate target Ianguage (TL) phonemes. The results indicate that Iearners who were trained to contrast the relevant sounds in morphologically complex words generalized the contrast to morphologically-simple words. However, learners who were taught to make the contrast in morphologically simple words did not generalize this contrast to morphologically composite environments. Moreover, among speakers who already showed productive control of the contrast in actual words: perfonnance on nonce words revealed a pattern of overgeneralization, or hypercorrection, which was characteristic of neither the NL nor the TL. (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)

Variation in the Korean Integration of English Word-Final /s/

Iverson, Gregory K.,Lee, Ahrong 서울대학교 언어교육원 (구 서울대학교 어학연구소) 2006 語學硏究 Vol.42 No.2

The adaptation of English word-final /s/ in words that are borrowed into Korean presents an interesting perceptual match-up inasmuch as Korean contrasts two types of voiceless fricatives, “lax” /s/ and “tense” /s’/, either of which, depending on context, may serve as the rendition of English /s/. Which of these is selected appears to correlate with the familiar durational difference between lax and tense consonants in Korean. In particular, S Kim (1999) showed that English words are borrowed consistently with tense /s’/ when the fricative is not in a cluster in the source language (where it is phonetically longer), whereas the result is lax /s/ when the fricative (phonetically shorter) does form part of a consonant cluster in the source language. Hypothesizing that Koreans are sensitive to this durational property, S Kim concluded that positional sub-phonemic length differences in the English fricative are apprehended directly by Korean listeners (and so presumably are contrastive in the language; cf. Iverson & A Lee 2006). Davis & M-H Cho (2006), on the other hand, maintain that the phonetic length correlation is not robust, noting specifically that S Kim was troubled by the adaptation of final clusters consisting of sonorant consonant plus /s/ (as in dance, false), which are rendered with the tense fricative despite being part of a source language cluster. Yet in a comprehensive acoustic study of English /s/ over a full range of environments, Klatt (1974) showed that while /s/ is shorter by 40% in clusters with stops (an [s] that Koreans adapt as lax), it is shorter by only 15% in clusters with sonorant consonants (an [s] which Koreans adapt as tense). Thus, it would appear that Koreans adapt instances of the English fricative following a sonorant as tense /s’/ because these are above the threshold of brevity that marks the non-tense obstruents in Korean, and in any case are appreciably longer than English [s] in an obstruent cluster (as first reported by A Lee (2006a); cf. A Lee (2006b) on adaptation of the stops in English s-clusters). The paper reports on a perception experiment further testing and supporting the hypothesis that phonetic length of the source fricative correlates directly with its adaptation as either lax or tense in Korean.

The Stipulation of Extraprosodicity in Syllabic Phonology

Iverson, Gregory K. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1990 語學硏究 Vol.26 No.3

Though the role of extraprosodicity has been thoroughly integrated into metrical theory, it has played a decidedly less pervasive part among the rules of syllabic phonology. Under Ito^'s(1986, 1989) 'codafilter' account of syllable formation in certain types of languages, however, extraprosodicity of a word-final consonant is crucial both for maintaining the generalization that consonants in clusters must be homorganic and, when they are not, for determining the site of epenthesis. But in lieu of the coda filter and its extraprosodicity requirement, syllabification can be subject to a well-formedness condition which rules against consonant clusters in which each member is specified for Place, with epenthesis then applying precisely where it does because that is the only site which serves to remove violations. In further view of CV phonology's prediction of melodically empty skeletal representation and certain general principles of syllabic licensing, it is concluded that the role of stipulated segmental extraprosodicity is properly restricted to the metrical component of phonological theory.

Spread Glottis Implementation in Germanic

Gregory K Iverson,Joseph C Salmons 현대문법학회 1994 현대문법연구 Vol.5 No.-

Korean as Catalyst in Modern Phonology

Gregory K. Iverson 국제한국언어학회 2002 korean Linguistics Vol.11 No.-

FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE PATTERNS OF BRAIN ACTIVATION IN KOREAN LAYRNGEAL CONTRASTS

Haeil Park,Gregory K. Iverson 국제한국언어학회 2008 korean Linguistics Vol.14 No.-

Korean Phonology in the Late Twentieth Century

Yu Cho, Young-mee,Iverson, Gregory K. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1997 語學硏究 Vol.33 No.4

Research in Korean phonology has been unusually productive, both within the structuralist tradition and in the generative framework. On the structural side, Martin's phonemics and morphophonemics laid structural groudwork for later generative studies while instrumental works provided a valuable phonetic grounding for phonological analyses to come. Earlier generative studies were mainly concerned with such issues as features, segments and rules, following the program developed in the Sound Pattern of English. The late 1970's saw the emergence of Autosegmental Theory. Many traditional analyses were revisited and given new interpretations. Recent works on consonantal phonology also attempt to move beyond description and toward explanation by maximizing representational apparatus and minimizing language-specific rules. The development of Lexical Phonology and Prosodic Hierarchy Theory in the 1980's was triggered by an interest in rule domains and in the interface between phonology and morphology/syntax. Many studies contributed to the prosodic characterization of morphological categories and the formal representation of domains. Most recently, Optimality Theory promises to solve some of the thorny issues of Korean phonology such as the n-ø altenation, Consonant Cluster Simplification and Glide Formation, Palatalization, Umlaut, Tensification and Korean phrasing.

DEVELOPMENT OF STOP CONSONANTS IN KOREAN

Soyoung Lee,Gregory K. Iverson 국제한국언어학회 2008 korean Linguistics Vol.14 No.-

한국인 영어학습자의 모음삽입현상에 대한 연구

신동진(Shin, Dong-Jin),Iverson, Paul 한국음성학회 2014 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.6 No.2

Korean L2 speakers have many problems learning the pronunciation of English words. One of these problems is vowel epenthesis. Vowel epenthesis is the insertion of vowels into or between words, and Korean learners of English typically do this between successive consonants, either within clusters, or across syllables, word boundaries or following final coda consonants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether individual differences in vowel epenthesis are more closely related to the perception and production of segments (vowels and consonants) and prosody or if they are relatively independent from these processes. Subjects completed a battery of production and perception tasks. They read sentences, identified vowels and consonants, read target words likely to have epenthetic vowels (e.g., abduction) and demonstrated stress recognition and epenthetic vowel perception. The results revealed that Korean second-language learners (L2) have problems with vowel epenthesis in production and perception, but production and perception abilities were not correlated with one another. Vowel epenthesis was strongly related to vowel production and perception, suggesting that problems with segments may be combined with L1 phonotactics to produce epenthesis.