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Implementing a national Curriculum in Swedish Prescools
Ingrid Engdahl 한국유아교육학회 2004 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.10 No.2
This paper starts with a short presentation of the Swedish preschool, for children aged 1-6 years, and gives a background to the national policy on Early Childhood Education leading up to the first National Curriculum for the Preschool in 1998. Preschool education is considered to be the first important stage within the educational system of Sweden. The structure of the curriculum is presented as well as the implementation in local municipalities and preschools. I will give some examples about how the concepts of the child, knowledge and learning are defined in the curriculum. Further more, I will illustrate how the curriculum has been implemented in some preschools. A nation wide evaluation of the reform was presented in spring 2004, showing avery positive attitude to the curriculum and an impressive local achievement. However, the National Agency of Education also points out some crucial challenges; the variations in quality between different preschools, the lack of awareness when allocating resources, the tendency to define local goals in addition to the goals in the national curriculum and the problems arising when assessing small children, thus directing the attention towards the individual child and her/his family instead of towards the educational program and environment.
A National Curriculum for the Swedish Preschool
Ingrid Engdahl 한국유아교육학회 1998 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.3 No.1
Early Childhood Education and day-care have often been considered two different kinds of activities requiring different organisational arrangements. In Sweden, as in most of the Scandinavian countries, there is a tradition of integrating the two. This has been called the Educare model. The Swedish parliament has recently passed a proposition for a national curriculum for the Early Childhood Education in the preschools. Educare is practised in day-carecentres, day nurseries, preschools for children under school age (Kindergarten), partly at primary school level and in after school supervised activities (leisure centres).
The Evolution of Media Interpreting : Challenges and Changes
Ingrid Kurz 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2008 통번역학연구 Vol.11 No.2
세계화의 물결속에 TV 프로그램도 점차 국제화되고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 다양한 언어의 사용이 증 가하고 있으며 이로인해 생방송 중 동시 통역의 수요도 점차 높아지고 있다. 미디어 통역은 회의 통역과 여러가지 면에서 유사하지만 회의통역과는 또다른 어려움들을 갖고있어 이를 위한 특별한 기술을 요구한다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 논문에서는 TV 통역을 중심으로 각종 미디어 통역에 따르는 여러가지 현실적인 제약과 보다 효과적이고 성공적인 통역을 위한 요건을 살펴보고자한다. 이와 더불어 오스트리아 미디어 통역의 발전사에 대하여 간략하게 되짚어보고 통역사들에게 새로운 도전과제로 대두되고 있는 웹스트리밍(Web Streaming)의 특징에 대해서도 논의하고자 한다.
Ingrid B¨ohm,Hans H. Schild 대한영상의학회 2009 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.10 No.1
Objective: This study was designed to determine prospectively the expression of the multifunctional CD98 protein in peripheral white blood cells in patients receiving iodinated contrast media (CM) for a computed tomography (CT) examination. Materials and Methods: In 12 adult patients that received non-ionic dimeric CM (iosimenol or iodixanol), the expression of CD98 was analyzed from samples of peripheral white blood cells obtained prior to, one hour, and 24 hours after CM injection by the use of flow cytometry analysis and the use of the direct immunofluorescence technique. Results: Overall, expression of CD98 was significantly downregulated 24 hours after CM injection (51.9%±10.8% vs. 38.8%±16.9%; p < 0.04). Patients that received iosimenol exhibited a more pronounced but not significant decrease of CD98 expression both one hour and 24 hours after CM injection. In an analysis of specific patient responses, CD98 downregulation occurred in eight patients. In two patients, CD98 was upregulated, and in the remaining two patients, expression remained unchanged. No patient acquired an adverse CM reaction. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that CM may be a regulator of CD98 expression. To determine if upregulation is associated with an increased risk for the acquisition of an adverse CM-induced hypersensitivity reaction and if downregulation is associated without a risk for the acquisition of an adverse CMinduced hypersensitivity reaction, further studies with a larger population of patients are required. Objective: This study was designed to determine prospectively the expression of the multifunctional CD98 protein in peripheral white blood cells in patients receiving iodinated contrast media (CM) for a computed tomography (CT) examination. Materials and Methods: In 12 adult patients that received non-ionic dimeric CM (iosimenol or iodixanol), the expression of CD98 was analyzed from samples of peripheral white blood cells obtained prior to, one hour, and 24 hours after CM injection by the use of flow cytometry analysis and the use of the direct immunofluorescence technique. Results: Overall, expression of CD98 was significantly downregulated 24 hours after CM injection (51.9%±10.8% vs. 38.8%±16.9%; p < 0.04). Patients that received iosimenol exhibited a more pronounced but not significant decrease of CD98 expression both one hour and 24 hours after CM injection. In an analysis of specific patient responses, CD98 downregulation occurred in eight patients. In two patients, CD98 was upregulated, and in the remaining two patients, expression remained unchanged. No patient acquired an adverse CM reaction. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that CM may be a regulator of CD98 expression. To determine if upregulation is associated with an increased risk for the acquisition of an adverse CM-induced hypersensitivity reaction and if downregulation is associated without a risk for the acquisition of an adverse CMinduced hypersensitivity reaction, further studies with a larger population of patients are required.