<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of a novel polymer-free everolimus-eluting stent by nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide film deposition

Park, Dae Sung,Bae, In-Ho,Jeong, Myung Ho,Lim, Kyung Seob,Sim, Doo Sun,Hong, Young Joon,Lee, So-Youn,Jang, Eun Jae,Shim, Jae-Won,Park, Jun-Kyu,Lim, Han Chul,Kim, Han Byul Elsevier 2018 Materials Science and Engineering C Vol.91 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Inflammation and thrombosis are linked to the use of polymer-based drug-eluting stents (DES). The aim of this study was to develop a polymer-free everolimus (EVL)-eluting stent using nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) and verify its efficacy by <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> assessment in a porcine coronary model. Various analytical approaches such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and contact angle measurement were employed for the characterization. As a part of biocompatibility assessment, platelet adhesion and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation were examined. Bare metal stent (BMS), N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> stent, everolimus-eluting N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL) stent, and commercialized EVL-eluting stent (EES) were randomly placed in forty coronary arteries in twenty pigs. After four weeks of implantation, the stents were subjected to histological and quantitative analysis. The N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> film used in this study was well coated without any cracks or peeling. Surface hydrophilicity (88.8% of angle decrement) could be associated with the decrease in surface roughness post N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition (37.0%). The platelet adhesion on the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces was less than that on the BMS surface. The proliferation of SMC was suppressed in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group (30.2%) but not in the BMS group. In the animal study, the percent area restenosis was significantly decreased in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group compared to that in the BMS group. The results (BMS; 47.0 ± 11.00%, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL; 31.7 ± 10.50%, and EES; 29.1 ± 11.21%, <I>n</I> = 10, <I>p</I> < 0.05) were almost at par with those of the commercialized EVL-eluting stent. The introduction of N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition during fabrication of polymer-free DES may be an efficient accessorial process for preventing in-stent restenosis and thrombosis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces can help to reduce the platelet adhesion. </LI> <LI> In porcine model, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> everolimus decreased in-stent restenosis and fibrin deposition. </LI> </UL> </P>

미국의 사법심사에서 사법적극주의의 전개 : 워렌 대법원, 버거 대법원, 렌퀴스트 대법원, 로버츠 대법원에서의 전개논의를 중심으로

석인선 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2021 法學論集 Vol.26 No.1

In the early days of the founding of the United States, the Supreme Court was an institution that received little attention. However, the U.S. Supreme Court is now an institution that has a profound influence on American society. Through judicial review, which is the core authority of the federal judiciary, it is gradually expanding its powers and exerting considerable influence on American society. The judicial superiority of the Federal Supreme Court is due to the fact that internally, the Federal Supreme Court has actively exercised the powers granted to it, and externally, the role required of the Federal Supreme Court has changed. What led to the change in the status of the Supreme Court is that the role required of the Supreme Court has changed over time. This is due to the emergence of many new legal disputes to be dealt with by the Supreme Court. There is bound to be a limit to the Supreme Court's ability to respond to these issues in the conventional way, and this situation has demanded a new role for the Supreme Court. In the past, the main role of the Supreme Court was to protect the people against violations of basic rights by the Congress or the government, but now it has moved away from this simple role to actively intervene and make decisions in the policy-making process. will be. There was a demand of the times to take a more active stance away from the passive role of the past. As a result, controversies and conflicts about the participation in decision-making of the Federal Supreme Court appeared in the form of judicial passivism and judicial activism, and were not only conducted in academia, but also among the Supreme Court justices. The expression of judicial activism differs depending on whether the Supreme Court justices participating in the judgment are conservative or progressive. In this paper, first, in Chapter II, Thayer's theory, which can be said to be the origin of judicial passivism in the judicial review of the United States, is examined, and how his discussion on judicial restraint was reflected through the Supreme Court Justices of the United States Supreme Court, and how its influence declined. look at Chapter Ⅲ examines what judicial activism as opposed to judicial passivism means and how judicial activism is expressed based on the elements that this thesis intends to focus on through the views of the Justices of the Supreme Court. In Chapter IV, I would like to evaluate the development of judicial passivism and judicial activism in the Supreme Court, focusing on the positions of the Federal Supreme Court, focusing on the Warren Court, Burger Court, Rehnquist Court, and Roberts Court. Chapter V seeks to find out the implications of how the US experience should be reflected in the Korean judiciary. 미국 연방대법원의 정책결정참여에 대한 논란과 논의대립은 사법소극주의와 사법적극주의 논의 형태로 나타났으며, 학계에서만 이루어진 것이 아니라 연방대법원 대법관들 사이에서도 나타났다. 판결에 참여한 대법관이 보수진영이냐 진보진영이냐에 따라 사법적극주의의 발현내용이 달라졌다. 사법소극주의에 대한 주요한 의미 세 가지를 보면, 첫째, 법관들은 법을 적용할뿐이고 입법을 하지 않는다는 입장이다. 둘째, 법관은 다른 국가기관들에 의한 결정을 매우 존중한다는 태도이다. 셋째, 법관들은 입법상 행위 또는 행정상의 행위를 위헌이라고 선언하는 것에 대해 주저하며 자제하는 태도이다. 사법소극주의(사법자제)의 연원을 보면, 그 위헌성이 명백하여 합리적 의심의 여지가 없는 경우에만 법률이 무효화되어야 한다고 주장하는 James Bradley Thayer에 의해 시작되었고 체계적으로 이론화되었다. 이러한 Thayer이론을 계승한 대법관으로는 홈즈 대법관, 브랜다이스 대법관, 프랑크퍼터 대법관을 들 수 있고 연방대법원 판례들의 법정의견들 속에 반영되어 있다. 미국의 연방대법원은 시대 상황에 따라 사법적극주의와 사법소극주의의 순환적 변동의 양상을 보여 왔다. 진보적인 사법적극주의로 특징 지워지는 워렌 대법원을 거친 후 버거 대법원, 렌퀴스트 대법원, 로버츠 대법원에서는 정치적 보수주의의 성향을 보여주고 있는 데 그 입장이 사법소극주의인지 사법적극주의를 취하고 있는 것인지에 대해 평가가 엇갈리고 있다. 20세기 이후 사법적극주의논의는 세 단계에 거쳐 주목받아왔다. 첫 번째 단계는 소위 Lochner시대로 불리우는 시기로 미연방대법원은 의회가 제정한 사회복지관련법률과 경제정책에 관한 법률을 대부분 위헌으로 결정하였던 시기이다. 이 시기에는 미연방대법원은 수정헌법 제14조에 근거하여 실체적 적법절차의 헌법원리를 도출하여 복지ㆍ경제관련법률을 위헌으로 결정하는 경우가 많았다. 두 번째 단계는 1950년대부터 1960년 후기까지 기간으로 워렌 대법원(Warren Court)시기이다. 인종차별 등 사회적 차별과 기본적 권리에 대한 사회적 침해에 대해 인권보장을 위해 적극적으로 헌법에 열거되지 않은 실체적인 권리를 인정하는 판결을 하였다. 워렌 대법원은 진보진영과 보수진영 양쪽에서 상반된 평가를 받고 있다. 세 번째 단계는 1992년 New York v. United States판결이 내리진 때로부터 2005년 렌퀴스트 대법원장이 사망하기까지 렌퀴스트 대법원 시기와 2005년 로버츠 대법원장이 임명된 때로부터 현재까지 이어지는 로버츠 대법원 시기이다. 보수적인 적극주의 경향을 보이고 있다. 사법적극주의는 하나의 개념으로 정의되기 보다는 일련의 특징을 가지고 있는 포괄적 개념으로 사용되고 있어서 어떠한 판결을 사법적극주의에 포함시킬 것인가를 엄밀하게 구별하는 일은 그리 용이하지 않다. 이러한 한계가 있음에도 불구하고 워렌 대법원, 버거 대법원, 렌퀴스트 대법원, 로버츠 대법원에서 연방대법관이 일정 판결에서 사법소극주의를 취했는지 사법적극주의를 취했는지를 결정하기 위한 주된 특징들은 연방주의, 입법부와 행정부의 결정의 무효화와 사법입법 등이 될 것이다. 워렌 대법원은 Lochner시대에 이어 사법적극주의가 등장한 시기로 평가되나. 1960년대 이후 연방대법원은 스톤 대법관의 이중기준이론을 수용하여 경제적 규제와 사회복지입법에 대해서는 사법소극주의적 입장을 취하였던 반면, 시민적 자유와 권리를 보장하기 위하여 사법적극주의를 강력하게 취하여 시민적 자유와 권리를 강력하게 보장하려고 하였다. 버거 대법원은 1980년 중반까지 형사법, 공립학교에서의 종교, 외설 등과 관련한 사건에서 워렌 대법원 시기의 주요 판결들을 일부 변경하면서도 유지하여 워렌 대법원의 법적 유산을 대부분 유지하였다는 평가가 있지만, 한편에서는, 워렌 대법원의 판결들을 유지하면서도 수정을 가하여 서서히 보수적인 대법원으로의 변화를 위한 가교 역할을 했다고 평가되기도 한 다. 1986년과 1987년 시기의 렌퀴스트 대법원은 인종차별과 성적 차별을 금지하였고 낙태를 허용하였으며, 교회와 국가를 분리하는 일련의 사회정책에서 중도적 자유주의적 경향을 보였다. 1989년과 1990년 시기에 렌퀴스트 대법원은 일반적으로 연방의회의 권한을 제한적으로 해석해야 한다는 입장을 보였다. 로버츠 대법원은 인적 구성에 있어서 많은 변화가 있어왔다. 그러나 정치적으로 보면 현재 로버트 대법원은 트럼프행정부 시기에 임명된 보수적인 3명의 대법관들로 대체되기 직전까지는 보수진영과 진보진영의 균형이 유지되어 놀랍게도 안정적인 상태를 유지하고 있었던 것으로 평가되고 있다. 로버츠 대법원은 2005년부터 2010년 초반까지 표현의 자유, 사형제도, 프라이버시권, 낙태, 선거비용, 개인의 총기 소지와 무장에 대한 권리에 관해 보수적 적극주의 입장을 취하고 있다. 미연방대법원은 전통적으로 사법부의 본질적인 한계를 강조하거나 사법심사의 소송요건을 강화함으로써 의회나 행정부와의 갈등을 피하고자 하는 태도를 보여왔으나, 20세기에 들어오면서 이러한 사법자제적 태도에 일정한 변화가 일어났고 점차 사법적극주의적 태도를 취하게 되었다. 특히 워렌 대법원은 사법심사권을 개혁의 도구로 사용하여 사회적 정치적 약자 보호에 큰 기여를 하였다. 현재 연방대법원의 로버츠 대법원에 이르는 동안 워렌 대법원시기에 내린 판결들을 최고점으로 하여 점차 보수화하는 방향으로 법리를 전개시켜 왔는데 상당한 역할을 한 것은 보수적 사법적극적인 태도라고 볼 수 있다. 사법자제와 사법적극주의의 논쟁은 종국적으로 권력분립의 시각에서 본 사법부의 바람직한 역할이 무엇인지에 대한 논쟁으로 귀착된다고 할 수 있다. 우리 헌법재판소는 동성동본금혼규정과 호주제도에 대해 헌법불합치 결정을 내렸다. 헌법재판소가 다수결주의기관들을 대신에 그 기관들 스스로가 바로 잡을 수 없었던 것에 대해 법원이 개입한 경우라고 할 수 있다. 반면, 사법적극주의가 잘못 발현된 경우의 예가 있다. 헌법재판소가 서울이 대한민국의 수도인 점을 불문의 관습 헌법으로 보아 헌법개정사항인 수도의 이전을 단순 법률의 형태로 실현시킨 것을 위헌이라고 선언한 경우이다. 결론적으로 사법심사에 있어서 사법적극주의를 취함에 있어 사법부가 가진 역할의 의미를 다수 대 소수자의 권리가 대립되는 상황에서 소수의 권리를 보호하기 위해 존재한다는 점에 두고, 의회나 행정부가 스스로 교정할 수 없는 실패가 발생한 때 여기에 개입해 민주주의의 실패를 보정함으로써 민주주의를 촉진시키는 역할을 한다는 점에 있다는 사고에서 출발한다면, 사법부에서 진보주의는 보수주의와 다른 사회ㆍ정치적 결과를 낼 것이다. 사법적극주의가 진보주의와 결합하느냐 또는 보수주의와 결합하느냐에 따라 결과가 다르게 나타났음을 염두에 두어야 한다.

Celay/In-Ceram, Conventional In-Ceram, Empress 2 전부도재관의 변연적합도에 관한 비교 연구

양재호,여인성,이선형,한중석,이재봉,Yang, Jae-Ho,Yeo, In-Sung,Lee, Sun-Hyung,Han, Jung-Suk,Lee, Jai-Bong 대한치과보철학회 2002 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.40 No.2

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

우리나라 市.道立病院 運營管理에 關한 調査硏究

印宣東 서울大學校 保健大學院 1969 公衆保健雜誌 Vol.6 No.1

As the result of surveys conducted on the personnel, budget, and therapeutical performance of municipal and provincial hospitals in this country from Jun. 1, 1965 to May, 30, 1966, the following conclusion has been reached: 1. Surveys were conducted on a total of 46 hospitals, comperising 12 city hospitals, one county hospital, 32 provincial hospitals, and one provincial branch hospital(branch of the Cheju provincial Hospital). 2. Classifying the personnel by kind of occupation, nurses constituted the greatest proportion of 30.02 per cent of the total of 2,023 hospital employees across the nation, and physicians 16.71 per cent, while there were only two dieticians(constitution 0.10 per cent). 3. All the hospitals had physicians and nurses, while 41 of them have pharmacists, and only two of them had dieticians. 4. To break them down by province, the Special City of Seoul had 39.36 per cent of the total number of personnel, while Gyeongsangnam-do had the smallest proportion or 2.07 per cent. 5. The special City of Seoul had 39.56 per cent, the greatest proportion of a total of 4,079 beds throughout the nation while Cheju Province occupied the smallestpercentage, 2.01 per cent. The hospitals Surveyed were classefied into groups by the number of beds they had. The group of hospitals, With 51 to 100 beds each, constitued the greatest proportion or 45.66 per cent, while only one hospital fell under the category of hospisals with 151 to 200 besd, and another under that with 401 to 450 beds. Hospitals with up to 100 beds occupied 73.82 per cent or more than two thirds of the total number of hospitals surveyed. Not a single hospital had 500 or more beds. 7. A greatest proportion<41.31 per cent) of hospitals. from a total of 12 occupation were Hospitals with eight different kind of occupational classification it had the nember. The more occpational classification it had, the nember of Hospital was greater, and vice Versa Hospitals whose Personel were classified into seven to 10 kinds of occupation constituted 93.29 per cent. only one hospital (taejon Provincal Hospital) was blessesed with all of the 12 occupational kinds. No hospital, however, had six or less kinds of occupation. 8. The gross amount of receipt of all the municipal and provincial hospitals throughout the nation reached \558,43,026; broken down into 44.84 per cent of their own income and 55.16 per cent greated by the government as subsidies. 9. The gross amount of expenditure of all the hospitals was equivalent to their receipt, and the goverment subsidies was same as the balanece between expenditure and income 10. The ratios of own income to gross receipt of 31hospitals ranged from 30 to 80 per cent. One hospital (Mapo Municipal Hospital of Seoul) was operated solely with grvenment subsidies without its own income. Not a single hospital showed 100 per cent in ratio of its own income ??(원문파손으로 입력불가)gross receipt. 11. The hospitals in Kyonggi Province showed a highest average(86.03 per cent) ration of own income to gross receipt, with those in Gyeongsangnam-do indicated the lowest average ratio of 2.34 per cent. 12. The ratio of own income of Gyeonggi-do was highest or 27.57 per cent of that of whole nation, while Jeonlanam-do was lowest or 2.82 Percent . 13. The highest percentage(54.44 per cent) of the total amount of government subsidies was issued to the hospitals in the Special City of Seoul, and the smallest proportion(1.36 per cent) to those in Chungcheong bug-do 14. charged out-patients of the municipal and provincal hospitals constisued 41.20 per cent of newcomers and 50.75 per cent of oldtimers , and 43.37 per cend of their aggregate. Charged patient a constituted 48.60 per cent of in-patients in actual number of persons and 26.01 per cent in terms of aggregate of days of hospitalization. 15. The hospitals in Gyeongsangnam-do showed a highest percentage (95.66 per cent) of charged patients amone new out-patients, and those in JeonJanam-do showed the lowest percentage(16.29 per cent). As for the ratio of charged regular out- patients. the hospitals in Gyeongsangnam-do showed the highest percentage(92.95 per cent), and those in Jeonlabug-do the lowest percentage (9.88 per cent). In terms of aggregate, the hospitals in gyeongsangnam-do also recorede the highet ratio of 93.95 per cent, and those in Gyeongsangbug-do the lowest ratio of 21.07 per cent. In terms of actual number of persons, the hospitals in Jeju-do indicated the highest percentage(95.77 per cent)of chared in-patients, while those in Gyeongsangnam-do showed the lowest percentage (31.50 per cent). In terms of aggregate, the hospitals in Seoul showed the lowest 13.85 per cent while those in Jeju-do recorded the highest 87.36 per cent 16. Reviewing the numer of patients by province, Seoul constituted tthe greatest proportion or 39.83 per cent of newcomer outpatients, and Gyeongsangnam-do the smallest proportion or 1.34 per cent. In terms cf regular out-patients, Jeonlabug-do occupied the greatest proportion or 23.43 per cent. and Jeonlanam-do the smallest proportion of 1.81 per cent. As for aggregate, Seoul recorded the greatest proportion of 29.03 per cent , and Gyeongsangnam-do 1.43 per cent. the smallest proportion. In terms of the actual numer of persons. Seoul constituted the greatest proportion or 34.82 per cent of in-patients, and Pusan the smallest proportion or 1.19 per cent. In terms of aggregate, Swoul occupied the greatest proportion or 59.80 per cent, and Pusan 0.72 per cent, the smallest proportion. 17. The average number of days of hospitalization was 28.40 days per governument-paid in patient. and 10.56 days per charged in patient. The average number of days of hospitalization was the greatest at 483.95 days per government-paid inpatient in the sodaemun municipal Hospital in Seoul, but the smallest at 1.42 days in the Chinju Province Hospital in Gyeongsangnam-do. By province, the average number of days was the greatest at 45.50 days in Chungcheongbug-do, but the smallest at 1.88 days in Gyeongsangnam-do. The average number of days of hospitalization per charged in-patient was the greatest at 81.97 days in the Sodaemun municipal Hospital in Seoul, but was the smallest at 2.34 days in the Chinju Provincial Hospital in Gyeongsangnam-do. By province, the average number of days was greatest at 28.67 days in Jeonlanam-do, but the smallest at 2.07 days in Gyeongsang-bug-do. 18. The average number of visits to hospital per out-patient was 2.35 days. By hospital, it was the greatest at 16.53 days in the Chonan Provincial Hospital in Chungcheongbug-do and the smallest at 1.00 day in the Dongbu Municipal Hospital in Seoul. By province, it was the greatest at 4.41 days in Jeju-do, and the smallest at 1.23 days in Jeonlanam-do. 19. The average number of patient hospitalized per bed is 8.89 persons monthly. By hospital, the greatest number(37.74 persons) was recorded by the Inchon Provincial Hospital in Kyonggi-do, and the smallest number(0.86 persons) by the Sodaemun Municipal Hospital in Seoul. By province, the highest number(15.07 persons) was recorded by Kyonggi-do and the smallest number(2.60 persons) by Gyeong-sangnam-do. 20. The average bed utilization ratio was 48.02 per cent. By hospital, the Sodaemun Municipal in Seoul recorded the highest ratio of 98.03 per cent, while the ch'ongju Provincial Hospital in Chungcheongbug-do showed the lowest ratio of 3.51 per cent. By province, Seoul showed the highest ratio of 74.47 per cent, and Gyeongsangnam-do the lowest ratio of 15.41 per cent. 21. Amount of expentiture for a bed was \136,899. That of Pusan was \307,804 the highest, while Gyeongsangnam-do showed \69,323 a bed, the lowest among 8 provinces and two special cities.

하지 근력강화 트레이닝을 통한 편마비 환자의 장애아동을 대상으로 한 무용교육 자원봉사활동이 대학생들의 자아정체감 형성에 미치는 영향

임인선 ( In Sun Lim ) 한국유아체육학회 2008 한국유아체육학회지 Vol.9 No.2

The goal of this study is to foster the self-identity of university students according to their voluntary service activities in dance educational program to disabled children. The subjects of the study were 292 4 year-undergraduate students or in a 2-3 year college course. This study employed both survey research and in-depth interviews. In order to overcome the restrictions of each method, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used simultaneously. The self-identity used in this study consisted of 8 sub-factors; Confidence, Future plans, Self-regulation, Uniqueness, Sociability, Self-acceptance, Values, and Social adaptability. As a result of the analysis of the data according to each research method, it was found that participation in dance voluntary services for disabled children resulted in a positive influence on self-identity of students. Statistically significant differences were found in Confidence, Self-regulation, Values, Future plans, Self-acceptance, and Social adaptability according to participation in the voluntary services, their participation attitude, motive of participation, type of school (4-year or 2-3 year courses), and academic performances. This study is meaningful in that it encourages voluntary service activities in teaching dance by university students for the purpose of establishing their self-identity by understanding vivid changes in self-identity through voluntary service activities in dances for disabled children; and, that it suggests positive aspects of dance for the welfare of disabled children and a return of benefit to the community.

간호학생들이 경험한 간호행위의 종류와 경험시 느끼는 스트레스 정도에 대한 조사연구

李鈺淑,徐仁善 全北大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.39 No.-

This study was performed to examine the kind of nursing activities which nursing student had experienced, and the degree of stress perceived during the period of nursing activities. It was carried out on Sep. 30, 1994. The object of study was 70 senior nursing students in Chon-Ju and Dae-Jeon selected from 2 universities by questionnaire. The collocted data was analyzed by statistical method. The results obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The total experience rate of 10 nursing fields was 89.7%. On which, the students-themselved practiced rate was 66.9% and the observation rate was 22.8%. 2. The students-themselves practiced rates in nelaton catheterization, measuring vital signs, position change, and intramuscular injection were 100%. 3. The highest rank of inexperience rate was colostomy irrigation(67.1%). The inexperience rates in bed bath, artificial respiration were 65.7%, 64.3%. 4. The average of degree of stress student received in 10 nursing fields : Mean score was 2.143, when maximum score was 5. The highest rank of degree of stress was suction(2.771), elimination and irrigation(2.366), and recording(2.291) were other nursing fields of higher rank. The lowest rank of degree of stress was comfort and heat therapy(1.600). 5. The degree of stress in 50 nursing activities, the highest rank of degree of stress was tracheal suction(3.120), foley catheterization(2.929), nasal, oral suction(2.739) were other nursing activities of higher rank. The lowest rank of degree of stress was cold compress(1.174). 6. In regard to the motive for majoring in nursing, the occupational stability had the highest percentage(41.4%), and self-confidence in nursing activities(M=2.89), and knowledge in nursing activities(M=2.94) were in the middle range. 7. When we examind mutual relation between stress degrees in each nursing field and self confidence and knowledge about nursing activities, self confidence about nursing activities appeared to have reverse relations in the field of oxygen supply and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation(r=-.2344,P<.05). Knowledge about nursing activities appeared to have reverse in the field of measuring status value(r=-.2402,P<.05).

스티렌 폭로 근로자들의 기중 및 혈중 스티렌과 요중 만델산의 관계 분석

정호근,강성규,양정선,김기웅,이종성,조영숙,박인정 大韓産業醫學會 1994 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.6 No.1

The concentration of styrene in air in blood and mandelic acid in urine were checked for the 60 workers with normal liver function, exposed to styrene. Styrene in air were sampled with personal air sampler at least 4 hours and analyzed by gas chromatography. Blood and spot urine were collected at the end of shift with a vacuum tube and a polythylene bottle and analyzed by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Means of air and blood styrene and urine mandelic acid were 8.16 ppm(geometric mean), 0.199 mg/L, and 0.519 g/g creatinine, respectively. The concentration of styrene in air and mandelic acid in urine were high in the FRP factories and low in polymerization factory. Styrene in blood showed large difference by the working process. Styrene in air showed a good correlation with mandelic acid in urine(r=0.6369) and styrene in blood(r=0.6371). The mandelic acid in urine and styrene in blood corresponded to exposure of 50 ppm styrene were 0.890 g/g creatinine and 0.434 mg/L. However, hippuric acid in urine did not show any correlation with styrene in air. Urine mandelic acid excretion expected ratio showed a tendency to decrease according to obesity index and to increase with alcohol consumption.

병원중심 가정간호중재 분석 : NIC 체계 적용

용진선,유인자,유지연 성인간호학회 2000 성인간호학회지 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics of the clients registered in the department of home health care nursing in a hospital and to analyze nursing intervention activities recorded in charts by application of Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) system For the descriptive survey study, data were collected by reviewing charts of 572 home health care clients between May. 1997 and July, 2000 at K hospital in Seoul. The average alee of the clients was 66 years and the number of clients in their 70s ranted first with 28.2 percent(158 people). The mean length of home care servile was 47 days with the highest frequency of less than four weeks(56 %). With regard to medical diagnosis, cancer showed the highest frequency (48%. 271 people) fellowed by cerebrovascular disease (19%). anti pulmonary disease (6.9%). According to analysis of nursing interventions by the NIC system, the most frequently used nursing interventions in level 1 were interventions in the Physiological: Complex domain which were used 3.663 times (33%) among 11.107 total interventions. The Safety domain was the second most frequently used intervention, followed by the Physiological Basic, and the Behavioral domains. In level 2. the Risk Management class was the most frequently used interventions with 3,108 interventions (27.9%). followed by Drug Management, and Tissue Perfusion Management classes. In level 3 interventions. Vital Sign Monitoring was the most frequently used intervention. 569 times (5.1%) followed by Health Screening, and Neurological Monitoring interventions. In sum, half of the clients in the study had cancer and were in their 70s. The most frequent reason for ending home care was death(40%). followed by readmission (28%). These findings represent clients with severe conditions referred to the home care nursing decal-foment as it was a University leaching hospital. Further research on analyzing nursing interventions performed in earth institution needs to be conducted to develop a standardized list of nursing interventions to use in home health care settings.

[Ca(2+)]-dependent generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species mediates maitotoxin-induced cellular responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Yi, Sun-Ju,Kim, Kyung Hwan,Choi, Hyun Jung,Yoo, Je Ok,Jung, Hyo-Il,Han, Jeong-A,Kim, Young-Myeong,Suh, In Bum,Ha, Kwon-Soo Korean Society of Molecular Biology 2006 Molecules and cells Vol.21 No.1

<P>Maitotoxin (MTX) is known as one of the most potent marine toxins involved in Ciguatera poisoning, but intracellular signaling pathways caused by MTX was not fully understood. Thus, we have investigated whether intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in MTX-induced cellular responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. MTX induced a dose-dependent increase of intracellular [Ca(2+)]. MTX stimulated the production of intracellular ROS in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was suppressed by BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca(2+) che-lator. Ionomycin also elevated the ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. MTX elevated transamidation activity in a time-dependent manner and the activation was largely inhibited by transfection of tissue transglutaminase siRNA. The activation of tissue transglutaminase and ERK1/2 by MTX was sup-pressed by BAPTA-AM or ROS scavengers. In addition, MTX-induced cell death was significantly de-layed by BAPTA-AM or a ROS scavenger. These results suggest that [Ca(2+)]-dependent generation of in-tracellular ROS, at least in part, play an important role in MTX-stimulated cellular responses, such as activation of tTGase, ERK phosphorylation, and in-duction of cell death, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.</P>

Real World Experience with Regdanvimab Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Coronavirus Disease-19 in a COVID-19 Designated Hospital of Korea

Hong Sun In,Ryu Byung-Han,Hong Kyung-Wook,Bae In-Gyu,Cho Oh-Hyun 대한감염학회 2022 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.54 No.1

Background Real-world clinical data concerning regdanvimab, a monoclonal antibody treatment for patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are urgently needed. Here, we describe our experience with regdanvimab. Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study enrolled high-risk adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who were admitted to a dedicated COVID-19 hospital in Korea from March to September 2021. We used multiple logistic regression and propensity score-matching to compare the outcomes of patients who did or did not receive regdanvimab. The primary outcome was in-hospital progression to severe or critical status, or death. Results Of 586 patients eligible for regdanvimab, 256 patients who received regdanvimab and 251 untreated patients were included. The median age was 66 years and 47.5% were men. The most common underlying illnesses were hypertension (53.8%) and diabetes (36.9%). Patients were admitted to the hospital at a median of 2 days after symptom onset; regdanvimab was administered at a median of 3 days after symptom onset. Multivariate analysis indicated that regdanvimab significantly reduced the risk of disease progression during hospitalization [odds ratio (OR): 0.285; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.144 - 0.564]. In a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort (172 patients in either group), regdanvimab also decreased the risk of progression (OR: 0.162; 95% CI: 0.068 - 0.386). Conclusion In high-risk patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, regdanvimab decreased the risk of progression to severe COVID-19. Background Real-world clinical data concerning regdanvimab, a monoclonal antibody treatment for patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are urgently needed. Here, we describe our experience with regdanvimab. Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study enrolled high-risk adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who were admitted to a dedicated COVID-19 hospital in Korea from March to September 2021. We used multiple logistic regression and propensity score-matching to compare the outcomes of patients who did or did not receive regdanvimab. The primary outcome was in-hospital progression to severe or critical status, or death. Results Of 586 patients eligible for regdanvimab, 256 patients who received regdanvimab and 251 untreated patients were included. The median age was 66 years and 47.5% were men. The most common underlying illnesses were hypertension (53.8%) and diabetes (36.9%). Patients were admitted to the hospital at a median of 2 days after symptom onset; regdanvimab was administered at a median of 3 days after symptom onset. Multivariate analysis indicated that regdanvimab significantly reduced the risk of disease progression during hospitalization [odds ratio (OR): 0.285; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.144 - 0.564]. In a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort (172 patients in either group), regdanvimab also decreased the risk of progression (OR: 0.162; 95% CI: 0.068 - 0.386). Conclusion In high-risk patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, regdanvimab decreased the risk of progression to severe COVID-19.