Phentermine induces conditioned rewarding effects via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens

Hong, S. I.,Kim, M. J.,You, I. J.,Kwon, S. H.,Ma, S. X.,Hwang, J. Y.,Seo, J. Y.,Ko, Y. H.,Lee, B. R.,Lee, S. Y. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Psychophamacology Vol.233 No.8

<P>Phentermine is structurally similar to methamphetamine and is widely used as an anti-obesity drug in the USA and many other countries. The potential for reward of phentermine has been noted; however, the mechanisms of phentermine dependence have not been established. Here, we investigated the rewarding and dopaminergic behavioral responses to phentermine in mice and found that phentermine produced conditioned rewarding effects through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The impact of phentermine was assessed using conditioned place preference (CPP) test, climbing behavior test, and western blot analysis. Phentermine 1 and 3 mg/kg (i.p.) significantly increased CPP. Phentermine, a known dopamine releaser, boosted apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice, and methamphetamine (i.p.) also increased apomorphine-induced dopaminergic behavior. Phentermine and methamphetamine increased the level of expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and phospho-Akt proteins to a similar degree in the NAc of CPP mice. To determine whether the conditioned rewarding effects of phentermine were mediated through the PI3K/Akt pathway, we assessed the effects of the Akt inhibitor LY294002 on phentermine-induced place preference and climbing behavior. LY294002 (1 and 3 mu g/site, i.c.v.) reduced phentermine-induced CPP and phentermine-increased climbing behavior. However, LY294002 did not change CPP and climbing behavior itself and also did not decrease apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice. Further, LY294002 decreased the phentermine-increased levels of DAT protein and phosphorylation of Akt in the NAc of CPP mice. Thus, these findings suggest that phentermine induces conditioned rewarding effects via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the NAc.</P>

TRPV1 modulates morphine-induced conditioned place preference via p38 MAPK in the nucleus accumbens

Hong, S.I.,Nguyen, T.L.,Ma, S.X.,Kim, H.C.,Lee, S.Y.,Jang, C.G. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press 2017 Behavioural brain research Vol.334 No.-

Emerging evidence suggests that the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel (TRPV1) is a novel target for the treatment of drug addiction, such as cocaine and morphine. Previously we reported that TRPV1 inhibition reduced morphine reward in the dorsal striatum (DSt) of mice and morphine self-administration through a decrease in accumbal activity in rats. However, the role of TRPV1 on morphine-conditioned reward in addiction-related brain regions, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), has not been previously established. Here, we investigated the effects of TRPV1 on morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) and intracellular mechanisms of TRPV1 using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in morphine-administered mice. TRPV1 knockout mice did not exhibit morphine reward responses, and both i.p. and intra-NAc injections of SB366791, a selective TRPV1 antagonist, reduced morphine-induced CPP in wild-type mice. Furthermore, i.p. injection of SB203580, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, also dampened morphine-induced CPP. To determine the molecular mechanisms of the TRPV1/p38 MAPK pathway in morphine CPP, we investigated the expression of adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) and phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the NAc. Either SB366791 or SB203580 decreased the protein expression levels of phospho-p38 MAPK, phosphor-NF-κB, and AC1 in the NAc of morphine CPP mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that TRPV1 may modulate morphine-induced conditioned reward effects via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the NAc. Therefore, blockade of TRPV1 may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of opioid addiction.

^(32)P-postlabelling法을 이용한 有機溶劑 작업장 근로자의 遺傳毒性 評價

홍대용,김장락,이장호,문중갑,이한우,김동일,박성학,정주화,이홍근 한국환경독성학회 1994 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.9 No.1

To evaluate the genotoxicities of workers exposed to glue and glue cleaning solution, ambient air monitoring of working place, animal study and human monitoring were carried out. By GC-MS analysis, air samples collected from shoesmaking plant were found to be toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, n-hexane, methyl ethyl ketone, trichloroethylene, butylacetate, isopropyl alcohol. Glue and glue cleaning solution from shoesmaking plant were applicated topically to the CD-1 mice. DNA was isolated from skin 24 hr following the application and analysed for DNA-adducts using the nuclease P₁ version of ^(32)P-postlabelling assay. RAL (Relative Adduct Labelling, adducts/10^(8) nucleotides) was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in the glue cleaning solution treated mice skin. Peripheral blood DNA-adducts of workers exposed to glue and glue cleaning solution were also analysed by the same method, but there were not significant differences in the peripheral blood DNA-adducts level between exposed and control workers. In addition, glue cleaning solution from shoes factory was evaluated for mutagenicity in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay using strains TA 100 and TA 1535 in the presence and absence of Arochlor 1254-induced rat liver S_(9). There was evident mutagenicity for cleaning solution in TA 100 regardless of S_(9), but TA 1535 showed positive only in the absence of S_(9) when predicted by Stead model of mutagenicity prediction (p=0.0000). The urine concentrates from workers and controls were also assayed for mutagenicity towards strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of S_(9) using Kado's microsuspension assay, but their mutagenic activities were not found to be significant. These data suggest that shoesmaking workers are exposed to genotoxic compounds and need to be monitored by testing the mutagenicity of human urines. However, ^(32)P postlabelling application requires further validation for the routine monitoring of human exposure.

I-SSR Markers Revealed Inconsistent Phylogeographic Patterns among Populations of Japanese Red Pines in Korea

Hong, Y.-P.,Kwon, H.-Y.,Kim, I.-S. J.D.Sauerlander's Verlag 2007 Silvae genetica Vol.56 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>To monitor the level and distribution pattern of genetic diversity in countrywide populations of Japanese red pines in Korea, 80 I-SSR variants were analyzed from 192 individuals in 11 populations. The previously reported data, obtained from the 8 populations of this species, were incorporated into the estimation of the population genetic statistics. Relatively higher level of genetic diversity was observed in 19 populations of Japanese red pines (mean of 0.453) than those in other tree species. From the results of AMOVA, majority of genetic diversity (92%) was allocated within populations, which brought about the moderate degree of population differentiation (ϕ<SUB>ST</SUB>= 0.08). Two genetic groups were observed from the dendrogram reconstructed by UPGMA. Overall correlation between genetic relationships and geographic affinity was inconsistent among the 19 populations. Some probable genetic disturbances, induced by either human interference or the natural process of regeneration for the species after devastation, might be responsible for the discrepancy between genetic relationships and geographical distribution of the populations. These results suggested that simple geographic or ecological grouping might not represent the genetic zone of the Korean populations of Japanese red pines, and that more careful approach should be made for designating in situ gene conservation of this species in Korea.</P>

Effect of Strain Rate on the Mechanical Response of a Ti3Al - Nb - Mo Alloy

Hong, S I,GRAY, G.T,MARQUARDT, B J 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1996 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.2 No.1

In this study, the effect of strain rate and temperature on the substructure evolution and mechanical response of a Ti₃Al-Nb-Mo alloy (Ti-24.5Al-10.5Nb-1.5Mo) was investigated. The yield and flow stresses were found to decrease gradually with increasing temperature at the strain rate of 3000 s^(-1) and no flow stress/temperature anomaly was observed. The variation of hardening behavior of Ti-24.5Al-10.5Nb-1.5Mo alloy with temperature and strain rate was found to be negligible, implying that the dynamic recovery mechanism for this alloy is rather athermal. Dynamic recovery of Ti-24.5Al-10.5Nb-1.5Mo alloy is thought to be quite difficult and slow because of its complicated dislocation core structure. Ti-24.5Al-10.5Nb-1.5Mo alloy exhibited predominantly planar dislocation debris after deformation. Following the room temperature deformation at low strain rate the majority of the dislocations were α-dislocations lying on the basal and 1st-order pyramidal slip planes and the 2nd-order pyramidal α/2+c slip on {1211}. Increasing the rate of deformation at room temperature to 6000 s^(-1) resulted in the increased a-slip on prism planes and the lessor amount of basal slip. At elevated temperatures, the substructure after high rate deformation was found to be similar to that following high rate deformation at room temperature except for an increased amount of basal slip and somewhat higher incidence of the 2nd-order pyramidal slip. The evidence of an increased amount of shearing of the β_o phase was observed at elevated temperature, suggesting the decreased strength of the β_o phase.

Observation of the Degradation Characteristics and Scale of Unevenness on Three-dimensional Artificial Rock Joint Surfaces Subjected to Shear

Hong, E. S.,Kwon, T. H.,Song, K. I.,Cho, G. C. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Rock mechanics and rock engineering Vol.49 No.1

<P>The present study explores the degradation characteristics and scale of unevenness (small-scale roughness) on sheared rock joint surfaces at a low-stress regime. While the degradation characteristics of unevenness and the normal stress are mutually interrelated, an understanding of the degradation patterns of the three-dimensional roughness of rock joints is one of the important components needed to identify asperity failure characteristics and to quantify the role of damaged unevenness in establishing a shear strength model. A series of direct shear tests was performed on three-dimensional artificial rock joint surfaces at different normal stress levels. After shearing, the spatial distributions and statistical parameters of degraded roughness were analysed for the different normal stress levels. The length and area of the degraded zones showed bell-shaped distributions in a logarithmic scale, and the dominant scale (or the most frequently occurring scale) of the damaged asperities (i.e., unevenness) ranged from approximately, 0.5 to 5.0 mm in length and 0.1-10 mm(2) in area. This scale of the damaged unevenness was consistent regardless of the level of normal stress. It was also found that the relative area of damaged unevenness on a given joint area, and thus the contribution of the mechanical asperity failure component to shear strength increased as normal stress increased.</P>

아급성 갑상선염의 임상적 고찰

홍기석,고창순,정준기,이홍규,김삼용,석창호,박성회,김용일 대한핵의학회 1978 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.12 No.2

저자들은 서울대학교 병원 내과에서 108례의 갑상선 침생검을 시행하여 8례(7.9%)의 아급성갑상선염을 진단할 수 있었다. 이를 임상경과, 갑상선기능 등으로 본 임상단계와 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. Czernick 등이 시도하였던 임상단계와 침생검의 조직소견이 비교적 잘 대응하였다. 임상경과가 길거나 갑상선기능이 낮을수록 갑상선의 섬유화가 심하였고 여포성분의 감소를 보였다. 갑상선의 기능상태와 옥소섭취율 혹은 갑상선주사상의 섭취율은 역 상관관계를 보였다. 임상단계의 초기에 발견된 환자들은 기능항진증의 증상을 보였다가 기능저하증의 양상을 보인 후 회복되는 이형적인 경과를 보였다. 임상단게의 후기에 발견된 환자들은 4명중 3명이 기능저하증을 보였는데, 이는 경과로 보아 질환의 최종단계로 생각되었다. $quot; 8 cases of subacute thyroiditis was diagraiosed amormg 108 needle biopsy of the thyroid during the period from April 1976 to August 1978. Correlation of the histologic findings with the clinical staging proposed by Czernick was relatively well matched; cases with long clinical course or low thyroid hormone levels showed greater fibrosis and reduction of follicular elements in thyroid. Thyroid (131)^I uptake or the uptake as seen on the thyroid scanning correlated inversely with the thyroid hormone levels. The clinical course of the patients seen in their initial stage of disease followed the classical pattern; hyperthyroid-like, hypothyroid-like and recovery. 3 among the 4, who were seen in their later clinical course showed hypothyroidism, which seemed the final outcome of their diseases.

생약제제(Miracle20(R))가 육계의 생산성과 영양소 이용률 , 소장내 미생물 균총 및 면역기능에 미치는 영향

홍성진,남궁환,백인기 한국동물자원과학회 2001 한국축산학회지 Vol.43 No.5

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary herbal products [Miracle20^ⓡ(M20)] on the performance, nutrient digestibility, small intestinal microflora and serum IgG level in broiler chickens. One thousand one-day-old broiler chickens(Ross^ⓡ) were assigned to five treatments: control(T1), 50ppm chlorotetracycline(CTC; T2), 0.2% M20-S(T3), 0.2% M20-D(M20-S fortified in Angelica gigas, Dioscorea japonica and Schizandra chinensis; T4), 0.2% M20-A(M20-S minus Schizandra chinensis and plus Plellidendron amurense; T5). Each treatment had four replications (two for each sex) of 50 birds. Growth performance was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. The herbal products supplementation tended to improve the weight gain of male broiler chicks, but showed no significant difference. Nutrient digestibilities and ammonia gas level on the litter were not significantly affected by treatments. The colony forming unit(CFU) of CI. perfringens in small intestine was significantly lower in treatments T2 and T5 at 26 days of age while the CFU of E. coli was significantly lower in T3 compared to T1 at 42 days of age(P$lt;0.05). The level of serum IgG tended to increase with dietary herbal products supplementation. These results indicate that dietary herbal products(M20) do not significantly affect growth performance and nutrient digestibilities in broiler chickens but have positive effects on small intestinal microflora and serum IgG level.

I발표장 : 촉매 및 반응공학2 ; I-54 : 일산화탄소의 선택산화반응용 CuO-CeO2 촉매의 활성에 미치는 귀금속 첨가 효과

정창렬 ( C. R. Jung ),한종희 ( J. Han ),남석우 ( S. W. Nam ),임태훈 ( T. -h. Lim ),홍성안 ( S. -a. Hong ),이호인 ( H. -i. Lee ) 한국화학공학회 2007 화학공학의이론과응용 Vol.10 No.1

Ti/Cu-Cr/S20C의 계면특성 및 기계적 거동

하종수(J. S. Ha),김인규(I. K. Kim),김형섭(H. S. Kim),홍순익(S. I. Hong) 한국소성가공학회 2012 한국소성가공학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.10