페미니즘적 관점에서 본 한국 현대시 연구

김현자 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1994 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.64 No.1

Previously existing studies about Korean womans poetry, being made mostly from the male-centric viewpoint, failed to properly and correctly evaluate the elements of deviation appeared in womans poetry such as discourse strategy, consciousness of confinement, female image, cutting body off, esc. In this situation, this study aims at reading these characteristics of the womans poetry from the feministic and pluralistic viewpoint. The poems of No Chun-Myung, in which both of female persona and male persona are used for the first time in Korean womans poetry, have an important meaning with that trial itself. Eventhough her poems show strong doubt on feminity and even envy at the masculine characteristics, she is the first poet who raised an objection to the concept of feminity. Then after, Korean womans poetry have developed in two contrasting directions : sentimental and traditional one, intellectual and speculative one. The poems of Hong Yoon-sook, Heo Young-Ja and Kim Nam-Jo belong to the category of the traditional lyric poetry. Their poetry, using the passive female persona, sentimental image like crime, tear, and lover, exclamational tone, and the themes of love, yearning and repentance, elevated the level of lyric poetry. But their consciousness on women still remains in the state of closed passiveness. In 70s and 80s, this passive consciousness is moved to active and participant one. The motive of female death shown in the poetry of Kang Eun-Kyeo is succeeded to the poetry of Choi Seung-Ja and Kim Hae-Soon. They use the extreme diction and the motive of female death through the dissolution of body as a poetic method to dissolve the oppressive reality. The grotesque realism of their poetry, trying to find the source of new power among the negative values, pursues the rebirth of the new world through destruction and negative. The central poetic dictions used by female poets revealed the consciousness of self-contempt, feeling of estrangement and isolation, hostility in mutual relations, and sadism. In the poetry of No Cheon-Myung, skeptistic view on powerless and passive feminity is revealed. The female personas in Kim Nam-Jos poetry are always connected with the word of winter, wind, tear, and coldness. This reflects her consciousness that endurance and waiting are indispensable for unification with lover. The central poetic words of Heo Young-Ja are crime and blood indicating shame and guilty conscience. The motives of death in Kang Eun-Kyeos poetry, expressing the consciousness of confinement and the feeling of futility, imply the possibility of rebirth through female death. Ko Jeong-Hee uses the word of hearted reed to express hearted feminity. The characteristics of Choi Seung-Jas poetry are founded in the images of dark room, cutting body off, orphan, night-soil, and female persona with stinging tone, and the extreme usage of diction. Kim Hye-Soon, using the word of kitchen and dish-washing as a image of female space and acting, shows that women become to lose their self-identity among the routine of daily life. Peeling and cutting body off are the image to express rebirth through destruction. In the poetry of Kim Seung-Hee, the images of closed space are related with lifelessness, loss of identity, and death. This reflects the isolated and closed world of female experience. Female death is a kind of drama of rebirth to bring for the new life. Many kinds of deviation devices in womans poetry ultimately pursue the harmonious and peaceful world in which there is no separation and discrimination between man and woman. This desire is revealed as inclination for bisexual world doesnt mean the loose reconciliation without the solution of contradiction but the inclusive integration beyond the dualistic opposition of sex. Bisexuality is the essential element in literature. It is a motive power to make our life peaceful by unifying and harmonizing mind. Many great poets like Kim So-Woel, Han Yong-Woon, Hwang Dong-Kyum, Jeong Hyun-Jong, and Lee Sung-Bok have written poems with this bisexual mind. Freely and adaptably using male persona and female persona, they have shown the far excellent poetic elements. This evokes us the pursuit of unification and the principle of inclusion inherent in literary imagination.

한국시 전통의 계승과 확장

김현자(Kim Hyun-Ja) 한국시학회 2008 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.22

This paper aims at exploring the archetypical identification and the tradition of Korean poetry through its sense of space and time, its sense of poetic distance and the point of views in it. The orientation toward dissolution of time frame and spacial boundaries has become a typical Korean way of thinking, or a typical framework of the Koreans. And the breaking-up of spacial thresholds is closely connected with the disruption of the boundaries between self and others in Korean literature and makes the discourse complicated in which self can be others and vice versa. This kind of spacial consciousness has been a poetic tradition in Korean poetry, expressed in call and response songs and by some literary parallelism. And these two poetic structures in turn take the readers to the poetic context, display multiple point of views in poems. form so-called 'Dialigizitat' and let the readers have extended experiences. This sort of poetic tradition has been maintained by the poets from Kim, So-Wol, Han, Yong-Woon, Yoon, Dong-Ju, and Yu, Chi-Whan through the poets like Park, Mok-Wol, Park, Doo-lin, Cho, Ji-Hoon, Kim, Kwang-Sub, and recently to Oh, Kyu-Won. The circular view of time which has been typical in Eastern culture contrasting to the linear view of time in Western culture, is also pervasive in Korean poems. Alongside with the circular view originated from the philosophical concepts like karma and regeneration, eternity of time. too, is one of the general characteristics consisting Korean poetic beauty and is embodied in a large number of poems written by Lee, Yuk-Sa, Seo, Jeong-Ju, Shin, Suk-Jeong, Park, Yong-Rae, Park, Jae-Sam, Kim, Kwang-Rim, Hwang, Dong-Kyu and Cheong, Hyun-Jong etc. Besides, various 'integrated' versions of time consciousness can be found in the poems of Lee, Sang where the linear time consciousness of Western culture has been modified in a Korean manner and in the works of some female poets such as Kim, Hye-Soon and Koh, Jeong-Hee who pursue a feminist solidarity through the images of mother, home and body. The sense of time the women poets have sometimes appears in forms of time trips to seek the archetypical attachment objects like mother, home or hometown and during the trips they delve into the essence of existence and life, speculating death. Korean poems extend the present by means of juxtaposing the present, the past and the future, with connecting some moments to others, and linking unrelated things together. Therefore the poets overcome fragmentation of time, leading it into the eternity, recreating and spiritualizing it. Korean poems do not simply deal with some universal conflicts among the contrasting orientations and dimensions but harmonize them from a poetic distance of beauty. So, it is this aesthetic distance in which Kim, So-wol sings songs about the time and space existing between life and death and Seo, Jeong-ju symbolizes the threshold space between the heaven and the earth, and it is also through this poetic distance which they lessen the conflicts between self and others, beyond the threshold spaces and the fragments of time. The poets have finally attained the balanced. positive sense of poetic distance between self and others, here and there, bright and dark side of life, in the result of their endeavor to ultimately go beyond the thresholds and limitations, which can be referred to as 'Mu-ae' (that means 'no limitations' or 'free from impedition') and their efforts to absorb all the thresholds or boundaries and dissolve them into a new unity, which may be referred to as 'Wonyung.' These two concepts are regarded as the archetype of Korean ways of thinking. These classes of manners of speculation extend the Korean tradition of poetry, supplying an energy to dream of harmony among discordances and of reconciliation among separations.

16주간의 자전춤 참여가 중년비만고혈압여성의 관상동맥위험인자에 미치는 영향

곽정자(Kwak Jung-Ja),김종경(Kim Jong-Kyung),최현민(Choi Hyun-Min),노호성(Nho Ho-Sung) 한국체육과학회 2008 한국체육과학회지 Vol.17 No.2

It is generally known that cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia increase morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. This study investigated the effects of Jajun-Dance to coronary heart disease of middle age women with hypertension. Thirteen sedentary women (55.8±5.2 yrs) were recruited for this study, and completed 16 weeks of Jajun-Dance program. All subjects were diagnosed as essential hypertension patients. Blood-sugar level (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and visceral fat area (VFA) were measured. The Jajun-Dance program included 10 minutes warm up (exercise for flexibility), 40 minutes Jajun-Dance, and 10 minutes cool down. The subjects participated in Jajun-Dance program three times a week. Exercise was maintained at exercise intensity corresponding to rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 13-15. The results showed that FBG, SBP, and DBP (6.0 ㎜Hg) were significantly decreased after Jajun-Dance program. TG and VFA tended to decrease, but there were no significant differences. This study suggests that hypertensive middle-aged women could modify coronary risk factors with regular exercise, and that the aerobic Jajun-Dance program could effectively reduce high blood pressure.

The Linguistic Roots of Korean Traditional Food and Food Ingredients in Hunmong- ja-whae and the Development of Its Application System

Hye Jeong Yang,Kyung Rhan Chung,Hyun Ju Lee,Ahe ryung Yu,Hyun In Oh,HoMoon Seog,Dae Young Kwon,So-ri Lee,Dai-Ja Jang 한국콘텐츠학회 2011 한국콘텐츠학회 ICCC 논문집 Vol.- No.-

반복성 혈뇨(IgA 신병증 및 non-IgA 신병증)와 알레르기성 자반증 신염의 면역지표의 변동에 관하여

현명철,고철우,구자훈 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1991 慶北醫大誌 Vol.32 No.1

A prospective study was conducted to see the changes of immune system in recurrent gross hematuria(IgA nephropathy and non-IgA nephropathy) and HSP nephritis in children. Study patients consisted of 60 children with recurrent gross hematuria and Henoch-Scho¨nlein purpura nephritis (8 IgA nephropathy, 24 non-IgA nephropathy and 28 HSP nephritis). The cellular immune indices(total T, T4, T8 cells and T4/T8 ratio) and humoral immune indices (IgG, A, M and E) were measured during the hematuric and non-hematuric period. Following results were obtained. The proportion of T4 cells of peripheral blood during the hematuric period of patients with IgA nephropathy rose to 35.4±14.9% from the non-hematuric value of 20.0±9.1%. The T4/T8 ratio during hematuric period of patients with IgA nephropathy rose to 1.51±0.77 from non-hematuric value of 0.73±0.33. The values of serum IgA and IgE during hematuric period of patients with IgA nephropathy rose to 237±106 ㎎/dl, 231±226 IU/dl from non-hematuric values of 140±10, 28±23, respectively. These changes of cellular and humoral immune indices showed statistically significant differences(p<0.05). However, these changes were not found in patients with non-IgA nephropathy nor HSP nephritis. In conclusion, it can be said that the immune mechanism involved in IgA nephropathy is different from that of HSP nephritis.

전통 발효 식품으로부터 분리한 젖산균들의 생리 기능성

신자원, 현세희, 장인택, 이종수 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 2013 自然科學論文集 Vol.24 No.1

To screen useful bacteria for functional food industry in strains from Korean fermented foods, physiological functionality of lactic acid bacteria from Korean kimchi were investigated. Antihypertensive angiotensin Ⅰ-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity were showed very high 56.0~85.2% in all lactic acid bacteria and especially, the highest ACE inhibitory activity of 87.0% was showed in Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides LB-643. Whitening tyrosinase inhibitory activity and anti-aging antioxidant activity were showed the highest in Lactobacillus brevis LB-879(72.1%) and Lactobacillus graminis LB-350(32.2%), respectively. Anti-gout xanthin oxidase inhibitory and fibrinolytic activity were also high in Lactobacillus paraplantarum LB-354(17.8%) and Lactobacillus pentosus LB-225(clear zone; 17.0㎜), respectively.

손마사지가 허혈성 심질환 환자의 불안에 미치는 효과

현경선,이향련,공송심,윤경자,김현섭,김효남,최지원,김운정 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hand massage program on anxiety, vital sign and pain in clients with ischemic heart disease. The design utilized for this stuffy was quail-experimental with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design The subjects were fifty-four patients, twenty-eight for the experimental and twenty-six for the control group, who were admitted with ischemic heart diease at a cardiac intensive care unfit in K medical center of K university. This study was carried out from May, 1999 to March, 2000. The level of anxiety and pain measured by Visual Analogue Scale, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after hand massage, the state of Anxiety was measured by the Spielberger (1970) scale at admission and after hand massage for three days. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS PC program and analyzed using χ2-test and t-test. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The scores of VAS anxiety and State of anxiety of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group. 2. The degree of systolic blond pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group. 3. The score of VAS pain of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. The results suggested that hand massage can decrease VAS anxiety, State of anxiety, vital signs and VAS pain of patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at cardiac intensive care unit Therefore, It Is proposed that hand massage is an appropriate nursing intervention to relieve anxiety of the patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at a cardiac intensive care unit.

감 발효주의 이화학적 특성 및 생리기능성

신자원, 현세희, 장인택, 이종수 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 2013 自然科學論文集 Vol.24 No.1

Physicochemical properties and physiological functionalities of perimon fermented wine(PF wine; test product) were investigated. Ethanol and total acid content of the PF wine were 13.8% and 0.25%, respectively. Its amino-nitrogen content was also showed 12.1mg%. Anti-obesity α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the PF wine was very high 87.9% and also showed 50.2% of antioxidant activity.

재발성 복부 통증을 호소한 환자에서 복벽에 발생한 자궁내막증 1예

홍현진,박성한,이준식,배용목,김지연,안광순,박선자 고신대학교의과대학 2008 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.23 No.1

Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis in the abdominal scar following cesarean section is very rare condition among the extrapelvic endometriosis. The frequency of abdominal wall endometriosis secondary to cesarean section is from 0.03% to 0.8% in some reports. It is difficult to diagnosed in spite of the typical symptoms. The typical symptom is aching swelling in the area of the surgical scar, which is influenced by the phases of menstruation. The definitive diagnosis is established by pathologic analysis. Surgical excision remains the treatment of choice. The majority of patients presented from 1 to 2 years after the precipitating operation. We experienced an unusual case of abdominal wall endometriosis presented over 10 years after cesarean section, who was admitted to our hospital complaining of recurrent left lower abdominal pain. So, we report this case with a brief review of the concerned literatures.

韓國 禪詩의 美的 距離 硏究

김현자 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1992 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.61 No.1

The Zen poetry, written by the Korean priests of virtues, expressed the aspects of human existence in the reanscendental dimension, and its characteristics and the spirit have succeeded to the modern poetry as an important vein. The world of Zen, emphasizing the spiritual communication without language, is ultimately connected with the essence of the lyric poetry are the produces of the same consciousness in that they try to find the true entity if existence beyond the world of ordinary languages. In the respect, this thesis examines the characteristics of the Korean Zen poetry though analyzing the aesthetic distance, which enables the inner experience of the artistic works. The concept of aesthetic distance offers the useful way to abstract the poets aesthetic attitude toward the objects and the intention of the poets consciousness responding to the world of experience. Concretely, it is related to the problem of illucidating the characteristics of sensuous image-the sense of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, examing how the poetic subject controls the distance toward the objects in order to maximize the aesthetic effects and how it is related to the poets view of value and intention. The result of the analysis revealed that the abstract concepts pursued by the Zen priests were expressed through the sense, the space, and the things. This means that the philosophical and meditative world of Zen was shaped by the concrete circumstance and images. The longing for the high spirit, unity with nature, existential self-reflection and etc. which were the main themes of the Zen poetry, were closely related with the control of aesthetic distance. Since the Zen poetry pursues the mental ideal, it emphasizes moderation and strict compression. Unlike the ordinary world, in the Zen Poetry, loneliness, material lack, and physical suffering which must be endured by the Zen priests through moderation of sense are highly valued. Discord between the oppositional worlds of the sacred space and the seculiar one, the body and the soul, the agony and the transcendence is expressed by the coldness of the factual sense. Loneliness of priests who leave the seculiar and seek for truth is represented through coldness of rage and light autumn color. But this coldness evokes loneliness and awakes to the priests the road of the ascetic, too. In the sense of taste, the system of image is like the one in the tactual sense. The tasteless temple foods (herb, wild greens, acorn, etc._ make distance from the sense of taste through the moderation on foods. This shows that the priests are not pursuing the physical desire but the pure mental world. In the Zen poetry, the objects are represented at a long distance to imply the understanding of the small human begins in the boundless universe. The pure and clear sound of block wood and the chanting of sutra also aim at awakening the spirit of human beings. This sound is ultimately inclined toward silence for religious meditation. The composition at the long distance and the low sound tended to ward silence are the ways that the priests achieve the pure mental state of rapture. The depth and the rise of the existence are represented by the incense which relates heaven to earth and the fragrance of flowers which suck up the energy under the earth. The fragrances of flowers and incense in the lonely temple are sensuous images of the transcendental spirit which comes and goes between life and death. Like these, the senses in the Zen poetry represent the peculiar poetic mind of the Zen poetry through the diverse control of distance-that is, coldness, sighting at a long distance, condensation to the inside like silence, and spreading of fragrance. The spaces in the Zen poetry are usually those of height opened toward nature like a pavilion, a tower, or a rail. These spaces make human beings into terminable existances who are breathing the universal spaces to realize the meaning of existence. The mountain and the sky also embody the desire toward height, and represent the existential wish to depart from the seculiar desire and to reach the world of truth. The Zen priests try to leave the seculiar and utilitarian objects and to reach the state of freedom following the true characteristics of nature. Therefore, the air image like clouds, smoke, and fog, are the very natural equivalent of the abstract concept. The clouds, which freely appear and disappear, represent the lightness and freedom of mind not attached to the seculiar value. The smoke has the meaning of being the sigh to inform the traveler, who seeks for truth, the sacred atmosphere of the temple. And also the fog, which hides the appearance of things, is paradoxically a light which exposes the truth behind the invisible world, representing the complication mental state of human beings of uncertain life, confusion, and many kinds of obstacles to overcome. The emptiness and vainness of life are represented as a dream, shadow, sleep, and etc. The thought that our life is but a dream and an illusion implies the transiency of life, and this realization leads us to the stage of the pure and lofty mind unselfishness and nothingness. In spite of idealness of the thought and recognition of Zen, the way of seeking for truth by priests comes true through the contact with the concrete objects and the spaces. The Zen poetry, representing the world where truth is sought through many kinds of senses and space images, is an equivalent of Zen concept. In general, the Zen poetry has a trait of the lyric poetry in that it emphasizes the self-investigation, the speakers mood, and the atmosphere rather than the role of literature toward the society. This characteristic and the tradition of the Zen poetry are related to the modern poetry. Han Yong Woon, who, through the symbol and paradox, overcomes the conflicts of the opposite world: Seo Jung Joo, who shows the peculiar world of humor and a far-sighed view; Jo Ji Hoon, whose poetry is based on the oriental mystic spirit; and of Park Mok Wol, whose early poetry expresses the images of Zen with wonderful sensibility, all of these poets have succeeded the spirit and the way of our traditional poetry to the present. Especially, the spiritual world of Zen has been recently revived in the poetry of Hwang Dong Kyu, Hwang Ji Woo, Jo Jung Kwon and others. As one way to stand against the urban mechanical life. It seems that this aspect of reception plays an important link in maintaining the poetic connection in the history of Korean poetry.