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김은하,최효직,고대홍 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1999 논문집 Vol.31 No.2
Formations of TiSi₂ thin films by a solid state reaction between Ti thin films and Si substrates and the effects of the conditions of Si substrates have been investigated. Low-Resistant C54- TiSi films were formed by rapid thermal processes at 750℃ on the undroped Si (100) substrate, and at 800℃ on the As or B-doped Si (100) substrate as well as on As or B-droped poly-Si substrates. Cross-sectional TEM analyses confirmed the formation of small-grained C49 TiSi₂films by rapid thermal processes at 700℃ on pre-amorphized poly-Si substrate by As implantation. The temperatures of the transformation to the C5 phase decreased in small-grained C49- TiSi₂films. Finally, low resistant C54 TiSi₂thin films were selectively formed on gate, source, and drain regions by SALICIDE process with pre-amorphizaton of substrates. Microstructures and electrical properties of TiSi₂ film were investigated. Sheet resistance of TiSi₂ film on 1.2㎛-wide poly-Si gates was 3.8~4.2Ω/□, and XRD results showed phase formation of C54 TiSi₂ films.
The osmotic stress response of split influenza vaccine particles in an acidic environment
Hyo-Jick Choi,Min-Chul Kim,Sang-Moo Kang,Carlo D. Montemagno 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.12
Oral influenza vaccine provides an efficientmeans of preventing seasonal and pandemic disease. In thiswork, the stability of envelope-type split influenza vaccineparticles in acidic environments has been investigated. Owing to the fact that hyper-osmotic stress can significantlyaffect lipid assembly of vaccine, osmotic stressinducedmorphological change of split vaccine particles, inconjunction with structural change of antigenic proteins,was investigated by the use of stopped-flow light scattering(SFLS), intrinsic fluorescence, transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), and hemagglutination assay. Splitvaccine particles were found to exhibit a step-wise morphologicalchange in response to osmotic stress due todouble-layered wall structure. The presence of hyperosmoticstress in acidic medium (0.3 osmolarity, pH 2.0)induced a significant level of membrane perturbation asmeasured by SFLS and TEM, imposing more damage to antigenic proteins on vaccine envelope than can be causedby pH-induced conformational change at acidic iso-osmoticcondition. Further supports were provided by theintrinsic fluorescence and hemagglutinin activity measurements. Thus, hyper-osmotic stress becomes an importantfactor for determining stability of split vaccineparticles in acidic medium. These results are useful inbetter understanding the destabilizing mechanism of splitinfluenza vaccine particles in gastric environment and indesigning oral influenza vaccine formulations.
Antibody Engineering for the Development of Therapeutic Antibodies
Hyo Jeong Hong,Youngwoo Park,Sang Jick Kim 한국분자세포생물학회 2005 Molecules and cells Vol.20 No.1
Therapeutic antibodies represent one of the fastest growing areas of the pharmaceutical industry.There are currently 19 monoclonal antibodies in the market that have been approved by the FDA and over 150 in clinical developments. Driven by innovation and technological developments, therapeutic antibodies are the second largest biopharmaceutical product category after vaccines. Antibodies have been engineered by a variety of methods to suit a particular therapeutic use. This review describes the structural and functional characteristics of antibody and the antibody engineering for the generation and optimization of therapeutic antibodies.
Sang Jick Kim,Hyo Jeong Hong 한국미생물학회 2007 The journal of microbiology Vol.45 No.6
To enhance therapeutic potential of murine monoclonal antibody, humanization by CDR grafting is usually used to reduce immunogenic mouse residues. Most humanized antibodies still have mouse residues critical for antigen binding, but the mouse residues may evoke immune responses in humans. Previously, we constructed a new humanized version (AKA) of mouse CC49 antibody specific for tumor-associated glycoprotein, TAG-72. In this study, to select a completely human antibody light chain against TAG-72, guided selection strategy using phage display was used. The heavy chain variable region (VH) of AKA was used to guide the selection of a human TAG-72-specific light chain variable region (VL) from a human VL repertoire constructed from human PBL. Most of the selected VLs were identified to be originated from the members of the human germline VK1 family, whereas the VL of AKA is more homologous to the VK4 family. Competition binding assay of the selected Fabs with mouse CC49 suggested that the epitopes of the Fabs overlap with that of CC49. In addition, they showed better antigen-binding affinity compared to parental AKA. The selected human VLs may be used to guide the selection of human VHs to get completely human anti-TAG72 antibody.
Kim, Sang-Jick,Hong, Hyo-Jeong The Microbiological Society of Korea 2007 The journal of microbiology Vol.45 No.6
To enhance therapeutic potential of murine monoclonal antibody, humanization by CDR grafting is usually used to reduce immunogenic mouse residues. Most humanized antibodies still have mouse residues critical for antigen binding, but the mouse residues may evoke immune responses in humans. Previously, we constructed a new humanized version (AKA) of mouse CC49 antibody specific for tumor-associated glycoprotein, TAG-72. In this study, to select a completely human antibody light chain against TAG-72, guided selection strategy using phage display was used. The heavy chain variable region (VH) of AKA was used to guide the selection of a human TAG-72-specific light chain variable region (VL) from a human VL repertoire constructed from human PBL. Most of the selected VLs were identified to be originated from the members of the human germline VK1 family, whereas the VL of AKA is more homologous to the VK4 family. Competition binding assay of the selected Fabs with mouse CC49 suggested that the epitopes of the Fabs overlap with that of CC49. In addition, they showed better antigen-binding affinity compared to parental AKA. The selected human VLs may be used to guide the selection of human VHs to get completely human anti-TAG72 antibody.
李仁稙,禹昌孝 慶一大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.11 No.1
Holland as a reader-response critic has always emphasized the reader's active role, but the scope of the reader's role in participating in the creation of literary meaning varies. His early model elaborated in The Dynamics of Literary Response explains the reader's literary response in terms of ege-psychology. Readers respond not only to the conceptual meaning, but at the same time to the fantasy embodied in the text in the way of gratifying serves as a defense to conceal the embodied fantasy. Readers transforms the text in the way of gratifying his unconscious fantasy which they don't want to be revealed. The result is the complex matching and interaction between the defense of form and the fantasy content in the text and the rader's defense mechanism and fantasy. In 5 Readers Reading Holland develops a transactive model that gives readers more active role. The central idea of this model is 'identity-theme' that is a continuing and constant core of personality, an unchanging essence of an individual. With this we perceive texts. We accept from the text what our starategy of adaptation permits and draws out the fantasy that gives us plasure. This identity recreates itself through the process of expectation, defense, fantasy, and transformation. Thus interpretation is the function of identity. But Holland's transactive model has difficulties in separating the subject's identity-theme from that of the critic who describes it. In The Critical I Holland attempts to combine the idea of identity-theme from psychoanalysis with feedback idea supported by recent cognitive science; we perceive by trying out constructions on the world. People actively participate in reading by constantly testing hypotheses against the instructions encountered in the text, producing a dynamic process of adjustment and correction that advances on the basis of the feedback that the subject receives. There are several hierarchical standards in this feedback process; a unique identity interpreted as theme and variations, code internalized from our culture and canon dependent upon interpretive communities, and physiological loop. Holland's feedback model has an advantage of explaining the similarities and differences at the same time, but while Holland finds his theoretical basis in harder science, he overlooks the implicature of the fact that language is different from other objects.