Controlling the drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemic in India: challenges and implications

Aliabbas A,Husain1,Andreas Kupz,Rajpal S,Kashyap 한국역학회 2021 Epidemiology and Health Vol.43 No.-

India has a higher tuberculosis (TB) burden than any other country, accounting for an estimated one-fourth of the global burden. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) presents a major public health problem in India. Patients with DR-TB often require profound changes in their drug regimens, which are invariably linked to poor treatment adherence and sub-optimal treatment outcomes compared to drug-sensitive TB. The challenge of addressing DR-TB is critical for India, as India contributes over 27% of global DR-TB cases. In recent decades, India has been proactive in its battle against TB, even implementing a revised National Strategic Plan to eliminate TB by 2025. However, to achieve this ambitious goal, the country will need to take a multifaceted approach with respect to its management of DR-TB. Despite concerted efforts made by the National TB Elimination Program, India faces substantial challenges with regard to DR-TB care, especially in peripheral and resource-limited endemic zones. This article describes some of the major challenges associated with mitigating the growing DR-TB epidemic in India and their implications.

Study of density of localized states in a-Ga x Se100-x alloysusing SCLC measurements

M. Husain,Shagufta B. Husain,M. Zulfequar,M.A. Majeed Khan 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.5

DC conductivity measurements have been made as a function of temperature and electric eld on a-GaxSe100-x (0≤x≤10)samples, in order to study the eect of the electric eld and temperature on the conduction mechanism. The present paper reports themeasurements on space charge limited conduction (SCLC) in vacuum evaporated amorphous thin lms of a-GaxSe100-x where 0≤x≤10. At high fields (~10⁴V/cm), the current could be tted to the theory of space charge limited conduction, in case ofuniform distribution of localized states in the mobility gap of these materials. The addition of Gallium (Ga) in a-GaxSe100-x results in an increase in the density of localized states and hence an increase in conductivity.

Comparative toxicity study on classical and modified version of Jawarish Jalinoos (a traditional Unani formulation) in rats

Gulam Mohammed Husain,Syed Shoeb Ahmed,Misbahuddin Azhar,Javed Inam Siddiqui,Mohammad Abdul Waheed,Munawwar Husain Kazmi 한국한의학연구원 2017 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.6 No.1

Background: Jawarish Jalinoos (JJ) is a classical semisolid traditional Unani formulation clinically used for the treatment of weakness of vital organs, liver, and stomach. Although JJ has been widely used clinically for several decades, no scientific report is available for its safety. Methods: JJ and its sugar-free tablet version (SFJJ; formulated to target diabetic population) were assessed for safety in rats. Ninety-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was performed as per the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline 408. JJ was orally administered at the dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d, whereas SFJJ was orally administered at the doses of 506 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d, 1012 mg/kg bw/d, and 2024 mg/kg bw/d for 90 days. The animals were periodically observed for clinical signs of toxicity, mortality, morbidity, body weight changes, and feed consumption. At the end of the study, hematology, clinical biochemistry, electrolytes, gross pathology, relative organ weight, and histological examination were performed. Results: Treatment with SFJJ and JJ showed no significant differences in body weight gain, feed consumption, hematology, clinical biochemistry, and serum electrolytes. No gross pathological findings and differences in relative organ weights were observed between control and drug treated rats. Histological examination revealed no toxicologically significant abnormalities related with SFJJ or JJ treatment. Conclusion: The 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity study demonstrates that the no observed adverse effect level of SFJJ and JJ is greater than 2024 mg/kg bw/d and 2000 mg/kg bw/d (p.o.) in rats, respectively. Both formulations were found to be safe up to the tested dose levels and experimental conditions, and therefore safe for clinical use as specified in the literature.

Investigation of Immune Biomarkers Using Subcutaneous Model of M. tuberculosis Infection in BALB/c Mice: A Preliminary Report

Husain, Aliabbas A.,Daginawala, Hatim F.,Warke, Shubangi R.,Kalorey, Devanand R.,Kurkure, Nitin V.,Purohit, Hemant J.,Taori, Girdhar M.,Kashyap, Rajpal S. The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2015 Immune Network Vol.15 No.2

Evaluation and screening of vaccines against tuberculosis depends on development of proper cost effective disease models along with identification of different immune markers that can be used as surrogate endpoints of protection in preclinical and clinical studies. The objective of the present study was therefore evaluation of subcutaneous model of M.tuberculosis infection along with investigation of different immune biomarkers of tuberculosis infection in BALB/c mice. Groups of mice were infected subcutaneously with two different doses : high ($2{\times}10^6CFU$) and low doses ($2{\times}10^2CFU$) of M.tuberculosis and immune markers including humoral and cellular markers were evaluated 30 days post M.tuberculosis infections. Based on results, we found that high dose of subcutaneous infection produced chronic disease with significant (p<0.001) production of immune markers of infection like $IFN{\gamma}$, heat shock antigens (65, 71) and antibody titres against panel of M.tuberculosis antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10, Ag85B, 45kDa, GroES, Hsp-16) all of which correlated with high bacterial burden in lungs and spleen. To conclude high dose of subcutaneous infection produces chronic TB infection in mice and can be used as convenient alternative to aerosol models in resource limited settings. Moreover assessment of immune markers namely mycobacterial antigens and antibodies can provide us valuable insights on modulation of immune response post infection. However further investigations along with optimization of study protocols are needed to justify the outcome of present study and establish such markers as surrogate endpoints of vaccine protection in preclinical and clinical studies in future.

Performance analysis and design optimization of micro-jet impingement heat sink

Husain, Afzal,Kim, Sun-Min,Kim, Kwang-Yong Springer-Verlag 2013 Heat and mass transfer Vol.49 No.11

Performance Assessment of Tuning Methods for PID Controller Parameter used for Position Control of DC Motor

Husain Ahmed,Dr. Abha Rajoriya 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.7 No.5

In this paper, a comparison is made for tuning methods of PID controller to improve the performance of the position control system of DC motor. Firstly, the PID controller is tuned using conventional Ziegler –Nichols method and then by using Simulink Response Optimization tool box available in MATLAB software. Further, Fuzzy gain scheduling of PID controller is investigated in which fuzzy rules are utilized on-line to adapt the PID controller parameters based on the error and its first time derivative. The result shows that the gain scheduling scheme for DC motor position control system have presented superior performance compared to other methods.

Influence of the Recombination Parameters at the Si/SiO2 Interface on the Ideality of the Dark Current of High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells

Husain Kamal,Moustafa Ghannam 대한전자공학회 2015 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.15 No.2

Analytical study of surface recombination at the Si/SiO2 interface is carried out in order to set the optimum surface conditions that result in minimum dark base current and maximum open circuit voltage in silicon solar cells. Recombination centers are assumed to form a continuum rather than to be at a single energy level in the energy gap. It is shown that the presence of a hump in the dark I-V characteristics of high efficiency PERL cells is due to the dark current transition from a high surface recombination regime at low voltage to a low surface recombination regime at high voltage. Successful fitting of reported dark I-V characteristics of a typical PERL cell is obtained with several possible combinations of surface parameters including equal electron and hole capture cross sections.

Design Optimization of Manifold Microchannel Heat Sink Through Evolutionary Algorithm Coupled With Surrogate Model

Husain, A.,Kwang-Yong Kim IEEE 2013 IEEE transactions on components, packaging, and ma Vol.3 No.4

<P>A liquid flow manifold microchannel heat sink is optimized with the help of 3-D numerical analysis, a surrogate method, and a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm. The performance of the manifold microchannel heat sink is optimized for the overall thermal resistance and the pumping power required for driving the coolant. The design variables related to the width of the microchannel, depth of the microchannel, width of fins, length of the nozzles, and height of the nozzles, which contribute to objective functions, are identified and optimized for minimum thermal resistance and pumping power. A Latin hypercube sampling method is used to exploit the design space. The numerical solutions obtained at these design points are utilized to construct a surrogate model, i.e., response surface approximation. The Navier-Stokes and energy equations for laminar flow and conjugate heat transfer are solved using a finite-volume solver. A hybrid multi objective evolutionary algorithm coupled with a surrogate model is applied to find out global Pareto-optimal designs (PODs). Trade-off analysis is performed in view of the conflicting nature of the two objectives, which yields PODs with low thermal resistance at various pumping powers. The ratio of the microchannel width to the microchannel height and that of the nozzle height to the microchannel height are found to be more Pareto-optimal sensitive (sensitive along the Pareto-optimal front) than others. In contrast, the ratio of the fin width to the microchannel height and that of the nozzle length to the microchannel width are found to be less Pareto-optimal sensitive than other design variables. The PODs showed lower thermal resistance and pumping power than the reference designs at various mass flow rates.</P>

Analysis of Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual Rotation Friction Stir Welding: A Review

Husain Mehdi,R. S. MISHRA 한국강구조학회 2019 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.19 No.2

This review paper provides an over view of the modelling approach of reverse dual rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) by interpreting governing mathematical equations and fi nite element formulation of heat transfer and material fl ow for diff erent material like Mild steel and Aluminum alloy with the help of DEFORM-3D and ANSYS Fluent software. RDR-FSW is a novel variant of conventional FSW process. The key feature is that the tool pin and the assisted shoulder rotates reversely and independently during the process, thus, it has great potential to improve the weld quality and lower the welding loads through adjusting the rotating speeds of the tool pin and the assisted shoulder independently. This review concludes with recommendation for future research directions.

NUMERICAL RANGE THEORY FOR PSEUDO-BANACH ALGEBRAS

Husain, T.,Srinivasan, A. Department of Mathematics 1979 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.19 No.1