DESIGN OF A DISC-ON-DISC-TYPE CNC TRIBOMETER TARGETED AT DRY CLUTCH FRICTION PLATE WEAR CHARACTERIZATION

Matija Hoić,Mario Hrgetić,Nenad Kranjčević,Milan Kostelac,Joško Deur,Andreas Tissot 한국자동차공학회 2022 International journal of automotive technology Vol.23 No.1

The paper presents design of a disc-on-disc-type CNC (Computer Numerical Control) tribometer aimed at experimental characterization of friction and wear behaviors of automotive dry clutches. The torque or ormal force, slip speed, friction interface temperature, and closing time are accurately controlled during tests by employing rotational- and vertical-axis servodrives and a water-cooling system built in both axes. A compact two-axial piezoelectric torque and force sensor is built in between the vertical-axis spindle and the pressure plate, in order to provide direct measurements of friction torque and normal force. The slip speed is sensed by using an encoder placed at the rotating table that carries the friction plate. The disc temperature is controlled by means of imposing a delay between two consecutive clutch closing cycles, variable cooling pump speed, and a valve that can bypass the coolant flow around the pressure plate. The torque control ystem is realized in a cascade structure including inner normal force and vertical axis speed controllers. The closing time is controlled by means of “electrical inertia” implemented through rotational-axis servomotor torque control. The tribometer performances are demonstrated through a study of dry clutch friction plate wear rate characterization.

複合運送書類의 受理條件에 관한 硏究

河會大 건국대학교 1990 論文集 Vol.31 No.1

As combined transport by container is abruptly developing, consistent transport which was extended from "port-to-port" in the past to "door-to-door" was generalized. Keep pace with this, New transport document covers the whole transport section is reguired. The Bill of lading in the past was made in reply to special demand of marine transport. But because the Bill of lading was in appropriate for combined transport- Land, Sea and Air combined Transport Document came out from need of business circle. Combined Transport Document issued by combined transport operator in order to provide the convenience and function of negotiable security to goods holder in transaction goods. But combined transport document which is used in practical business is different from each other in form and contents, and it has been many problem because of have not uniform international rule. Therefore I.C.C created the rule about Combined Transport Document in Uniform Custons and Practice for Documentary credit in 1974. And so, 1983 through the 4th Revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit it was approved value of Combined Transport Document in international business. This combined Transport Document has been increased utility transition everyday. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the acceltable combined Transport Document and the unacceptable Combined Transport Document as a document of title and the acceptance of combined Transport Documents under Uniform Costoms and Practice for Documentary credit and Incoterms 1980. Practical business Non - negotiable transport documents like waybill, etc, are used and those documents make the delivery of goods possible if only the consignee written much similarity to through B/L that it can give rise to problem of receivable of bank when it is used. Under the Uniform Custons And Practice for Documentary Credit in 1983, Classification into the three type in the 1974 Uniform Customs And Practice for Documentary Credit, Marine B/L, Combined transport document and other shipping documents, is removed and divided into Transport document in general and Marine B/L. And it shows a acceptance of shipping document of bank specifically. Of Combined Transport Documents acceptance and appropriateness are examined in terms of Uniform Customs And Practice for Documentary Credit the acceptable combined Transport Document can be distinguished from the unacceptable combined Transport document. But, because among them it can be give rise to so much confusion that in the acceptances for the document stating double ends of Bill of Lading for Combined Transfort of Port-to-port shipment and the port-to-port transport document containing difference in its title and contents. It may take to pay attentions As mentioned above, I summerized and examined main contents of this thesis. Finally, here I presented the solution for several problem of receipt and circulation that came to from combined transport document in practical business. 1. Because there was striking difference between combined transport document and Through B/L in a concept the contraction partied should be neither provided combined transport document when they demented Through B/L nor should be opposite. 2. If there is no indication of loading on the deck in cerdit, but there is indication of loading on the deck, in combined transport Document, Article 28 of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary credits which is stipulated not to be aceepted generally, ought to be amended to eliminate it in case of Full Container Vessel. 3. There are the following problems in acceptance of FIATA Combined Transport Document. They are the enterance qualification of FIATA, defect of rules which are sometimes allowed to accept FCT and FCR indistinctness of FIATA Combined Transport Document. These problems will be solved through bill drawers properly, exaltation of credit condition, complement of relative rules and making us distinguish FIATA combined Transport Document easily. 4. Negotiabilty problem of combined transport document including air transport which occurs in negotiable reconsideration. One key to the problen is to make new kind of combined transport document which can deal with all means of transport by land, Sea and Air. Another key is to acknowledge negotiability of Air waybill issued by air transport operator. 5. Since it is possible to swiftly deriver a great number of goods in modern transport system due to combined transport those goods arrive at the destination in advance. But when recepitors can't secure combined transport document they may not enjoy financial benefits to remove this advantage, computerizing the forms and contents of combined transport document might make faster a traditional transfer of combined transport document. Finally, it should be reconized that combined Transport bill of lading and combined transport document have the same concept which means they have different title but same effects. To correspond to the contents of combined transport legal system we should unify those title into one or combined transport document. Add so, as most of the other side stipatlation of present combined Transport document are adopted from "Hague Rule" or "TCM-Draft" those are legal system for transport operator. Thus based on UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of goods for goods holder, a new kind of combined transport document should be made.

Thomas Hardy 의 The Return of the Native에 나타난 Plots에 관한 硏究

金會珍 서울市立大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

The investigator's purpose of this thesis is to survey Hardy's pantheism through his plots in The Return of the Native, and find out the real truth of his dual theme. First of all, the writer's discussion is placed upon how nature, love, and chance act as plots against Hardy's characters. Of course, Hardy's pessimistic literature is a tragic one in which man fights against the inconsistency of Fate, 'Life offer-to deny.' Further investigation is extended to his philosophy, that is, his dual theme. According to Cockshut, Hardy has two contrasted temperamental traits: one is the sense of Plato's myth of the cave, and the other the sense of intense sympathy. In addition, Two features of his many-sided personality appear dominant: the sense of dignity and the sense of awe. Here, Hardy forms a sense of timelessness, as if man were tiny and faint against the grandeur and strangeness of a university. It is Hardy's pantheism and that is why his pessimism is formed. Lois Deacon says Hardy's pessimism is rendered strong 표 possibly incestuous love affair which Hardy had in his youth. Anyway, Hardy's theme is a combination of pessimism and determinism which is his dual theme. Briefly, this hypothesis may be applied to Hardy's literature. One is a deterministic theme in which we have to cope with Fate, 'Life offers-to deny.' and the other a fatalistic theme in which Fate is more religiously interpreted as an arbitrary power, a personal force like our own. Unlike contemporary writers, Hardy neither slanders nor disregards man's fraily, man's ambitions and woman's vanities, but he pleads. for, and loves, them all the more for that reason. Hardy's art is, in a sense, to create a type of human being, beautiful, noile and good. Hereby his dual theme combined in his works enables us to experience an emotional catharsis. Finally, the investigator adds that Desmond MacCarthy, speaking of Hany, says that Hardy's art is to dignify sorrow and disaster.

언어적 존재론의 인식론적 오류

김회빈 全北大學校 語學硏究所 1991 어학 Vol.18 No.-

제조물책임 제도와 대학의 품질보증 전략에 관한 연구

이회식 한국생산성학회 1999 生産性論集 Vol.13 No.3

In the universities as well as enterprises, it's the time to enforce systematically quality competition for the internal and external customer satisfaction. The essential substance of the product liability system is that the supplier should have the liability to the suffering damages that come from defective products. The product liability system is an active consumer protection system being enforced in many of the advanced nations. In the same way, one of the essential role of university management is to cultivate men to fulfill the fundamental needs of the nation. Universities have to recognize the quality assurance concept in cultivating men and to improve their productivity in all aspects. This paper concludes that with the change of recognition and the improvement of constitution the emphasis should be on the importance of quality assurance not only for enterprises but also for universities.

탄산가스 아크용접에서 보호가스량에 따른 용접부의 기계적 성질

정회범,김봉태 順天大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.17 No.1

The mechanical properties of a welding part have been examined by varying the shield gas flow rate from 0ℓ/min to 24ℓ/min when the CO₂ gas arc welding with solid wire is used for welding the SS41 steel. The welding parts have been investigated through X-ray film test, bending test and tensile test, which have shown following results ; 1) X-ray film tests show no pores for the shield gas flow rate from 6ℓ/min to 24ℓ/min. But some pores are existed at inner welding part for the flow rate 2ℓ/min and 4ℓ/min. When no gas is supplied, many pores are observed at the inner and the outer welding parts. 2) A bead configuration including a fusion depth and a bead's width and height is good for the shield gas flow rate more than 8ℓ/min. 3) Bending tests show that no cracks were developed for the shield gas flow rate 16ℓ/min to 24ℓ/min. But cracks are developed at the surface of a face side for the flow rate 4ℓ/min to 12ℓ/min. For the flow rate 0ℓ/min and 2ℓ/min, specimens break into pieces. 4) Tensile strength of the welding part increases as the shield gas flow rate increases. The tensile strength of the welding part is much higher than that of the base metal for the flow rate 4ℓ/min to 24ℓ/min. Considering the above results, the effective shield gas flow rate in the CO₂ gas arc welding is 16ℓ/min to 24ℓ/min.

불어에서 동사의 보어 a`+N의 통사적 특성 : Maurice Gross의 'Me´thodes en syntaxe'중심으로 dans "Me´thodes en syntaxe" de Maurice Gross

정회기 조선대학교 외국문화연구소 1994 外國文化硏究 Vol.17 No.1

시간지연을 갖는 불안정한 플랜트에 대한 3요소 PID제어기의 설계에 관한 연구

정희범 순천대학교 공업기술연구소 1998 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.-

In this study, the synthesis of three-element PID controller for an open-loop unstable plant with time delay is proposed. Control problem such as stabilizing an open-loop unstable plant, servo-tracking, and disturbance rejection can be treated independently by each element of the controller. Tuning rules for each element of the controller are based on the loop gain and phase criterion of root loci, the internal model controller, and feed forward controller design method. The performance of the proposed controller was presented by computer simulations of example problems.

Thomas Hardy의 The Mayor of Casterbridge에 관한 연구

金會珍 서울市立大學校 1994 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

This paper is intended as an investigation of human ambivalence and Henchard's psychoanalysis, that is, his tragedy founded on the basis of ambivalence, and Hardy's view of fate. Thomas Hardy's tragic literature can accomodate a world of contrasting elements, It is the result of his attitude towards life which was one of "Life offers-to deny". Most of his works consist of the contrasting realities of tradition and modernism. His novels compared to the pastoral ones can be applicable to the former and his technique to the latter. The dual aspect of his novels can be replaced with realism and fantasy. They are found in the descriptions of Norcombe Hill in Far from the Madding Crowd, Egdon Heath in The Return of the Native and Casterbridge in The Mayor of Casterbridge. Hardy's view of fate can be taken as another example. We see that under the transition period between an old and new world his modernism is a reflection of his ambivalence. These two contrasting elements are presented as the main sources of his ambivalent literature. In The Mayor of Casterbridge Henchard's dual personality is revealed through his character and action, and the character and any given situation. To Henchard's tragedy Hardy applied Novalis' aphorism, "Character is Fate".

離婚給付에 관한 硏究 : 財産分割請求權과 離婚慰藉料請求權을 중심으로

李會圭 강남대학교 사회과학연구소 2000 사회과학논총 Vol.9 No.-

지난 수 십년 사이에 家族法은 크나큰 변화를 맞이하였다.離婚給付에 관한 제도 역시 많은 발전이 있었다.오랫동안 離婚慰藉料請求가 離婚給付로서의 중요한 역할을 수행하여 왔지만, 1990년 이후부터는 財産分割請求權制度가 신설됨으로 그 역할을 대체하고 있다.이러한 변화는 婚姻法의 근간이 有責主義에서 無策主義로 전환하고 있으며, 離婚以後의 諸般 法律問題 역시 이러한 분위기에 편성을 하고 있기 때문이다.그러나 실무계의 분위기에 의하면 아직까지 많은 이혼당사자들이 계속하여 離婚慰藉料請求制度에 관심을 두고 있다고 한다.이는 財産分割請求制度가 離婚給付로서의 역할을 제대로 수행하고 있지 못고 있음을 의미한다.이러한 관점에서 本 論文은 이혼위자료청구 및 재산분할청구제도의 본질과 그 성질을 살펴보았으며, 兩請求權을 행사함에 있어서 야기되는 제반 問題點을 구체적으로 구명하였다. 또한 兩制度의 相互關係와 실무계의 입장을 다양한 견해를 바탕으로 정리하였다.특히 본 논문은 財産分割請求權制度가 실무계에서 어떻게 적용되고 있으며, 어떠한 문제점이 야기되고 있는지에 초점을 두고 있다.