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Improved bracing systems to prevent exterior girder rotation during bridge construction
Md Ashiquzzaman,Ahmed Ibrahim,Will Lindquist,Riyadh Hindi 국제구조공학회 2019 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.32 No.3
Concrete placement and temporary formwork of bridge deck overhangs result in unbalanced eccentric loads that cause exterior girders to rotate during construction. These construction loads affect the global and local stability of the girders and produce permanent girder rotation after construction. In addition to construction loads, the skew angle of the bridge also contributes to girder rotation. To prevent rotation (in both skewed and non-skewed bridges), a number of techniques have been suggested to temporarily brace the girders using transverse tie bars connecting the top flanges and embedded in the deck, temporary horizontal and diagonal steel pipes placed between the webs of the exterior and first interior girders, and permanent cross frames. This study includes a rigorous three-dimensional finite element analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of several bracing systems for non-skewed and several skewed bridges. In this paper, skew angles of 0°, 20°, 30°, and 45° were considered for single- and three-span bridges. The results showed that permanent cross frames worked well for all bridges, whereas temporary measures have limited application depending on the skew angle of the bridge.
Hong K Rim,Nitham M Hindi People&Global Business Association 1999 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.4 No.1
Since off-balance sheet activities (OBSAs) have been reported in the notes of financial statements, the lack of information thereof has been the main concern for regulators, accountant, financial analysts, and investors. This study, using the quarterly data of the 300 largest US global banks, examines the impact of OBSAs on bank risk (both asset risk and systematic risk). This study finds a strong positive relationship between OBSAs and systematic risk, supporting the Leverage hypothesis and Tax Regulatory hypothesis. However, the negative relation between OBSAs and asset risk supports the Diversification hypothesis. These finding could be incorporated into designing a new framework (i. e., fair and full disclosure) to account for new financial instrument related to OBSAs.
Oliver Gembruch,Elias Lemonas,Yahya Ahmadipour,Ulrich Sure,Nicolai El Hindy,Richard Dodel,Oliver Müller 대한척추신경외과학회 2019 Neurospine Vol.16 No.2
Objective: Demographic changes have led to a higher incidence of C-2 fractures, especially in elderly patients. For patients with type II fractures, treatment remains controversial, as discussed by Anderson and D’Alonzo, due to the rising morbidity and mortality rates for any treatment. The aim of this study was to compare conservative and surgical management in patients with type II C-2 fractures regarding outcomes, complications, and the mortality rate. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of the medical records, X-rays, and/or computed tomography scans of patients ≥80 years of age with type II fractures who were admitted to our Department of Neurosurgery between January 1990 and December 2017. The success of treatment was evaluated 3 months after surgery. Results: In total, 125 patients were included, of whom 98 were treated surgically and 27 were treated conservatively. Surgical treatment was successful in 90.8% of cases, while conservative treatment was successful in 70.0%. The in-hospital mortality was 14.29% and the 3-month mortality was 27.8% in the surgical group, compared to 3.7% and 20% in the conservatively treated group. The in-hospital complication rate was 22.4% in the surgically treated patients and 7.4% in the conservatively treated patients. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of type II fractures seemed to be associated with higher success and complication rates than conservative treatment. Nevertheless, 3-month mortality was comparable in both groups. Therefore, we conclude that surgical treatment for type II fractures in elderly patients is superior to conservative management, although conservative treatment remains a valuable option in elderly patients with severe comorbidities.