Algal bioassay 에 의한 조류생장 제한영양염류 결정

오희목(Hee Mock Oh),이석준(Seog June Lee),김성빈(Seong Bin Kim),박미경(Mi Kyung Park),윤병대(Byung Dae Yoon),김도한(Do Han Kim) 한국하천호수학회 1998 생태와 환경 Vol.31 No.2

Determination of Limiting Nutrient for Algal Growth by Algal Bioassay. Oh, Hee-Mock, Seog June Lee, Seong-Bin Kim, Mi- Kyung Park, Byung-Dae Yoon and Do-Han Kim (Environmental Microbiology Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon 305-333, Korea and Water Resources Research Institute, Korea Water Resources Corporation, Taejon 305-390, Korea) Water quaiity and algal growth potential (AGP) using Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated from April to September 1997 in Daechung Reservoir. Secchi disk transparency was 1.1 m in August. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were higher than 10㎍/l at all samples. Total phosphorus concentration was in a range of 0.020∼0.027mg/l which is at the approximate value of 0.03 mg/l, the general critical level of eutrophication. These results indicate that Daechung Reservoir is in an eutrophic state except some temporary times and restricted sites. Phosphorus uptake rate of M. aeruginosa was higher in the water from the epilimnion than in the hypolimnion and also higher under light condition than under dark condition. Therefore, phosphorus uptake rate appears to depend on cellular phosphorous content and light condition, a meaning of endergonic process. Phosphorus was the most frequently limiting nutrient: phosphorus was limiting algal gowth in April and May, nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements were the limiting factors for algae in August, and trace elements in September. If a fast growing alga, M, aeruginosa, is used as a test organism for assaying AGP, in vivo fluorescence instead of dry weight can be measured for algal biomass and incubation period can be reduced from traditional 14 days to 7 days.

순비기나무 (Vitex rotundifolia L. f.) 삽수 종류 및 생장조정제 처리에 따른 발근율

Jeong Yeob Kim,Yoon Ki Hong,Song Hee Ahn,Jung Seob Moon,Eun Seok Park,Hee June Kim 한국약용작물학회 2016 한국약용작물학술대회 발표집 Vol.2016 No.05

Background : This study was conducted to developed the propagation method by cutting for mass cultivation of Vitex roundifolia. We were pitched the cutting two times and treated plant growth regulators to enhance the rooting percentage. Vitex roundifolia is live in beach sandy soil south of Hwanghae-Do and Gangwon-Do. Vitex roundifolia have been used to bath foam. It is good for aromatic plant. It has 0.8% essential oil content in leaf and flower. Major components of essential oil were alpha-Pinene, Sabinene, beta-Pinen, 1,8-cineole, d-Limone. Despite the superior usability, it had not yet been made by the artificial cultivation Methods and Results : We were pitched the cutting of a first-year branch on June 5, which was greenwood cutting and July 17, which was semi-hardwood cutting at Kwangseung-ri beach, Gochanggun, Jeonbuk. The length of cutting was 10cm. It had 3~4 nodes, we stuck a cutting remain 2 nodes above ground on ordinary raise seedling soil. Rooting percentage was measured at 60 days after stuck a cutting. Rooting percentage was higher greenwoody cutting(95%) than semi-hardwood cutting(57.6%). In green wood cutting, there was no significance with plant growth, but chemical injury was occurred in IBA 5,000ppm. In semi-hardwood cutting, there was significance with plant growth regulators. The rooting percentages of all the treat were higher than control(no treatment). Rooting percentage was the highest in NAA 5,000ppm treated. Conclusion : Greenwood cutting method was more proper to propagation for Vitex roundifolia than semi-hardwood cutting. The optimum time to cutting for Vitex roundifolia propagation was the early in June. If miss a time to propagation Rooting percent was elevated by plant growth regulator.

급성 췌장염의 합병이 추정되는 한국형 출혈열 1예

박영수,김창오,김영근,홍성관,장경희,허애정,염준섭,송영구,김준명 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.5

The Korean hemorrhagic fever (KHF) is an acute febrile disease with characteristic of fever, bleeding tendency, and renal failure. There are many complications of Korean hemorrhagic fever such as infection, anemia, internal bleeding, hypopituitarism, respiratory, and neurologic complication. A few cases were reported on acute pancreatitis with hemorrhagic fever abroad, but there was no case about Korean hemorrhagic fever with acute pancreatitis in this country. We experienced a case of Korean hemorrhagic fever associated with suspected acute pancreatits. With review of articles, we report a case of 51 year-old woman with KHF, where acute pancreatitis developed during management, (Korean J Infect Dis 33:376∼379, 2001)

스포츠스타 광고모델이 제품태도에 미치는 영향

나준희(Na june-hee),김영조(Kim yeungjo) 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2003 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.8 No.2

본 연구는 스포츠 분야에서 조화가설(Match-up Hypothesis)을 바탕으로 스포츠스타 모델과 제품의 일치성을 통해서 모델의 매력도와 신뢰성이 제품태도에 미치는 영향에 대해서 실증적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 실험집단은 스포츠스타 모델과 일치성이 높은 제품이 제시된 집단과 일치성이 낮은 제품이 제시된 집단 등의 두 집단으로 구성하였으며, 사전조사를 통해 채택한 실험 자극물과 설문지를 통해 두 집단간의 차이를 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 실험자극물로 사용된 스포츠스타는 한국인 최초의 메이저리거 타자인 최희섭 선수를 대상으로 하였다. 연구결과, 두 집단간의 평균차이 검증(t-test)에서 모델과 일치성이 낮은 제품에 비해 일치성이 높은 제품에 대한 태도가 더욱 긍정적으로 나타났다. 또한 모델의 매력도, 신뢰성이 제품 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해서 조사하였다. 회귀분석 결과, 제품에 대한 태도에 있어 모델의 매력도 및 신뢰성이 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 모델과 제품과의 일치성이 높은 경우, 제품에 대한 태도에 있어서 모델의 매력도와 신뢰성이 유의하게 나타났다. 하지만, 모델과 제품과의 일치성이 낮은 경우, 모델의 매력도만이 제품에 대한 태도에 유의한 영향을 미치며, 신뢰성은 유의하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 스포츠스타 모델이 스포츠 제품광고에 출연하는 경우, 스포츠를 통한 모델의 신뢰성과 매력도가 높은 모델이 광고효과에 효과적이며, 스포츠스타 모델과 일치성이 낮은 제품에 대해서는 스포츠스타의 매력도 고려가 중요한 요소임을 밝히고 있다. The present research has empirically examined in sports whether the attractiveness and credibility of a celebrity endorser could make influences on attitudes toward products by matching between a sports star endorser and products, Match-up Hypothesis. For that purpose, current research consisted of two groups (high vs. low match) and explored the differences between two groups with exposing to the stimuli acquired in a pretest. In the research, the sports star we used was a major-leaguer, Choi, Hee-sup. As a result, the present research demonstrated that the high-match group has shown favorable attitudes toward the product relative to the low-match group. In addition, we conducted a regression analysis to examine the effects of the sports star endorsers' attractiveness and credibility on attitudes toward the products. The result showed that both the attractiveness and credibility of the sports star endorser were statistically significant for the attitudes toward the product. Specifically, for high-match group, the attractiveness and credibility of sports star endorser were significant. Yet, only the attractiveness of the sports star was significant for low-match group. In conclusion, high attractiveness and credibility of sports star endorsers should be effective for sports-related products' advertisements. For low-match products' advertisements, the attractiveness of sports star endorsers should be considered as an important factor.

전북지역 블루베리에 발생하는 해충종류와 블루베리혹파리 발생양상

임주락,김은주,문형철,조종현,한수곤,김희준,송영주,Lim, Ju-Rak,Kim, Eun-Ju,Moon, Hyung-Cheol,Cho, Chong-Hyeon,Han, Soo-Gon,Kim, Hee-June,Song, Young-Ju 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.55 No.1

2013~2014년 동안 전북지역 블루베리에서 총 37종의 해충이 조사되었다. 주요해충은 블루베리혹파리, 목화진딧물, 갈색날개매미충, 볼록총채벌레, 미국흰불나방, 장수쐐기나방 6종이었다. 목화진딧물 피해는 5월 중순 익산과 진안에서 심하게 발생하였다. 총채벌레 피해는 모든 지역에서 개화기인 6월초에 심하였고, 어린묘에서 심하였다. 갈색날개매미충은 중산간지역인 순창과 진안지역에서 대발생하여 전 지역으로 확산되고 있었다. 미국흰불나방은 6월 익산에서 특이적으로 집중 발생하는 경향이었다. 쐐기나방은 5종이 발생하였는데 그 중 장수쐐기나방이 모든 지역에서 발생밀도가 가장 높았다. 블루베리혹파리 피해는 중산간지대인 순창과 진안지역보다 평야지대인 익산지역에서 심하였고, 3년생 이하 어린 묘에서 피해율 60~78%로 5년생 이상 피해율 30~50%에 비하여 높았다. 또한, 하우스에서 피해율은 50~80%로 노지 피해율 30~40% 보다 높게 나타났다. Thirty-seven species of insect pests were surveyed on different area blueberry farms in Jeonbuk province during 2013~2014. Six principal insect pests were found, including Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson, Aphis gossypii Glover, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Ricania sp., Hyphantria cunea Drury, and Latoia consocia Walker. A. gossypii infestation was severe at Iksan and Jinan in middle May. S. dorsalis infestation was severe at all surveyed area in early June, which is the flowering season, and the degree of damage caused was higher in young plants. Ricania sp. was abundant in Jinan and Sunchang, and then appeared to spread across all areas in Jeonbuk. H. cunea had a tendency to concentrate in Iksan during June. Five species of Limacodidae was found, including L. consocia, which was dominant in all areas surveyed, with densities higher then those of the others four species. The degree of damage due to D. oxycoccana was higher in the plain areas (Iksan) than in the middle-mountain areas (Jinan, Sunchang). The rate of damage was 60~78% higher in young plant stages (i.e., those under 3 years of tree age) than in those over 5 years old (30~50%). Moreover, the rate of damage observed in greenhouses was 50~80% higher than that observed in the field (30~40%).

가상현실을 이용한 뇌졸중 환자의 균형장애 평가와 임상평가 지수와의 상관성 연구

김연희,박지원,정준용,우영근,최종덕,김남균 최신의학사 2003 最新醫學 Vol.46 No.11-12

물리학 선량법을 이용한 갑상선암의 개인별 최대안전용량 I-131 치료법 개발과 유용성 평가

김정철,윤정한,범희승,제갈영종,송호천,민정준,정환정,김성민,허영준,이명호,박영규,정준기 대한핵의학회 2003 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.37 No.2

목적 : 분화갑상선암 환자에 대한 방사성옥소(I-131) 치료는 재발율과 사망률을 감소시키는 효과적인 치료법이지만, 치료용량을 증가시킴으로써 치료율을 향상시킬 수 있는지에 대해서는 아직 논란이 있다. 본 연구에서는 최대허용선량 치료법의 효용성을 검증하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 임상적 병기가 제3, 4병기이고, 6개월 이후에 I-131 전신스캔(이하 IWBS)과 혈중 thyroglobulin (이하 Tg), anti-thyroglobulin antibody (이하 ATA), 초음파검사 (이하 US) 및 F-18 FDG PET 등을 통해 치료여부를 확인할 수 있었던 58명(남:여=9:49, 평균연령 50±11세)의 유두상갑상선암 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 이중 11명은 제4병기, 47명은 제3병기였으며, 43명(남:여=4:39), 평균연령 50±11세)은 7.4 GBq 이하의 고식적인 저용량치료법으로 치료하였고, 9.25 GBq 이상의 고용량 치료를 받은 환자는 15명(남:여=5:10, 평균연령 50±12세)으로 고용량군에서 남자가 더 많았으나 연령의 차이는 없었다. 고용량군 환자 모두에서 추적용량의 방사성옥소(평균 77±3 MBq)를 경구 투여한 후 혈중 방사능소실곡선을 통해 최대허용선량(maximum permissible dose, 이하 MPD)을 계산하였으며, 7명에서는 말초혈액림프구의 중기염색체분석법에 의해 생물학적으로 MPD를 계산하였다. 14명에서는 치료용량의 방사성옥소를 투여한 후 혈중 방사능소실곡선을 통해 MPD를 계사하였다. 완전치유(complete response, 이하 CR)는 IWBS에서 병소가 없어지고, 혈중 Tg치가 1 ng/mL 이하로 감소한 경우로 정의하였으며, 부분치유(partial response, 이하 PR)는 IWBS에서 병소가 없어졌더라도 혈중 Tg, ATA치가 높거나, US 또는 PET 검사에서 병소가 남아있는 경우로 정의하였다. 치료후 IWBS에서 병소가 오히려 증가하거나 변함없는 경우는 없었다. 방사성옥소 치료에 의한 부작용은 입원기간 중 타액선이 현저하게 붓고 통증이 있거나, 구토를 심하게 하는 경우, 그리고 퇴원후 1개월째 백혈구수가 20% 이상 감소한 경우로 정의하였다. 결과 : 양 군간에 연속적인 수치변화를 비교하는 경우는 paired t-test를 이용하였으며, 대상군간 치료효과와 부작용의 비교는 chi-square test를 이용하였다. p값 0.05 미만을 통계적으로 유의한 차이로 인정하였다. 고용량군 환자 모두에서 추적용량과 치료용량의 방사성옥소 투여 후 혈액의 피폭선량은 각각 0.012±0.3 Gy, 1.66±25 Gy였으며, 방사성옥소 투여 후 혈액에 전달되는 피폭선량은 추적용량보다 치료용량에서 더 많았고 (1.21: 166 rad, p<0.001), 방사성옥소 1 mCi당 혈액에 전달되는 피폭선량은 차이가 없었다(0.58±0.1 vs. 0.56±0.1 rad/37 MBq, p=0.34). 추적용량 방사성옥소 투여 후 구한 MPD는 평균 13.3±1.9 GBq (9.7 ~ 16 GBq) 이였고, 치료용량 방사성옥소 투여 후 구한 MPD는 평균 13.8±2.1 GBq (10.4 ~ 16.3 GBq)로 유의한 차이가 없었으며 (p=0.20), 두 수치간에는 유의한 상관 관계가 있었다(r=0.8, p<0.0001). 7명의 환자에서 말초혈액림프구 중기염색체 분석법으로 MPD를 측정하였는데 혈액의 피폭선량은 1.78±0.03 G였으며, 같은 환자에서 혈중 방사능소실곡선으로부터 구한 피폭선량은 1.54±0.03 G로 유의하게 낮았으나 (p=0.01), 두 측정치 간에는 유의한 상관관계(r=0.86, p=0.01)가 있었다. 저용량 치료군 43명 중 22명(51.2%)에서 완전치유를 보였고 21명(48.8%)에서는 부분치유를 보인 반면 고용량 치료군 15명 중 12명(80%)에서 완전치유를 보였고 3명(20%)에서만 부분치유를 보여 고용량 치료군에서 유의하게 높은 완전치유를 얻을 수 있었다(p=0.05). 한편 부작용 발생빈도는 저용량 치료군 43명 중 13(30.2%), 고용량 치료군 15명 중 6명(40%)로 양군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.46). 임상적인 병기, 연령 및 성별에 따라서는 치유의 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 결론 : 혈중소실곡선으로부터 MPD를 결정하고 이를 토대로 환자 개개인별로 적절한 선량을 선택하여 치료하는 방법은 부작용을 최소화하면서도 치료효과를 높일 수 있는 매우 유용한 치료법이며, 고위험군 분화갑상선 암 환자에게 가장 적절한 치료법이라고 사료되었다. Purpose: Radioiodine (1-131) therapy is an effective modality to reduce both recurrence and mortality rates in differentiated thyroid cancer. Whether higher doses shows higher therapeutic responses was still debatable. The purpose of this study was to validate curve-fitting (CF) method measuring maximum permissible dose (MPD) by a biological dosimetry using metaphase analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Materials and Methods: Therapeutic effects of MPD was evaluated in 58 patients (49 females and 9 males, mean age 50±11 years) of papillary thyroid cancer. Among them 43 patients were treated with ≤7.4 GBq, while 15 patients with ≥9.25 GBq. The former was defined as low-dose group, and the latter high-dose group. Therapeutic response was defined as complete response when complete disappearance of lesions on follow-up 1-131 scan and undetectable serum thyroglobulin levels were found. Statistical comparison between groups were done using chi-square test. P value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: MPD measured by CF method using tracer and therapeutic doses were 13.3±1.9 and 13.8±2.1 GBq, respectively (p=0.20). They showed a significant correlation (r=0.8, p<0.0001). Exposed doses to blood measured by CF and biological methods were 1.54±0.03 and 1.78±0.03 Gy (p=0.01). They also showed a significant correlation (r=0.86, p=0.01). High-does group showed a significantly higher rate of complete response (12/15, 80%) as compared to the low-dose group (22/43, 51.2%) (p=0.05). While occurrence of side effects was not different between two groups (40% vs. 30.2%, p=0.46). Conclusion: Measurement of MPD using CF method is reliable, and the high-dose 1-131 therapy using MPD gains significantly higher therapeutic effects as compared with low-dose therapy.

확률 뇌 지도를 이용한 뇌 영역의 위치 정보 추출

김진수,이동수,이병일,이재성,신희원,정준기,이명철 대한핵의학회 2002 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.36 No.6

목적: SPM 기법을 이용하여 뇌 영상을 분석할 때 Talairach 뇌 지도를 찾아 해부학적 정보를 추측함으로 생기는 문제점들을 해결하기 위하여 통계적 확률 뇌지도(SPAM)을 이용하여 뇌 영역에 대한 해부학적 위치와 확률을 추출하는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 대상 및 방법: 몬트리얼 신경과학연구소에서 개발한 MNI152 표준지도에 기반한 SPAM을 이용하였다. SPM 분석 결과로 주어진 x, y, z 좌표 값을 입력하면 SPAM의 해당 좌표에서 0이 아닌 확률 값을 갖는 영역의 이름 및 확률을 추출하여 출력하게 하였으며 가장 높은 확률을 갖는 영역의 SPAM표준지도 위에 표시하도록 하였다. IDL 및 자바를 기반으로 프로그램을 개발하였으며 향후 인터넷 기반 프로그램으로 확장이 용이하게 하였다. 이 프로그램의 유용성을 보이고자 기존의 SPM 결과보고형식과 이 프로그램에 대한 예비적인 검증을 위하여 활성화되는 영역이 국소화되고 또한 그 영역이 잘 알려져 있는 기억 활성화 PET 실험 분석에 이 프로그램을 적용하여 보았다. 결과: 기존의 SPM 분석한 결과는 MNI 좌표계에서의 좌표 값만을 보여주나 이 프로그램을 이용하여 그 좌표에 대한 확률적 해부학적 정보를 얻을 수 있었다. 기억 실험 결과 유의한 활성화를 보인 영역에 대해서 이 프로그램을 적용한 결과 좌측해마구성체일 확률이 80% 이상임을 알 수 있었으며 이는 이 영역이 기억기능을 담당한다는 기존의 널리 알려진 사실과 잘 부합되었다. 결론: 이 연구에서 개발한 프로그램을 이용하여 MNI 좌표에 대한 해부학적 위치와 확률을 빠르고 정확하게 찾을 수 있어서 뇌영상 분석에 유용할 것이다. Purpose: The use of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) program has increased for the analysis of brain PET and SPECT images. Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinate is used in SPM program as a standard anatomical framework. While the most researchers look up talairach atlas to report the localization of the activations detected in SPM program, there is significant disparity between MNI templates and Talairach atlas. That disparity between Talairach and MNI coordinates makes the interpretation of SPM result time consuming, subjective and inaccurate. The purpose of this study was to develop a program to provide objective anatomical information of each x-y-z position in ICBM coordinate. Materials and Methods: Program was designed to provide the anatomical information for the given x-y-z position in MNI coordinate based on the Statistical Probabilistic Anatomical Map (SPAM) images of ICBM. When x-y-z position was given to the program, names of the anatomical structures with non-zero probability and the probabilities that the given position belongs to the structures were tabulated. The program was coded using IDL and JAVA language for the easy transplantation to any operating system or platform. Utility of this program was shown by comparing the results of this program to those of SPM program. Preliminary validation study was performed by applying this program to the analysis of PET brain activation study of human memory in which the anatomical information on the activated areas are previously known. Results: Real time retrieval of probabilistic information with 1 ㎜ spatial resolution was archived using the programs. Validation study showed the relevance of this program: probability that the activated area for memory belonged to hippocampal formation was more than 80%. Conclusion: These programs will be useful for the result interpretation of the image analysis performed on MNI coordinate, as done in SPM program. (Korean J Nucl Med 2002;36;317-24)

J.S. Mill의 人間本性(Human Nature) 에 관한 硏究

金熙俊 全北大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

The topic to be presently discussed is to clarify concept of Human Nature which can be condensed from voluminous book of J.S. Mill. He can safely be compared both with Marx and Hegel in term of extending heritage and of powerful influence for various field such as political science, social philosophy and economic view of impending capitalist system. He published such a lot of books that none of his follower can be equaled to him. Most of his books are now recommended as unforgettable classic books to be kept on shelf. His book "On liberty", in particular, has been named for historical milestone which showed us the way out of confusion and disorder by ever-growing industrial capital and by authoritative and uniformed bureaucratic system. This essay is one of serie dealing with his liberalism, related part of which was been published before and will be published hereafter. This essay consist of two part; the first part described human nature of whether he is really serious or not when he is grouped together his social companion. Is he egoistic, partial and aggressive even though he claimed for public spirit. The second part deals with possible answer by suggesting three different view of human nature; following Chapman, we can distinguish three general classes of explanations; (a) instinctivist, (b) environmentalist and (c) developmentalist. In an instinctivist explanation of personality, the major psychological characteristics of a person are derived from innate disposition that are not liable to much, if any, change. Such theories hold that the human mind has certain innate or inherited tendencies which are the essential springs or motive power of all thought and action, whether individual or collective, and are the basis from which the character and will of individuals and nations are gradually developed under the guidance of the intellectual faculties. Plato whose doctrine of tripartite structure; reason, spirit and appetite, seem to qualify innate tendencies as essential spring of thought and action. Environmentalist, being rival to doctrine described above is the view that human properties are predominantly the consequences of learning in response to environmental conditions. In has two distinct form of this view; geneticism and organism. Geneticism seeks to account for a person's thoughts and actions via the particular experience he has undergone. The radical view holds that the sole determinant of personality is the experience that comprise the individual's history. Skinner even admits in his Walden Two, behavioral engineering to produce the desired sorts of persons. Like geneticism, organism too holds that personality is formed by the environment. But whereas the former looks at the specific experiences of the individual, the organist bases his explanation on the culture in which the person lives. Social and psychological processes which make it for us to adapt ourself are ordered by cultural blueprints, because human behavior is inherently plastic. The prolonged controversy among proponents of instinctivist and environmentalist way of thinking has led to a third view that seeks to account for the influence of both nature and nurture. According to this view, our personality is seen as an outcome of the interaction of innate tendencies and environmental condition. In sum, I placed social way of Mill's thought among third view of human development.

John Rawls의 正義論과 自然權 思想

金熙俊 全北大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

Topic to be presently discussed is to clarify original influence of thinker from whom John Rawls has begun and expanded to publish such a comprehensive book as A Theory OF Justice. His masterpiece, immediately after publication, has gained wide attention across the Atlantic ocean from English-speaking social scientist including ethics, economic and even legal scholar. As is shown from reading preface in the book, his idea has been cross-referenced, unified and synthesized while meeting various challenge conducted against him by many commentators during last two decade of gestation period. He can be safely compared to alchemist of idea who had collected here and there and geniusly changed into his own one, with results sometimes like those of shouting spectator around the big stage. Several books and articles on Rawls have recently been appeared, though each is out of date shortly after its publication. That is why someone, bolted with clean state of original position, compared contratarian Rawls with Rousseau after 300 years survival, utilitarian Rawls with H. Sidgwick, liberal figure of 19th century and maximinian Rawls with revisionist liberalism providing outlet for fatal competition between western and non-western system. Nearly all the philosopher including some of economists and political scientist who are conscious of up-to-date periodicals and journals have felt it necessary to imitate him, to borrow from his book, or to refute him. Wide-spread interest, which he is taking attempt to find a clue to ethical problem, economic distribution and political institution, are putting strong emphasis on progressive improvement or development of human nature. Rawls and Mill are, so often and rightly, grouped together as representative liberalist against Hegel or Hegelian marxist. Many of scholars such as Robert Paul Wolff and R.M. hare went so far as to put him another re-interpretation of utilitarianism. But in this paper I have attempted to show that, in so far as ethical problem is concerned, he takes a different view of perspective. Utilitarianism requires the maximization of the total net utility of all members of society. It allows the sacrifice of some people's liberty and social and economic expectation in order to raise the level of total utility in the society, whereas Rawls principles explicitly prohibit such sacrifices. Rawls has placed his priority of individual right above consideration of public interest; system of slavery violates the principle of justice and so is always unjust and morally wrong, regardless of whether weighing up advantage and disadvantage of the system. It is what natural law theorist from Hobbes to Kant, meant : a precious sovereignty of individual was the ultimate and only source of group-authority and the community was only an aggregate-a mere union, whether close or loose-of the will and power of individual persons; they all agreed that all forms of common life were the creation of individuals and could only be regarded as means to individual objects. In that point, Rawls' respect for individual right can be connected with that of Rousseau, Locke or Kant, least of utilitarian thinker. This paper divided into two parts; part I deals with basic model of natural right to show whether individual right is absolute or relative, and to show how it is related with conception of equality. Part II deals with detailed interpretation of Rawls' principle with basic conception of right in mind.