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Haynes, Charles S. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1970 言語敎育 Vol.2 No.1
Before such matters as personnel, curriculum and scheduling of a seminar are considered, the administrator of an in-service teacher training seminar must realistically consider the previous training, teaching experience, competence in the language and special problems of the participants who will be invited or required to attend the seminar. Only after this is done can the administrator begin to plan a realistic program. What general assumptions can be made about Korean English teachers? The Korean English teacher's preparation for English teaching seems to be largely reading and translating classical and modern English literature. In addition he may have had a course or two in linguistic science and/or English grammar and perhaps in a few cases, a course in language teaching methodology which may have been a historical survey of English teaching in Korea. Finally, most teachers will have had a few hours of practice teaching under the direction of an experienced teacher, using the prescribed English texts.
Escalation of competition into conflict in competitive networks of Formula One drivers
Piezunka, Henning,Lee, Wonjae,Haynes, Richard,Bothner, Matthew S. National Academy of Sciences 2018 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.115 No.15
<▼1><P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Competition, while often seen as beneficial, can escalate into destructive conflict. This occurs, for instance, when athletes sabotage each other or when rival executives get caught up in a career-derailing fight. These escalations into conflict are especially likely among status-similar competitors, who are fraught with discordant understandings of who is superior to whom. We examine the link between status similarity and conflict as well as the conditions under which this link holds. We find that status-similar Formula One drivers are more prone to collide, especially when they are age-similar, perform well, are embedded in a stable role structure, and feel safe. Our inquiry deepens our understanding of when violent conflict emerges and can guide conflict prevention efforts.</P></▼1><▼2><P>This article investigates the factors that escalate competition into dangerous conflict. Recent sociological theorizing claims that such escalations are particularly likely in dyads of structurally equivalent people (i.e., actors who have the same relations with the same third parties). Using panel data on Formula One races from 1970 through 2014, we model the probability that two drivers collide on the racetrack (an observable trace of conflict) as a function of their structural equivalence in a dynamic network of competitive relationships. Our main hypothesis, that the likelihood of conflict rises with structural equivalence, receives empirical support. Our findings also show that the positive association between structural equivalence and conflict is neither merely a matter of contention for official position nor an artifact of inherently hostile parties spatially exposed to each other. Our analyses further reveal that this positive association is concentrated in a number of theoretically predictable conditions: among age-similar dyads, among stronger performers, in stable competitive networks, and in safe, rather than dangerous, weather conditions. Implications for future research on conflict, networks, and tournaments are discussed.</P></▼2>
Self‐Assembled Plasmonic Nanoring Cavity Arrays for SERS and LSPR Biosensing
Im, Hyungsoon,Bantz, Kyle C.,Lee, Si Hoon,Johnson, Timothy W.,Haynes, Christy L.,Oh, Sang‐,Hyun WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.25 No.19
<P><B>Self‐assembled plasmonic nanoring cavity arrays</B> are formed alongside the curvature of highly packed metallic nanosphere gratings. The sub‐10‐nm gap size is precisely tuned via atomic layer deposition and highly ordered arrays are produced over a cm‐sized area. The resulting hybrid nanostructure boosts coupling efficiency of light into plasmons, and shows an improved SERS detection limit. These substrates are used for SERS detection of the biological analyte, adenine, followed by concurrent localized surface plasmon resonance sensing.</P>
SUMO-specific protease 2 mediates leptin-induced fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle
Koo, Young Do,Lee, Ji Seon,Lee, Seung-Ah,Quaresma, Paula G.F.,Bhat, Ratan,Haynes, William G.,Park, Young Joo,Kim, Young-Bum,Chung, Sung Soo,Park, Kyong Soo Elsevier 2019 clinical and experimental Vol.95 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background and purpose</B></P> <P>In addition to the central nervous system-mediated action, leptin also directly induces fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. Rapid induction of FAO by leptin is mediated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, but the mechanism of prolonged FAO by leptin was previously unknown. In an earlier study, we showed that free fatty acids increase transcription of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) specific protease 2 (SENP2) in skeletal muscle, and that SENP2 stimulates expression of FAO-associated enzymes by deSUMOylating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARδ and PPARγ. In this study, we examine whether SENP2 is involved in prolonged stimulation of FAO by leptin.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>The Effect of leptin on expression of SENP2 and on SENP2-mediated FAO was investigated by using western blotting and real time qPCR of C2C12 myotubes, and of C2C12 myotubes in which expression of specific genes was knocked down using siRNAs. Additionally, muscle-specific SENP2 knockout mice were generated to test the involvement of SENP2 in leptin-induced FAO in vivo.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>We show that leptin treatment of C2C12 myotubes causes signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to bind to the <I>Senp2</I> promoter, inducing SENP2 expression. We also show that leptin increases the binding of PPARδ and PPARγ to PPRE sites in the promoters of two FAO-associated genes: long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (<I>Acsl1</I>) or carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1b (<I>Cpt1b</I>). When SENP2 is knocked down in myotubes, leptin-induced expression of FAO-associated enzymes and prolonged increase of FAO are suppressed, but rapid increase of FAO is unaffected. In addition, leptin-induced expression of FAO-associated enzymes was not observed in muscle tissue of SENP2 knockout mice.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>We demonstrate that the peripheral actions of leptin on FAO are mediated by two different pathways: AMPK causes a rapid increase in FAO, and SENP2 of the STAT3 pathway causes a slow, prolonged increase in FAO.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Leptin directly activates AMPK and STAT3 through leptin receptor in skeletal muscle. </LI> <LI> Leptin increases transcription of <I>Senp2</I> through STAT3 activation. </LI> <LI> Leptin increases expression of FAO-related genes through PPAR desumoylation by SENP2. </LI> <LI> Leptin increases FAO acutely by AMPK and later by the STAT3/SENP2 pathway. </LI> </UL> </P>
Jones, Jana,Mirzaei, Mehdi,Ravishankar, Prathiba,Xavier, Dylan,Lim, Do Seon,Shin, Dong Hoon,Bianucci, Raffaella,Haynes, Paul A. Royal Society 2016 Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical Vol.374 No.2079
<P>This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.</P>
Johnson, Nichola,Dudbridge, Frank,Orr, Nick,Gibson, Lorna,Jones, Michael E,Schoemaker, Minouk J,Folkerd, Elizabeth J,Haynes, Ben P,Hopper, John L,Southey, Melissa C,Dite, Gillian S,Apicella, Carmel,Sc BioMed Central 2014 Breast cancer research Vol.16 No.3
<P><B>Introduction</B></P><P>We have previously shown that a tag single nucleotide polymorphism (rs10235235), which maps to the <I>CYP3A</I> locus (7q22.1), was associated with a reduction in premenopausal urinary estrone glucuronide levels and a modest reduction in risk of breast cancer in women age ≤50 years.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>We further investigated the association of rs10235235 with breast cancer risk in a large case control study of 47,346 cases and 47,570 controls from 52 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Genotyping of rs10235235 was conducted using a custom Illumina Infinium array. Stratified analyses were conducted to determine whether this association was modified by age at diagnosis, ethnicity, age at menarche or tumor characteristics.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>We confirmed the association of rs10235235 with breast cancer risk for women of European ancestry but found no evidence that this association differed with age at diagnosis. Heterozygote and homozygote odds ratios (ORs) were OR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.94, 1.01; <I>P</I> = 0.2) and OR = 0.80 (95% CI 0.69, 0.93; <I>P</I> = 0.004), respectively (<I>P</I><SUB>trend</SUB> = 0.02). There was no evidence of effect modification by tumor characteristics. rs10235235 was, however, associated with age at menarche in controls (<I>P</I><SUB>trend</SUB> = 0.005) but not cases (<I>P</I><SUB>trend</SUB> = 0.97). Consequently the association between rs10235235 and breast cancer risk differed according to age at menarche (<I>P</I><SUB>het</SUB> = 0.02); the rare allele of rs10235235 was associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk for women who had their menarche age ≥15 years (OR<SUB>het</SUB> = 0.84, 95% CI 0.75, 0.94; OR<SUB>hom</SUB> = 0.81, 95% CI 0.51, 1.30; <I>P</I><SUB>trend</SUB> = 0.002) but not for those who had their menarche age ≤11 years (OR<SUB>het</SUB> = 1.06, 95% CI 0.95, 1.19, OR<SUB>hom</SUB> = 1.07, 95% CI 0.67, 1.72; <I>P</I><SUB>trend</SUB> = 0.29).</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>To our knowledge rs10235235 is the first single nucleotide polymorphism to be associated with both breast cancer risk and age at menarche consistent with the well-documented association between later age at menarche and a reduction in breast cancer risk. These associations are likely mediated via an effect on circulating hormone levels.</P>