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The Antecedent Factors Influencing Long-term Relationship Orientation in Overseas B2B Markets
Hao Zhang(Hao Zhang),Yeung-Kurn Park(Yeung-Kurn Park),Xueting Zhang(Xueting Zhang) 한국무역연구원 2022 무역연구 Vol.18 No.6
Purpose – Based on the past overseas business experiences of China Business to Business (B2B) enterprises, this study focuses on the influence of relationship marketing factors on the long-term relationship orientation of trading partners. First, this study discusses whether the relationship marketing factors in B2B environment-information sharing, customer orientation and interdependence will lead to the relationship satisfaction of enterprise customers. Then, it discusses whether relationship satisfaction leads to long-term relationship orientation of corporate customers. Finally, the mediating role of relationship satisfaction between relationship marketing factors and long-term relationship orientation is analyzed. Design/Methodology/Approach – The data were collected through questionnaires, and the persons in charge of sales and purchases of 350 B2B enterprises in China were investigated. Finally, 296 valid questionnaires were used for research and analysis. Findings – The analysis results of this study are summarized as follows: First, this study reveals the positive influence of relationship marketing factors such as information sharing, customer orientation and interdependence on relationship satisfaction. Second, relationship satisfaction is confirmed to have a positive impact on long-term relationship orientation. Third, the analysis of the mediating effect of relationship satisfaction shows that “relationship marketing factors lead to long-term relationship orientation through relationship satisfaction. Research Implications – This study confirms that information sharing, customer orientation, and interdependence are key factors that shape relationship satisfaction. Managers of B2B companies should have a clear understanding of relationship marketing. All policies and behaviors of an enterprise must be guided by the interests and needs of enterprise customers and ran through the entire process of production and marketing. Enterprises should strengthen two-way communication with corporate customers to understand each other’s needs and gradually form interdependent relationships with corporate customers. They should provide customers with comprehensive and thoughtful services, so that they can have a sense of identity and belonging to the enterprise, and then achieve relationship satisfaction and be willing to maintain a long-term relationship.
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Zhang, Hao,Moon, Young-Kwon,Zhang, Xue-Quan,Liu, Jing-Sheng,Zhang, He-Xin,Yoon, Keun-Byoung Pergamon Press 2017 European polymer journal Vol.87 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A facile method for preparing polyethylene (PE)/octadecylamine-functionalized MoS<SUB>2</SUB> (ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) nanocomposites through in situ polymerization with an ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>-MgCl-TiCl<SUB>4</SUB> catalyst was developed. The catalyst was synthesized simply by the treatment of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> with a Grignard reagent, followed by anchoring of a TiCl<SUB>4</SUB> catalyst. The resulting catalyst exhibited higher activity toward ethylene polymerization than did an ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>-free catalyst. After polymerization, the resultant PE/ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> nanocomposites reproduced the catalyst morphology, showing a flaked morphology. In addition, the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PE were significantly enhanced by the introduction of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> fillers. These properties could result from the good dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> fillers and the PE matrix.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PE/ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> nanocomposites were successful synthesized through in-situ polymerization. </LI> <LI> The resultant nanocomposites had a layered morphology. </LI> <LI> The ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> fillers well dispersed in the PE matrix with strong interfacial adhesion. </LI> <LI> The thermal stability and mechanical properties of PE were significantly enhanced with the addition of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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Zhang Jian Hao,Li Hai Hai,Zhang Gui Jie,Zhang Ying Hui,Liu Bo,Huang Shuai,Guyader Jessie,Zhong Rong Zhen 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.10
Objective: Tan lambs (n = 36, 3 mo old, 19.1±0.53 kg) were used to assess effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum parameters. Methods: Lambs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with 6 pens per group and 2 lambs per pen. Dietary treatments were: basal diet alone (I); basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM (II); and basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.08% RPM (III). Diets were provided three times a day for 90 d. Intake per pen was recorded daily and individual lamb body weight (BW) was measured monthly. Carcass traits were measured after slaughter and meat quality at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken on a subgroup of lambs for analysis of indicators mostly related to protein metabolism. Results: Final BW and average daily gain for the first and second month, and for the entire experiment were greater in Treatment II compared to Treatment I (p<0.05), whereas feed to gain ratio was lower (p<0.05). Treatment II had the optimal dressing percentage and net meat weight proportion, as well as crude protein and intramuscular fat concentrations in muscles. Treatment II improved meat quality, as indicated by the greater water holding capacity, pH after 45 min and 48 h, and lower shear force and cooking loss. Dietary supplementation of GAA and RPM also increased the meat color a* and b* values at 24 h. Finally, Treatment II increased total protein, and serum concentrations of albumin and creatinine, but decreased serum urea nitrogen concentrations, indicating improved protein efficiency. Conclusion: In this study, 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality of Tan lambs. Objective: Tan lambs (n = 36, 3 mo old, 19.1±0.53 kg) were used to assess effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum parameters.Methods: Lambs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with 6 pens per group and 2 lambs per pen. Dietary treatments were: basal diet alone (I); basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM (II); and basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.08% RPM (III). Diets were provided three times a day for 90 d. Intake per pen was recorded daily and individual lamb body weight (BW) was measured monthly. Carcass traits were measured after slaughter and meat quality at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken on a subgroup of lambs for analysis of indicators mostly related to protein metabolism.Results: Final BW and average daily gain for the first and second month, and for the entire experiment were greater in Treatment II compared to Treatment I (p<0.05), whereas feed to gain ratio was lower (p<0.05). Treatment II had the optimal dressing percentage and net meat weight proportion, as well as crude protein and intramuscular fat concentrations in muscles. Treatment II improved meat quality, as indicated by the greater water holding capacity, pH after 45 min and 48 h, and lower shear force and cooking loss. Dietary supplementation of GAA and RPM also increased the meat color a* and b* values at 24 h. Finally, Treatment II increased total protein, and serum concentrations of albumin and creatinine, but decreased serum urea nitrogen concentrations, indicating improved protein efficiency.Conclusion: In this study, 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality of Tan lambs.
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Zhang, Hao,Liu, Jing-Sheng,Zhang, He-Xin,Ko, Eun-Bin,Park, Jae-Hyeong,Moon, Young-Kwon,Shin, Byeong-Kwang,Zhang, Xue-Quan,Yoon, Keun-Byoung American Scientific Publishers 2018 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.18 No.4
<P>A facile coagglomeration method for preparing a long alkyl chain modified graphene oxide (MGO)/MgCl2-supported Ti-based Ziegler-Natta catalyst was reported. The effects of MGO on the catalyst morphology and activity for ethylene polymerization were examined. The resultant polyethylene (PE)/MGO nanocomposites exhibited a layered morphology, with the MGO fillers being well dispersed and exhibiting strong interfacial adhesion to the PE matrix. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the PE were significantly enhanced with the introduction of a small amount of the MGO filler. Thus, this work provides a facile approach to the production of high-performance PE.</P>
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Zhang Jiahui,Xu Lili,Zhang Gumuyang,Zhang Daming,Zhang Xiaoxiao,Bai Xin,Chen Li,Peng Qianyu,Jin Zhengyu,Sun Hao 대한영상의학회 2025 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.26 No.5
Objective: This study investigated the value of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in predicting Gleason score (GS) upgrading and downgrading in radical prostatectomy (RP) compared with presurgical biopsy. Materials and Methods: Clinical and mpMRI data were retrospectively collected from 219 patients with prostate disease between January 2015 and December 2021. All patients underwent systematic prostate biopsy followed by RP. MpMRI included conventional diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the factors associated with GS upgrading and downgrading after RP. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to estimate the area under the curve (AUC) to indicate the performance of the multivariable logistic regression models in predicting GS upgrade and downgrade after RP. Results: The GS after RP was upgraded, downgraded, and unchanged in 92, 43, and 84 patients, respectively. The AUCs of the clinical (percentage of positive biopsy cores [PBCs], time from biopsy to RP) and mpMRI models (prostate cancer [PCa] location, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] v2.1 score) for predicting GS upgrading after RP were 0.714 and 0.749, respectively. The AUC of the combined diagnostic model (age, percentage of PBCs, tPSA, PCa location, and PIRADS v2.1 score) was 0.816, which was larger than that of the clinical factors alone (P < 0.001). The AUCs of the clinical (age, percentage of PBCs, ratio of free/total PSA [F/T]) and mpMRI models (PCa diameter, PCa location, and PI-RADS v2.1 score) for predicting GS downgrading after RP were 0.749 and 0.835, respectively. The AUC of the combined diagnostic model (age, percentage of PBCs, F/T, PCa diameter, PCa location, and PI-RADS v2.1 score) was 0.883, which was larger than that of the clinical factors alone (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Combining clinical factors and mpMRI findings can predict GS upgrade and downgrade after RP more accurately than using clinical factors alone.
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Zhang Jun,Wu Ke,Zhang Xuanchen,Han Hao,Zhang Tao,Zhang Wei,Cheng Yong,Lu Kun 한국원자력학회 2025 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.57 No.7
The bilateral control method serves as the primary means of interaction for remote handling (RH) in CFETR, effectively enhancing operations performance during interaction with the environment. However, traditional control methods excessively rely on the system’s inherent performance and the operator skill, making it necessary to introduce the admittance control strategy to further enhance operational safety. This paper adopts the Naturally-Switching Velocity and Admittance Control (NSVAC) method, ensuring operational safety through a combination of velocity and admittance control. In this study, an analysis was conducted on the variations in interaction forces at different positions during the RH process. When the force is below a predetermined value, velocity control was applied; otherwise, admittance control was used. In order to naturally and smooth switching between the two modes, the control law and switch function were provided. Subsequently, the system behavior using NSVAC is analyzed and the stability analysis based on passivity control theory is conducted. Finally, the effectiveness of the NSVAC method is validated through simulation and experiments. The results strongly indicate that NSVAC not only meets practical operational requirements but also effectively guarantees the safety of operations throughout the process.
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Zhang Yuanhao,Li Hao,Zhang Minqi,Jiang Xueping,Chen Chen,Zhang Xiaohui,Zhang Ran,Huang Gaiqun,Liu Gang,Gui Zhongzheng 한국응용곤충학회 2024 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.27 No.3
In recent years, the microbial degradation of cellulose has emerged in addressing environmental pollution and acting as a substitute for scarce animal feeds. This study conducted a whole-genome sequencing analysis of a cellulose-degrading bacterium known as Bacillus subtilis DC11, previously isolated from the silkworm excrement. A critical cellulase gene was identified, namely ytoP. The ytoP gene was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli using genetic engineering. ytoP is a segment of the endoglucanase gene in Bacillus subtilis DC11 and was found to be 1074 bp in size and encoded 357 amino acids. This study effectively constructed the cellulase expression vector and achieved successful expression of the ytoP gene from strain DC11 in E. coli BL21 (DE3). SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed that the protein had an approximate size range of 40–50 KDa and a concentration of around 3.675 mg/mL. An assay of enzyme activity demonstrated that the purified protein, with a concentration of approximately 100 μg/mL, exhibited a maximum activity of 12.980 U/mL. Through the integration of whole-genome sequencing and genetic engineering techniques, the critical cellulase gene ytoP from Bacillus subtilis DC11 has been successfully cloned and expressed, achieving highly efficient cellulase production. This study lays the foundation for large-scale applications of microbial cellulose degradation in the future.
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The Impact of Public Pension on Chinese Household Consumption
Ya-Hao LI(Ya-Hao LI),Fan YANG(Fan YANG),Shuang ZHANG(Shuang ZHANG) 한국웰빙융합학회 2024 웰빙융합연구 Vol.7 No.1
Purpose: The improvement of the social security system can greatly affect residents' future uncertainty, and it is important to study the relationship between public pensions and household consumption. Research design, data and methodology: Using the 2018 China Household Panel Survey (CFPS) data, the instrumental variable method is used to analyze the impact of pension insurance on urban residents' consumption. Results: The results of the study show that there are differences in the impact of three different pension insurance systems on household consumption. The pension insurance for public sector significantly boosts household consumption, and having a pension insurance for public sector can increase household consumption by 7.7%. The pension insurance for enterprise employee will reduce household consumption, but this is only significant for urban households. The pension insurance for urban and rural residents has a negative impact on household consumption. For the 16- to 39-year-old group, having a pension insurance for urban and rural residents will reduce household consumption by 5.7%. At the same time, household income, assets, scale, and education level will positively stimulate household consumption. Conclusions: The study reveals varying impacts among different pension types, highlighting the need for optimizing social security schemes to incentivize higher consumption rates.
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A 2 GS/s, 6-bit DAC for UWB Applications In 0.18 ㎛ CMOS Technology
Yi Zhang,Zhonghua Liu,Changchun Zhang,Yufeng Guo,Ying Zhang,Xiaopeng Li,Youtao Zhang,Hao Gao 대한전자공학회 2019 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.19 No.6
To satisfy higher and higher transmission rate and broadband requirement of modern communication, high-speed, low-resolution Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) becomes the key element. In this paper, the design of a 2 GS/s, 6 bit DAC without calibration for Ultra-wideband (UWB) applications, is presented. The DAC is based on current steering architecture and is segmented with 4 bit unary and 2 bit binary. To realize larger linear range and fast switching, the source degeneration switch is designed instead of the traditional differential switch. The DAC is designed and taped-out in SMIC 0.18 ㎜ CMOS technology and the area is 975 ㎛´ 775 ㎛. The wafer bonding measurement results shows that the DNL is 0.11 LSB, INL is 0.25 LSB. Under a clock frequency of 2 ㎓, the DAC can achieve a SFDR of 51 ㏈ for input signal of 6㎒, and a SFDR of 32.4 ㏈ for Nyquist input while the power consumption is 79 ㎽.
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