한설야의 중국 인식 -소설 『대륙』과 중국기행문을 중심으로-

한홍화 ( Hong-hwa Han ) 한민족문화학회 2016 한민족문화연구 Vol.54 No.-

이 글은 한설야의 소설 대륙 과 북경여행을 바탕으로 쓰인 기행문을 중심으로 작가의 중국인에 대한 인식을 살펴보았다. 특히 만주족과 한족두 민족의 관계에 대한 작가적 인식을 통해 중국 판도에 대한 한설야의 심상지리를 고찰하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 소설 『대륙』에서 한족은 일본인에 의해 만주족의 비교 대상으로 취급되면서 만주족과 분리되는데, 문화, 언어적 차이 속에서 ``한족적``인 것은 부정되고 만주족의 민족적 정체성은 부각되어 나타난다. 일본인의 이러한 언행은 당시 한족에 대한 ``만주국``의 분리.이간 정책을 체화한 일본인의 내면의식을 보여주는 것이다. 한설야의 중국기행문에서 한족과 만주족은 성격적 공통성에 근거해 동질성이 부각되면서 ``중국인``의 정체성으로 나타나고 있다. ``중화민국``안에서 ``중국인``으로 통합된 ``만지인(滿支人)``은 또한 ``만주국`` 만주인과 대륙적 성격과 기질을 공유했다는 의미에서 다시 ``대륙인``으로 통합된다. 결국 작가는 ``만주국`` 안( 대륙 )에서 말할 수 없었던 ``만지인``의 중국적 또는 대륙적 성격을 ``만주국`` 밖(중국기행문)에서 말함으로써 만주족과 한족 사이, ``만주국``의 ``만지인``과 중국 본토 간의 끊을 수 없는 연대성 즉 ``만주국``과 중화민국은 물리적 국경과는 상관없이 ``하나``의 통일체임을 보여주고 있는 것이다. This paper examines the perception of Chinese by the author, Han Seolya, focusing on his novel ``The Continent `` and his traveler``s journal on China based on his travel to Beijing. The purpose of this study is to consider imagined geographies by Han Seolya regarding Chinese territory especially through his perception on the relationship of Manchu and Han. In the novel ``The Continent ``, Han people were compared with Manchu people by Japanese and divided from Manchu people; Han``s culture and language were considered negatively and Manchu``s identity was positively valued. Such division by Japanese reveals their intention that led to separation and alienation policy of Manchu against Han. Han and Manchu in Han Seolya``s traveler``s journal on China shared a common ground in their nature and homogeneity was emphasized for their shared identity as ``Chinese``. ``Manchu and Han people`` incorporated into ``Chinese`` in ``the Republic of China`` is again incorporated into ``the Continent people`` since they share the continental nature and characteristics with Manchu people of ``Manchuria``. After all, the author speaks of the Chinese and continental nature of ``Manchu and Han people``, which could not be spoken within ``Manchuria``(``The Continent ``), from the outside of ``Manchuria``(the traveler``s journal on China) to show undeniable connection between Manchu and Han; and ``Manchu and Han people`` of ``Manchuria`` and the Chinese mainland; and to show that regardless of physical borders, ``Manchuria`` and the Republic of China are ``one`` in unity.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

구조모형분석을 통한 지역축제 방문객의 환경단서, 내적반응, 행동의도의 영향관계 분석

한경운 ( Kyungwoon¸ Han ),정은성 ( Eunseong¸ Jeong ),손민영 ( Minyoung¸ Son ),홍경화 ( Kyunghwa¸ Hong ) 전남대학교 지역개발연구소 2020 지역개발연구 Vol.52 No.2

지역축제는 개최 지역의 사회적, 경제적, 그리고 문화적 혜택을 제공하고 있으며, 또한 축제 개최지의 장소마케팅과 지역활성화에 이바지하고 있다. 이에 따라 학자들과 정책가들은 지역축제 활성화 방안에 관심을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 지역축제 활성화와 지속가능성을 추구하기 위하여 지역축제 방문객이 지각하고 있는 환경단서, 내적반응 및 행동의도 간의 영향관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 구조모형 분석결과, 지역축제 방문객이 지각하고 있는 환경단서의 3개 하위 요인 프로그램, 매력성 및 안내성은 내적반응에 정(+)의 방향으로 내적반응에 유의적인 영향관계를 나타낸 반면, 환경단서의 2개 하위 요인인 청결성과 접근성은 내적반응에 유의한 영향관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 지역축제 방문객이 지각하고 있는 지역축제에 대한 내적반응은 행동의도에 유의한 영향관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과들은 지역축제가 그들의 지속가능한 운영을 위해 지역축제의 다양한 프로그램 개발과 축제 정보를 제공하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 시사하고 있다. Local festivals provide social, economic and cultural benefits to the communities in which they occur, and contribute to destination marketing and promotion. Scholars and practitioners, therefore, have paid attention to research local festivals in order to suggest implications for festivals’ promotion and sustainability. For this reason, the primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among environmental cues, internal responses, and behavioral intention of local festival visitors. The result of the structural equation model reveals that three factors of environmental cues of the local festival such as program, attraction, information have a positive regression weight on internal responses while two factors of environmental cues, cleanness and accessibility, have not. In addition, a factor of internal responses has a positive regression weight on behavioral intention of local festival visitors. These results indicate that local festivals are to make efforts to develop diverse programs, and provide festival information for their sustainable operation.

신라와 고려시대 조탑(造塔) 경전의 역할과 기능

홍대한 ( Dai Han Hong ) 단국사학회 2011 史學志 Vol.42 No.-

탑은 불상 출현 이전부터 불타와 교단을 상징하는 역할을 담당해 왔으며, 불교는 불탑을 중심으로 성장했다고 해도 지나침이 없을 것이다. 초기 불탑은 형식상 인도 재래의 분묘양식과 의례를 수용하였으며, 점차 불타 가르침의 거점으로 인식하는 경향이 증대되었다. 동시에 재가신자들의 보시 물품이 불탑을 중심으로 집중되고 이를 통해 불탑을 생활거점으로 삼는 출가보살의 교단이 조직되었다. 이렇듯 불탑의 출현은 단순히 불타의 분묘라는 개념을 넘어 대승불교와 보살집단의 출현이라는 교리체계의 변화를 가져왔다. 대승경전 성립 이전 불제자의 범주에는 재가와 출가의 구분이 명확하지 않았다. 부파 불교에서는 보시를 공양하는 우바새와 공양을 받는 비구 승가와의 대응이 성립되어 있었지만 보살 가나에는 그러한 분화가 없었다. 단지 불타는 인간과 신의 공양을 받는 사람이므로 불타를 상징하는 불탑에는 보시물이 쌓여있었을 뿐, 이를 사용해서는 안 된다는 불문율이 지켜졌다. 초기 교단에서는 불탑 건립과 공양은 오직 재가 신도의 역할일 뿐이지 출가자는 관여할 바가 아니라고 규정했다. 그러나 건탑 행위의 증가와 함께 불탑에 대한 공덕이 강조되자 출가자 역시 점차 불탑을 신앙의 범주로 수용하게 되었고, 사원 내에 탑이 건립되기 까지 이르렀다. 뿐만 아니라 불탑의 구조와 건립 그리고 공양 절차를 언급한 여러 대승경전류이 간행되면서 초기 造塔經의 출현을 가져오게 되었다고 생각한다. 불탑건립은 불탑신앙과 함께 건립목적을 뒷받침하기 위한 경전의 간행을 동반했다. 중국에 있어 이른 시기의 불탑 건립 역시 일정한 의궤와 절차를 따랐을 것이지만 명확한 자료는 남아 있지 않다. 통일신라는 8세기 초엽 『無垢淨光大陀羅尼經』의 전래와 함께 새로운 전환점을 맞이하였다. ``無垢淨塔``이라는 명칭의 사용과 함께 불탑의 형식·내재적 의미·예경법 등에서 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 물론 『無垢淨光大陀羅尼經』의 전래 이전에도 불탑건립의 공덕과 제작법을 언급한 『造塔功德經』을 비롯해 『阿含經』과 『涅槃經』 등이 유포되었기 때문에 일정한 절차와 사상을 갖고 造塔行爲가 이루어졌음은 짐작할 수 있다. 고려시대는 『無垢淨光大陀羅尼經』의 영향이 잔존하는 상황에서 唐 代宗12년(772) 한역된 『寶□印陀羅尼經』이 간행되면서 불탑 건립에 있어 錢弘□ 寶□印塔의 영향을 직접적으로 수용한 大坪里寺址 寶□印塔·『寶□印陀羅尼經』을 탑에 봉안한 月精寺八角九層石塔 등 이전과 다른 造塔 사례가 확인된다. 본 논문에서는 삼국~고려시대 행해진 불탑건립에 있어 조탑경전의 영향과 변화과정을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 특히 『무구정경』에서 『보협인다라니경』으로의 소의경전 변화는 국내 불교신앙의 변화를 전반적으로 이해하는데 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 이에 대해본 논문에서는 공덕개념의 확대를 통해 근기가 낮은 민중을 포섭하기 위한 목적으로 해석하였다. 그러나 소의경전을 어떻게 받아들이게 되었는지에 대한 경로, 법사리가 납입된 석탑의 조성 목적과 사리기 등에 대한 검토는 거의 논의하지 못했다. 이러한 과제들에 대해서는 앞으로 세밀한 검토와 개별석탑의 분석을 통해 해결해 나가야 할 것이다. Before the advent of a Buddhist statue, pagoda served as the symbol of Buddha and religious body, and Buddhism has grown into a Buddhist center of pagoda. The early pagoda form accepted native Indian burial mounds and ceremony and was increasingly inclined to recognize Buddha as a base for teaching. At the same time, home goods in the believers is focused around pagoda, and denomination of Buddhist saint was ordained through life suing it as a base. Thus, the emergence of a pagoda is simply beyond the concept of Buddha`s tombs, the emergence of Mahayana Buddhism and the doctrine of collective care of the system were changed. Mahayana scriptures of Buddhism established the category of previously married, the distinction between home and it was not clear. In the sectarian buddhism, the memorial service for the Propagation of Buddhism and the offering of a new correspondence between the incoming Upasaka(a male lay disciple, 優婆塞) and bhiksu(a buddhist male monk, 比丘) samgha(the buddhist community; the community of buddhist practitioners, 僧伽) was established in bodhisattva Ghana, but take care that there was no differentiation Only Buddha is the recipient that was offered from people and gods, so in a pagoda that symbolizes the Buddha alms was accumulated. In the early religious body, pagoda building and offering is just the only believers` role and is not the priesthood`s. However, as pagoda building increased and Buddhist merit was stressed, the monk also gradually became accepted pagoda as the category of faith, pagoda became erected in temples. As well as the structure and construction of a pagoda and a memorial to the current published procedures, I thought to have been led to the emergence of early guna sutra of made the stupa(造塔經). Pagoda building would have accompanied the publication of the scriptures with the faith of pagoda. In China, early pagoda building also followed protocols and procedures, but certain specific materials does not leave. In the beginning of 8th century, our country were prepared new turn with the introduction of ``Pure Light Dharani Sutra``(無垢淨光大陀羅尼經). The term of the stupa of ``Pure Light Dharani Sutra``(無垢淨塔) is used as well, the implicit meaning of the format was to bring a big change. Of course, before the introduction of ``Pure Light Dharani Sutra``(無垢淨光大陀羅尼經), because guna sutra of made the stupa(造塔功德經), agama sutra(阿含經) and nirvana sutra(涅槃經) referred to the virtue of pagoda building and production process are current, we can guess that pagoda building was done with certain procedures and thoughts. In Korea period, Sarvatathagatadhisthanahrdayaguhyadhatukarandamudradharani(sutra)(寶□印陀羅尼經) written chinese letters was published under the influence of ``Pure Light Dharani Sutra`` (無垢淨光大陀羅尼經). In pagoda building, the site ruins of a temple of Daepyung- Ri(Hamlet)(大坪里寺址) dharani stupa(寶□印塔), dharani sutra(寶□印陀羅尼經) which was directly introduced the influence of Qian Hong-Shu(錢弘□) dharani stupa(寶□印塔) was enshrined in Wol-jung temple`s Stone stupa(月精寺八角九層石塔). This is different example of pagoda building. This article is about the role of ``Pure Light Dharani Sutra``(無垢淨光大陀羅尼經) in the middle of 8th century that was completed pagoda of set period. And I will examine how dharani sutra(寶□印陀羅尼經) was settled as doctrinal background. I will discuss along with features on formative how the faith change of pagoda was reflected in the pagoda building.

도시 하천의 수질특성에 관한 연구 ( 제1보 ) - 중랑천을 (中浪川) 중심으로 -

한상욱,홍사욱 ( Sang Wook Han,Sa Uk Hong ) 한국하천호수학회 1985 생태와 환경 Vol.18 No.3·4

The Chungryang-stream is one of the tributaries of the Han-river which flows through the north-eastern part of Seoul city which is the largest one in Korea. The total length of the stream is 102.2 kilometers (main stream: 42.2 kilometers, its branch: 60 kilometers) and the study area is about 239 square kilometers with the population of 1.8 million. Major sources of pollution on the stream in study area are both of industrial and domestic waste water, which adversely affect the water quality of the down stream of the Han-river. The water quality measured by BOD_5 of the upstream of Chungryang-stream was about 7.0 milligrams per liter. However passing through the area of the Euijungbu, the water quality measured by BOD_5 was showing high concentration as about 40 milligrams per, liter due to the sewage from the Euijungbu city and the highly polluted water of Paeksuk-stream. No significant seasonal changes in DO concentration are shown in main stream except upstream and the ratio of T. coli/F. coli is 3. 4 in the upstream, 1. 6 in the midstream and 2.3 in the downstream. COD values of sediments range from 3. 0 to 384. 9 milligrams per liter and it is found a wide viriation of the values owing to the rainfall.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

초등학생의 패스트푸드 이용횟수에 따른 식행동 및 영양지식 비교

한희숙,안홍석 誠信女子大學校 生活文化硏究所 2008 生活文化硏究 Vol.23 No.1

The present study surveyed elementary school students' fast food consumption patterns, dietary behavior, nutrition knowledge, and examined if these variables were different according to the frequency of fast food consumption. The subjects of this study were a total of 589 fifth and sixth grade students from two elementary schools in Seoul, and according to the frequency of fast food consumption, they were classified into frequent-users (1-2 times or more a week, 14.9%), moderate-users (2-3 times a month, 48.2%) and non-users (fewer than once a month, 36.8%). Frequent-users consumed fast food when they felt hungry, and moderate-users and non-users consumed it on special days. As to whether they consider nutrition and health when choosing fast food, 10.2% of the frequent-users replied 'Not consider at all' and the percentage was higher than that of the moderate-users (7.4%) and the non-users (7.4%). Father's education level was higher in non-users than in frequent-users and moderate-users. The amount of monthly pocket money was larger in frequent-users and moderate-users than in non-users. The mean score of dietary habit (out of 75 points) was 55.40 in frequent-users, 58.11 in moderate-users and 62.10 in non-users, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.001). Frequent-users showed more severe unbalanced diet and more frequent dining out. The mean score of nutrition knowledge (out of 20 points) was 15.90 in frequent-users, 16.24 in moderate-users and 16.86 in non-users, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the results, when the frequency of fast food consumption is higher the amount of monthly pocket money is larger, and when the frequency of fast food consumption is lower father's education level is higher and the students have more desirable dietary habits and correct nutrition knowledge. Furthermore, students with correct nutrition knowledge showed more desirable dietary habits. Accordingly, there should be systematic and continuous nutrition education at home and in school so that elementary school students lead a healthy dietary life by refraining themselves from indiscreet eating of fast food and developing desirable dietary habits.

탱크 모델에 의한 洪水 流出量 解析에 關한 硏究

洪昌璿,崔漢圭 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 1983 産業技術硏究 Vol.3 No.-

This study aims at the determination of the coefficienties of runoff and infiltration affecting runoff. The rting curve is more available than the peak flood runoff to determine flood control plan of flood control reservoir and the volume of hydroelectric power plant, or to make multipurpose dam. In hydrologic analysis and design, it is necessary to develop relations between precipitatio and runoff, possible using some of the factors affecting runoff as parameters. In order to calculate the runoff discharge, the runoff process constituting elements are divided to the surface runoff, the subsurface runoff and the groundwater runoff. By comparing the computed hydrograph with the measured hydrograph, determinned the watershed TANK Model constant Varying the tank model constant for approximating the computed hydrograph to the measured hydrograph.

신경망모형을 이용한 아파트 가격 모형에 관한 연구

홍한국 동의대학교 경제경영전략연구소 2010 經濟經營硏究 Vol.5 No.2

This paper estimates the inherent value of an apartment by multiple regression and neural network model, after analyzing intrinsic factors such as physical, regional, and environmental characteristics of an apartment with Hedonic price function. The purpose of this paper is to find out inherent factors which influence an apartment price and to analyze how much each factor has an impact on the price through comparison and verification of the estimated values. The research method is as followings: First, we set an apartment price model with the inherent factors such as Floor, Situation, the number of Rooms, the number of Bathrooms, Sewage disposal, Sea view, Noise, Open, Old. Second, this paper estimates the inherent value of an apartment by neural network model, and then figures out the factors determining an apartment price.

산업용 로봇 아암의 비쥬얼 피드백 제어 알고리즘 개발

한성현,Le Xuan Thu,김홍래,안종국 한국공작기계학회 2006 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

The equipment of industrial robot in manufacturing and assembly lines has rapidly increased. In order to achieve high productivity and flexibility, it becomes very important to develop the visual feedback control system with Off-Line Programming System(OLPS). We can save much efforts and time in adjusting robots to newly defined workcells by using OLPS. A proposed visual calibration scheme is based on position-based visual feedback. The calibration program firstly generates predicted images of objects in an assumed end-effector position. The process to generate predicted images consists of projection to screen-coordinates, visible range test, and construction of simple silhouette figures. Then, camera images acquired are compared with predicted ones for updating position and orientation data. Computation of error is very simple because the scheme is based on perspective projection, which can be also expanded to experimental results. Computation time can be extremely reduced because the proposed method does not require the precise calculation of tree-dimensional object data and image Jacobian.