舊韓國時代 體育史 硏究 : In Center of the Nationalistic Character

李學來 漢陽大學校 體育科學硏究所 1986 體育科學 Vol.6 No.6

The following conclusion is made as a result of the study with the nationalistic viewpoint on the physical education in the era of Dai Han (Korean) Empire when the movement for recovering the national right was actively conducted. 1. The national consciousness in the era of Dai Han (Korean) Empire shown in the national crisis, that is called forfeiture of national right, was homogeneous with the racial consciousness. The consciousness of "An individual physical strength is the very national power" is gained based on (from foundation of) such national consciousness. That is, it is recognized that an individual physical' strength is proportioned to the strength or weakness of the national power as a. nation is composed of individuals. Out people's mission (task) was to overcome and defeat the imperialist's invasion by making rapid accomplishment of a wealthy country and a powerful army then; therefore, concrete and substantial training of the military power is the most urgent need for such purpose. It was understood then that the fundamental power for training the military power can be attained from all people's physical strength, and the effective subject for the training the physical strength is the military style gymnastics with the military characteristics. In other words, it was understood from the standpoint of the nationalism that the military style gymnastic provides the nation (people) with the most effective power for recovering the national right. 2. The physical education (sports) in the said period was carried out and prevailed by the leaders of the 3 groups in general. The first one was the group of the persons engaging in the national movement for independence who resisted against the Japanese Imperialism; the second on was the military serviceman. group of the armed forces of Dai Han Empire and the third one was the group. of persons who were taking charge of the modern new education. Osan as a national leader established a basic education policy for cultivation of sound personality, training of the persons for the netional movement with strong: patriotism, training of a man of ability with real capability and training of the, strong physical strength. Here, the training of the persons for the national movement and the training of strong physical strength had an organic relation with each other. It is because that the physical education intended by Osan aimed not only at simple physical training but also at training an overall capability as a patriotic fighte, such as combat strength (fighting power), endurability and braveness, etc., who can, defeat the Japanese Imperialists in fighting, etc., who can defeat the Japanese' Imperialists in fighting. Lee Dong-Hui, Lee Sang-Jae, Mun Yil-Pyong, Lee Key and Lee Seung-Hoon, etc. were also in the same level (class) as Osan, who had initiatively encouraged and prevailed sports (hysical education) as Osan did. They had not only inspired a consciousness of recovering the national right through the military style gymnastics after establishing schools but also spread out the patriotic enlightenment movement to the common people by holding an athletic meetings (games) actively and by giving an address as to patriotism. The fact that the physical education at school was conducted mainly in center of military style gymnastic is in correlationship with the fact that most of physical education teachers then were former soldiers (military service men). Those physical education teachers (former soldiers) were the advance guard assigned to the schools for training the military power of the nation. Assignment of such former soldiers to the physical education teachers for taking charge of the nationalistic physical education turned out to (showed) an apparant phenomenon especially after issuance of an order for forced dismissal of the Dai Han Empire military force in 1907. The nationalistic physical education (sports) was spread out not only to school but also to the communities through each academic society and church activities then. It is one of such examples that Rev. Chun Deok-Ki established a youth institute (school) in the premises of Sang Dong Church and "Let the students put on uniform resembled to the military uniform aniform and enforced the military training intensely by singing military song with the rifle (wooden rifle) ?on their shoulders by making a pretense of teaching gymnastics at physical .education hours (class). 3. Such nationalistic physical education (sports) was extended to the community (society) physical education (sports) and developed outside of the school. Total 12 community sports clubs were established (organized) including Daehan Sports Club founded by more than 30 persons such as Kim Kee-Jeong and Hyun Jang-Wun and so on on March 11, 1906. It is well shown in the prospectus for .establishment (of such sports clubs that such clubs aspired to retain the nationalistic character. The nationalistic character retained by those sports clubs are well revealed (disclosed) in the patriotic movement song composed and saag by themselves. Most of contents (verses) of the said song imply the thought of recovering the national right. The song was the maior medium that makes the people who singhte song feel untied emotion and confirms mutual sense of a single body or unity.

舊韓末期 體育史 硏究 : 民族主義的 性格을 中心으로 In Center of the Nationalistic Character

李學來 동국대학교 대학원 1985 大學院硏究論集-東國大學校 大學院 Vol.15 No.-

The following conclusion is made as a result of the study with the nationalistic viewpoint on the physical education in the era of Dai Han (Korean) Empire when the movement for recovering the national right was actively conducted. 1. The national consciousness in the era of Dai Han (Korean) Empire shown in the national crisis, that is called forfeiture of national right, was homogeneous with the racial consciousness. The consciousness of “An individual physical strength is the very national power” is gained based on (from foundation of) such national consciousness. That is, it is recognized that an individual physical strength is proportioned to the strength or weakness of the national power as a nation is composed of indiveduals. Out people’s mission (task) was to overcome and defeat the imperialist’s invasion by making rapid accomplishment of a wealthy country and a powerful army then; therefore, concrete and substantial training of the military power is the most urgent need for such purpose. It was understood then that the fundamental power for training the military power can be attained from all people’s physical strength, and the effective subject for the training the physical strength is the military style gymnastics with the military characteristics. In other words, it was understood from the standpoint of the nationalism that the military style gymnastic provides the nation (people) with the most effective power for recovering the national right. 2. The physical education (sports) in the said period was carried out and prevailed by the leaders of the 3 groups in general. The first one was the group of the persons engaging in the national movement for independence who resisted against the Japanese Imperialism; the second one was the military serviceman group of the armed forces of Dai Han Empire and the third one was the group of persons who were taking charge of the modern new education. Osan as a national leader established a basic education policy for cultivation of sound personality, training of the persons for the national movement with strong patriotism, training of a man of ability with real capability and training of the strong physical strength. Here, the training of the persons for the national movement and the training of strong physical strength had an organic relation with each other. It is because that the physical education intended by Osan aimed not only at simple physical training but also at training an overall capability as a patriotic fighter, such as combat strength (fighting power), endurability and braveness, etc., who can defeat the japanese Imperialists in fighting, etc., who can defeat the japanese Imperialists in fighting. Lee Dong-Hui, Lee Sang-Jae, Mun Yil-Pyong, Lee Key and Lee Seung-Hoon, etc. were also in the asme level (class) as Osan did. They had not only inspired a consciousness of recovering the national right through the military style gymnastics after establishing schools but also spread out the patriotic enlightenent ovement to the common people by holding an athletic meetings (games) actively and by giving an address as to patriotism. The fact that the physical education at school was conducted mainly in center of military style gymnastic is in correlationship with the fact that most of physical education teachers then were former soldiers (military service men). Those physical education teachers (former soldiers) were the advance guards assigned to the schools for training the military power of the nation. Assignment of such former soldiers to the physical education teachers for taking charge of the nationalistic physical education turned out to (showed) an apparant phenomenon especially after issuance of an order for forced dismissal of the Dai Han Empire military force in 1907. The nationalistic physical education (sports) was spread out not only to school but also to the communities throuhg each academic society and church activities then. It is one of such examples that Rev. Chun Deok-Ki established a youth institute (school) in the premises of Sang Dong Church and Let the students put on uniform resembled to the military uniform and enforced the military training intensely by singing military song with the rifle (wooden rifle) on their shoulders by making a pretense of teaching gymnastics at physical eduction hours (class). 3. Such nationalistic physical education (sports) was extended to the community (society) physical education (sports) and developed outside of the school. Total 12 community sports clubs were established (organized) including Daehan Sports Club founded by more than 30 persons such as kim Kee-Jeong and Hyun Jang-Wun and so on on March 11, 1906. It is well shown in the prospectus for establishment of such sports clubs that such clubs aspired to retain the nationalistic character. The nationalistic character retained by those sports clubs are well revealed (disclosed) in the patriotic movement song composed and sang by themselves. Most of contents (verses) of the said song imply the thought of recovering the national right. The song was the major medium that makes the people who sing the song feel united emotion and confirms mutual sense of a single body or unity.

舊韓末期 體育史 硏究 : 民族主義的 性格을 中心으로

李學來 동국대학교 대학원 1985 연구논집 Vol.15 No.-

점탄성적 성질을 이용한 펄프 섬유 현탄액의 네트웍 강도 구명

이학래 서울대학교 농업개발연구소 1999 농업생명과학연구 Vol.3 No.-

To investigate the network strength of papermaking fibers the strengths of fiber network of various pulp suspensions at consistencies ranging from 1.0 - 3.0% were measured with an oscillatory viscometer. Results showed that the fiber network strength and yield stress increased with the increase of stock concentration, and their relationship could be described in power law equations. Fiber network strength decreased when mechanical treatments were made. Beating caused substantially greater reduction of the fiber network strength than kneading. The impact that beating or kneading treatment had on the length and elastic stiffness of fibers was demonstrated from a and b values of the regression equations. As the crill content of pulp suspension increased, the fiber network strength decreased dramatically. DIP and KOCC pulp suspensions formed weaker fiber network than virgin pulps because of high fines content

韓國 開化期의 體育思想

李學來 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1985 韓國學論集 Vol.8 No.-

The author came to the following conclusion as a result of the study on what the campaignre of the enlightenment had recognized on the physical education during the enlightenment period, when the national movement was actively developed(carried out) for builidng an independent nation by civilizing the nation through introduction of the civilized culture and newly developed education and also by reaching the target of the wealth and military power of the nation, and on how the physical education was introduced and developed from the viewpoint of ideas. 1. The ideas of physical education during the Korean enlightenment(civilization) period are revealed(shown)as the modern conception of physical education based on the educational principle that is called a trinity of wisdom(智), virtue(德)and body(體) and as the nationalistic characteristics called the movement for recovering the national right. The role of the education in the closing days of the Dai-Han(Korean) Empire(1897∼1910), that is called the period of a save-the-nation drive by education, is the movement for recovering the national rights. The physial educatcion appeared as a barnch of education was exactly in accord with the intention and objective of the education mentioned above. In other words, acceptance of the new studies was necessary in order to be survived in competition with the world Powers, and the physical education came into existence as a sort of the new studies. It was insufficient to maintain health only by improving the unsanitary environment(living conditions) butmmuch more positive training of the physical stregth was required for retaining the nation's independence by itself in cope with the imperialistic world Powers and for building an equal national power equivalent to those world Powers. It was why the campaigners of the enlightenment movement took a positive action for introducing and prevailing the physical education because they had thought that the people's physical strength provides the nation with the most(minimum) basic power for maintaining peace of the nation. Especially, the order of the priority in importance of education of vitre, physical education and education of wisdom mentioned (instructed) in the King Ko-Jong's(高宗皇帝) royal edict on education for building the nation had been changed to the order of physical education, education of virtue and education of wisdom by Lee Key (李沂). It is a remarkable event to be noticed that such change has clarified that the physical education is the most important subject of an education rather than (compared with) education of virtue and wisdom. 2. The recognition of reality for further strengthening our people in the competitive world where prevails the right of the strongest was indwelled in the background of our nation where the modern ideas of the physical education were introduced and prevailed. Such recogaition of reality had been revealeid (shown) much more materially snce when the right of our nation was forffited by Japan that won the Russo-Japanese War. The nationalistic idesas of physical education was an objective requirement in those days as the ideas which can overcome the national crisis, forfeiture of the national rights, and the thinkers of the physical education converted such nationalisitic ideas (of the physical education) to the ideas which can overcome the national crisis by indwelling the nationalistic characteristics into the modern ideas of physical education based on the neutral value and rationalism. 3. Outline of the contents of the school physical education, further regularized since promulgation of the King Ko-Jong's royal editc of education for building the nation and new educational system, were the sports (singing song, marching, ball game and race, etc.), common gymnastics (art of orrection, free gymnastics, an Indicn-club exercise,etc.) and military style gymnastics (marching in ranks, drilling with rifle, running/jogging,etc) though they may be somewhat different each other depending on school and school year; above of all, the military style gymnastic was a key subject (essence) of the school physical education in the late (closing) period of the Dai Han(Korean) Empire. The essential cause of that the military style gymnastic could be a key subject of the school physical education in the late era of Dai Han(Korean) Empire was because the military style gymnastic was adopted in order to protect the Korean people from the (possible) aggression of the imperialistic world Powers in thoseddys. The task(mission) of our nation was to protect us (defeat) the imperialistis aggression by rapidly building a wealthy country and a powerful army, and it was the most urgent need to train and bring up the definite military power for such purpooe. The basic power for training the military power could be attained from all peopl'es physical strength and the school was the optimum organization/institute (where the said training of the phsycal strength could be carried out) for bringing up the physical strength. And the curriculum that can undertake such training was the gymnastic; the most effective subject among the gymnastics was the military style gymnastic. 4. The developing processof the Koren physical education in the eniightnment period can also be shown in the activities of the physical education in the form of games as a part of the community sports along with the school physical education. The games in those days not only took a role of prevailing the modern physical education(sports) widely to the common people but also took charge of performing the function of awakening the national consciousness in the national crisis confronted and enlightening (introducing) new knowledge. Such games had roughly 3 characteristics: First, the games were held in center of student; second, as recreation and lecture meeting were also held at the games besides to (the event of) sports game, the games implied a character of the national festival, and the last one was that contents of the sports game were mostly recreations but the military game was also included then. Such military function was closely related to the function of the physical education in those days, that is, the physical training for foundation of recovering the national rights was in close relation to the function of training the military power backed up with such training. Such games, together with the function of recovering the sense of national solidarity(unity), were the essential elements(factors) which can specify the physical education in those day as the nationalistic physical education.

청소년의 스포츠활동 참가유무와 학교생활 적응에 관한 연구

이학래,김석규 漢陽大學校 體育科學硏究所 2003 體育科學 Vol.23 No.23

This study in order to make sure the relationship between adolescents sports activity and the fitness of school life, at first I examine the difference of school life's fitness according to the sport activities experience. Second, this study was to examine the effect of sport activities on the fitness of school life. To make use of Stratified Cluster Random Sampling Method, all 320students(160 participants, 160 non-participants) being in middle & high school sin Seoul presently were selected as a sampling group, the only half of whom have the experience of sports activity participation. Questions are made up of such variables as a characteristic of a home back ground, sports activity participation and the fitness of school life. Dependability and appropriateness of questions were verified through improvement of question quality, preliminary inspection, investigation of literature studies and experts' conference. Especially as a result of questions about the fitness of school life by preliminary inspection those questions showed comparatively high dependability that the price of alpha comes to be 0.637. And statistics method used for data analysis in this study are Frequencies, ANOVA. By verifying experimentally an hypothesis about the relationship between sports activity participation of adolescents and the fitness of school life, acquired results are as follows. Participation in sports activity has an effect on adolescents the fitness of school life. In general the rate of the fitness by participants group in sports activity is higher than the rate of non-participants group.

韓國 國家代表級 柔道選手의 體力에 관한 硏究 : Comparaison par Categorie de Poids

李學來 漢陽大學校 1974 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

Nous avons essaye d'analyse et de comparer, par categorie de poids les conditions physiques des membres de l'equipe nationale de Judo de notre pays afin de pouvoir utiliser ces elements acquis pour elaborer une methode scientifique et rationnelle de l'entrainement. Pour parvenir a ce but, nous avons esseye de determiner l'etat de l'evolution de la capacite physique des membres de notre equipe de Judo au cours de dernier jours consecutifs de l'entrainement intensif. le resultat dont nous avous acquis par cet experience est comme le Tableau 4. D'apres le Tableau 4 et les fig. 1∼10, ce sont les categories de Moyen et de Mi-lourd gui ont fait progres d'avantage que celles de leger et de Mi-Moyen. Nous pouvons estimer sur ce resultat que le plan d'entraimement (Tableau 2) a ete plus adaptable et valable pour les categories de Moyen et de Mi-lourd que celles de leger et de Mi-Moyen. Cependant, puisque chez les athletes cont la mis en train physique etait deja tres poussee le progres ne peut etre que limite generalement, nous pounons voir donc que le resultat Obtenu par notre analyse est un temoin que les membres des categories de Moyen et de Mi-lourd de notre equipe de Judo n'etaient pas suffisament developpes les conditions physiques.

韓紙 슬러지ㆍ 木材 파티클 複合보드의 製造硏究 : II.韓紙 슬러지ㆍ 木材 파티클 複合보드의 機械的 性質 II.Mechanical Properties of Hanji(Korean Paper)SludgeㆍWood Particles Composite

이학래,손정일,김현중,이필우 한국목재공학회 2002 목재공학 Vol.30 No.2

韓紙製造工程 中에서 發生하는 백색 슬러지와 흑색 슬러지를 각각 일정비율(10, 20, 30, 40%)로 木材 파티클과 混合하고 PMDI, 요소 및 페놀수지를 이용하여 目標比重 0.60, 0.75, 0.90 별로 複合모드를 製造하여 機械的 性質을 측정한 결과 파티클보드에 韓紙 슬러지를 약 20%까지는 混合하여 複合材를 제조하여도 충분히 可能하리라 믿어진다. This research was carried out to develop the Hanji(Korean paper) sludge ·wood particle composite utilizing the waste sludges occurring from the making process of Hanji(Korean paper). At the research, four mixing ratios of white or black sludge to wood particle(10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60), three types of the resin adhesives(PMDI, urea and phenol resin) and three levels of the densities(0.60, 0.75 and 0.90) were designed to investigate the mechanical properties of Hanji(Korean paper) sludge ·wood particle composite. In the white and black sludge ·wood particle composites, bending properties(MOR, MOE) showed the decreasing tendency according to the increase of sludge additive, but it was clearly increased with the increase of specific gravity. Also tensile strength had the same tendency as in these bending properties. The internal bond strength of white sludge ·wood particle composite had no tendency, but that of black sludge ·wood particle composite was decreased as an increase of Hanji sludge additive.

노인의 생활체육활동 참여와 여가만족도의 관계

이학래,한정훈 漢陽大學校 體育科學硏究所 2003 體育科學 Vol.23 No.23

As the society system becomes industrialized and urbanized, most seniors have been excluded from laboring and social participating compulsorily or voluntarily. Further more, the trend toward the nuclear family initiated by young generation has taken away even the role of them and gave them much leisure time. This leisure time is not the one which is given in the social and family role, but the one which is spent in vain without any given role. The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the effect of sport program for senior citizens in their leisure and life satisfaction. To achieve this purpose, the correlation between the existence of participation in the life sports and the leisure satisfaction of seniors and the correlation between the higher degree of participation in the life sports. The major findings obtained from this study were following. First, it found that participants in sport for all program of older persons showed greater leisure satisfaction than non-participants Second, the higher the frequency and duration of participation in sport for all program, the higher leisure satisfaction. Based upon these findings and within limitations of this study, it was concluded that participation in sport for all program of older persons would increase the leisure satisfaction.

障碍者의 스포츠 참여 활성화 방안 : 스포츠시설을 중심으로. espexially concentrated on sports facilities

천길영,이학래 漢陽大學校 體育科學硏究所 1994 體育科學 Vol.14 No.14

Social interest in the disabled, with 1988 Seoul Paralympics As a turing point, has been accounted much of. According to Dr. Luding Guttman initially advocating an athletic meeting for the spinal handicaped in 1948 and activating the spinal education for the disabled, the reason why the disabled positively participate in sports is that they overcome their physical disorder and enhance their spiritual strength nessary for social uni - fication. I think that our country, while foreign countries gradually emphasize the necess - ity of physical education for the disabled, is in the dead ground in this respect. In this study, 1 compare our poor sports facilities with advanced those of Japan and analyze the actual conditions. The object of this report shall be to provide basic data necessary for preparing more developmental program for disabled. In case of Korea, 1 investigate 48 welfare facilities amamg total 86 registered on the Ministry of Health and Social Affaird and limit the subject to physieal education facilities within welfare facilities established for the disabled. I distribute a questionaire to 86 welfare facilities and receive the answer by mail. In case of Japan, 1 refer to 1990 report of survey on sports facilities for the disabled and limit the subject to welfare facilities for the disabled and physical education facilities for the disabled emplyee. The contents are as follows : 1) Establishment of welfare facilities for the disabled by year. 2) User of physical education facilities for the disabled. 3) Number of user of physical education facilities, for the disabled. 4) Reason why sports facilities are necessary for the disabled. 5) Sports items the disabled like. 6) Reason why it diffcult for the disabled to utilize the common public physical education facilities. From the above survey I conclude that the fallowing developmental measure is taken to activate the disabled's participation in sports. 1) Govemental support for establishment of physical education facilities wihtin welfare facilities for the disabled. 2) Equipment of convenience facilities for disabled within the common public physical education facilities. 3) Establishment of sports center for the disabled to utilize physical education facilities and to be effectively ground. 4) Rearing of specialist in sports facilities for the disabled and arrangement of sports program by pattern of disabled.