“Medicine of the Grassroots”: Korean Herbal Medicine Industry and Consumption during the Japanese Colonial Period

HUANG Yong-yuan 대한의사학회 2020 醫史學 Vol.29 No.1

近代东亚的医生:古城梅溪的生涯与在朝鲜及清朝的活动

?永?(Huang, Yong-Yuan) 동북아시아문화학회 2020 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.62

As a doctor, Baikei Kojyo had a far-reaching impact in the modern history of East Asia. He started his career as a doctor in Korea where he established a private hospital. At the same time, he paid much attention to the health and epidemic prevention status in Korea and established the Training School for Vaccination Masters in order to cultivate doctors in the area of vaccination in Korea. Moreover, he was recruited by the Korean government as a teacher of Public Medical School, which made him an eyewitness and participant of the formation of Korean modern medicine. Baikei was once hired by Yuan Shi-kai as a health consultant of Chihli province as a reward for helping Yuan escape from Korea successfully during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and he played a certain role in the development of the health system and medical education in Tianjin during his stay in Chihli. After Japan’s annexation of Korea, Baikei, with the support of his brothers, moved into the political and business circles, and finally became a celebrity of the Japanese society in Korea. Baikei Kojyo played an important part in the modern history of Korean medicine. His contribution to popularizing vaccination techniques and spreading western medical and health knowledge in Korea should be properly evaluated. But it was worth noting that much of his success was based on Japan’s expansion and colonization of Korea. He outlined poor medical and sanitation conditions in Korea. He shows a sense of superiority and an enlightener"s commanding attitude when faced with Korea, which is reminding us of modern western medicine"s construction system towards the society as well as the connotative power relationship and supremacy of medicine itself.

근대전환기의 서적과 지식체계 변동 : 『황성신문』의 광고를 중심으로

황영원 ( Yong Yuan Huang ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2013 大東文化硏究 Vol.81 No.-

근대로 들어서면서 청일전쟁 이후 국제관계의 격동적인 변화로 인해 한국은 전통적인 중화문명권에서 탈피하여 서구적 문명의 성격을 띠는 일본을 문명개화의 모델로 삼았으며, 언어생활과 지식체계의 변동을 겪게 되었다. 이에 따라 국외로부터 수입하거나 번역한 서적 및 국내에서 출판한 서적은 이전과는 다른 모습을 보이게 되었다. 한 시대의 서적을 고찰해 봄으로써 그 시대의 지식체계와 정신세계를 파악할수 있으며, 그 시대가 근대를 향해가며 추구했던 가치와 지향점 또한 살펴볼 수 있을 것이다. 이는 당시 전환기에 놓여있던 한국에도 해당된다. 본 논문에서는 기존 서적학의 연구를 바탕으로 하여『황성신문』의 광고에 게재되었던 서적을 망라하여, 분류·통계 등의 종합적인 분석과 당시의 서적이 집중적으로 다루었던 테마와 담론을 통해서, 그 시대의 지식체계 변동과 아울러 당시 지식인들이 추구했던 문명관 및 근대성을 탐구해 보고자 한다. Entering into modern, especially after the Sino-Japanese War, because of the rapidly changing international relations, Korea escaped from the traditional Chinese culture circle, and regarded Japan which assumed a character of western culture as the model. At the same time, Korea witnessed a change of language and knowledge system. So, books which were imported or translated or published directly in domestic differed from the ones before. Studying the books of some particular period is a good way to access to the knowledge system and mentality of that historical period. And can also inquire into the definition and value about modernism or that time. Especially for Korea which was in Modern Transition. Based on the existing studies of Bibliography, this paper will collect information of the books which appeared in the advertisements of Hwangsongshinmun (Hwangsong Daily Newspaper), and then through classification, statistic and comprehensive analysis of those books, to have a look at the themes of the books and contents which were discussed. By this task, We can figure out the change of knowledge system of this period, and comprehend what was thought as civilization and modernism by the intellectuals of that time.

전시체제기 일제 한의학 정책의 변화 - 제국적 연관의 시각을 중심으로 -

황영원(Huang, Yong yuan) 동북아시아문화학회 2023 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.77

Despite the withdrawal of traditional medicine (Kampo) from the national healthcare system throughout modern Japan, its use has not disappeared entirely. In the mid-1920s, a new generation of Kampo practitioners led a revival of Kampo use in Japan. Particularly following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese Kampo community, aligned with Japan’s external aggressive policies during that period, employed Kampo as a tool for cultural influence in China and sought to win the hearts and minds of the Chinese people. They aspired to foster collaboration within East Asia, leading to the emergence of ‘Oriental Medicine’ discourse. They sought to leverage the unique circumstances of wartime to rejuvenate and revitalize Kampo. The trends in Japanese Kampo are disseminated through networks of individuals centered around the East Asian Medical Association, influencing regions including Korea, Manchukuo, and inner China. In Korea, notable figures like colonial official scholar Sakihara Tokuha championed this approach. In parallel with the Japanese Kampo community, they advocated for ‘Oriental Medicine.’ In contrast to the previous strategy of ‘eliminating physicians but retaining the medicines,’ they advocated the establishment of Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM) hospitals and TKM research institutes in Korea, along with comprehensive studies on TKM itself. Sakihara Tokuha’s viewpoints served as a clear reflection of the shifts in Japan’s colonial TKM policies during this era. The ‘ambition’ of the Japanese medical community to revive Kampo found its earliest success in Manchukuo. With the involvement of figures from the Japanese Kampo community and Sakihara Tokuha, Manchukuo officially recognized the status of TCM, introduced TCM examinations, instituted TCM hospitals and research centers, and established formal educational institutions for TCM. It is worth noting, however, that these series of reform measures in Manchukuo were essentially modeled after the new style of TCM from Japan and thus became a historical opportunity to transform traditional East Asian medicine and proliferate Japanese-style Kampo.

가려진 의생단체의 모습 ― 일제시기 동서의학연구회를 다시 보다 ―

황영원 ( Huang Yong-yuan ) 수선사학회 2017 史林 Vol.0 No.59

Research Society of The East and West Medicine(RSEWM) was a leading organization of Korean Medicine Physicians which was established in November 1917, and had existed until the 1940s. In particular, in the 1920s, this association established regional branches not only in the Korean Peninsula but also in Bukgando, and was a nationwide organization with more than 3,000 members. In the 1920s, when Korean medicine was politically marginalized, in order to strengthen the position of Korean medicine physicians, RSEWM launched a lot of activities as following: publishing monthly magazines, conducting re-education, establishing Korean Medicine Education Institution, and operating charities and so on. In the 1930s, Korean medicine, especially traditional Korean herbal medicine had began attracting social and political interests, RSEWM tried its best to be the authority of Korean medicine knowledge, by frequently sending lecturers to various occasions. RSEWM had existed for almost 20 years, and had a considerable impact on the survival of Korean medicine throughout the Japanese colonial period. However, as this article argued, RSEWM kept a close relationship with the colonial authority from the beginning of the era. This tight relationship between RSEWM and the colonial authority revealed not only in the aspect of the human resource placement in organizing RSEWM, and also in its path dependence and the orientation. Furthermore RSEWM absorbed the Western medicine positively, and tried its best to enter into the hygiene system which was led by the colonial authority. During the Japanese colonial period, medical hygiene system was implemented by Western medicine side only. Under such circumstance, For RSEWM, Entering into the hygiene system means inevitably compromising and cooperating with the colonial authority. In previous studies, especially has been conducted by scholars of Korean Medicine, Korean medicine was regarded as the national medicine, which implies the meaning of anti-Japanese. However we could find out that it`s not the historical truth. In other words, during the Japanese colonial period, Korean Medicine played the role of people`s medicine, not national medicine. In addition, as the internal dispute lasting from October 1924 to January 1926 depicts, among Korean medicine physicians, there the conflicts did existed, which were mainly caused by other reasons rather than differences of academic views. On this point, studies of this topic are expected to proceed further.

Engineering the morphology <i>via</i> processing additives in multiple all-polymer solar cells for improved performance

Yuan, Jianyu,Xu, Yalong,Shi, Guozheng,Ling, Xufeng,Ying, Lei,Huang, Fei,Lee, Tack Ho,Woo, Han Young,Kim, Jin Young,Cao, Yong,Ma, Wanli The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for e Vol.6 No.22

<P>In this contribution, we report the working mechanisms of several processing additives for controlling the morphology of four all-polymer systems. The optical and electrical properties, photovoltaic performance, morphology and the dynamic process of film formation of these all-polymer systems were thoroughly examined. We revealed that the effect of additives is largely dependent on the aggregation behaviors of the polymers used. Here, the polymer acceptors with large planar structures have stronger inter-chain interactions, which make their morphology more susceptible to additive treatment compared to the donors. 1,8-Di(R)octane (R = Cl, Br, and I) additives can be applied to multiple all-polymer devices with improved efficiency due to their general capability to increase the crystallinity and extend the effective time during the film formation. Interestingly, DBrO outperforms the widely used DIO, obtaining a highest efficiency of 8.23% for the PTzBI/P(NDI2OD-T2) based all-polymer solar cells, indicating finer morphology control by a subtle change of the additive structure. In contrast, the addition of chloronaphthalene (CN) can alleviate the inter-chain interaction of polymers to prevent the formation of oversized domains, which make it especially efficient for systems using strongly aggregated polymers like P(NDI2OD-T2). Our results provide insight into processing additives and suggest guidelines to rationally select additives for nonfullerene solar cells.</P>

Interplay of nonsymmorphic symmetry and spin-orbit coupling in hyperkagome spin liquids: Applications to Na4Ir3O8

Huang, Biao,Kim, Yong Baek,Lu, Yuan-Ming American Physical Society 2017 Physical Review B Vol.95 No.5

<P>Na4Ir3O8 provides a material platform to study three-dimensional quantum spin liquids in the geometrically frustrated hyperkagome lattice of Ir4+ ions. In this work, we consider quantum spin liquids on a hyperkagome lattice for generic spin models, focusing on the effects of anisotropic spin interactions. In particular, we classify possible Z(2) and U(1) spin liquid states, following the projective symmetry group analysis in the slave-fermion representation. There are only three distinct Z2 spin liquids, together with 2 different U(1) spin liquids. The nonsymmorphic space group symmetry of the hyperkagome lattice plays a vital role in simplifying the classification, forbidding 'pi-flux' or ' staggered-flux' phases in contrast to symmorphic space groups. We further prove that both U(1) states and one Z2 state among all 3 are symmetry-protected gapless spin liquids, robust against any symmetry-preserving perturbations. Motivated by the 'spin-freezing' behavior recently observed in Na4Ir3O8 at low temperatures, we further investigate the nearest-neighbor spin model with the dominant Heisenberg interaction subject to all possible anisotropic perturbations from spin-orbit couplings. We find that a U(1) spin liquid ground state with spinon Fermi surfaces is energetically favored over Z(2) states. Among all spin-orbit coupling terms, we show that only the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction can induce spin anisotropy in the ground state when perturbing from the isotropic Heisenberg limit. Our work paves the way for a systematic study of quantum spin liquids in various materials with a hyperkagome crystal structure.</P>

Attenuated Secretion of the Thermostable Xylanase xynB from Pichia pastoris Using Synthesized Sequences Optimized from the Preferred Codon Usage in Yeast

( Huang Yuan Kai ),( Yao Sheng Chen ),( De Lin Mo ),( Pei Qing Cong ),( Zu Yong He ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2012 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.22 No.3

Xylanase has been used extensively in the industrial and agricultural fields. However, the low-yield production of xylanase from native species cannot meet the increasing demand of the market. Therefore, improving the heterologous expression of xylanase through basic gene optimization may help to overcome the shortage. In this study, we synthesized a high-GC-content native sequence of the thermostable xylanase gene xynB from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis A1 and, also designed a slightly AT-biased sequence with codons completely optimized to be favorable to Pichia pastoris. The comparison of the sequences` expression efficiencies in P. pastoris X33 was determined through the detection of single-copy-number integrants, which were quantified using qPCR. Surprisingly, the high GC content did not appear to be detrimental to the heterologous expression of xynB in yeast, whereas the optimized sequence, with its extremely skewed codon usage, exhibited more abundant accumulation of synthesized recombinant proteins in the yeast cell, but an approximately 30% reduction of the secretion level, deduced from the enzymatic activity assay. In this study, we developed a more accurate method for comparing the expression levels of individual yeast transformants. Moreover, our results provide a practical example for further investigation of what constitutes a rational design strategy for a heterologously expressed and secreted protein.

Classification and properties of quantum spin liquids on the hyperhoneycomb lattice

Huang, Biao,Choi, Wonjune,Kim, Yong Baek,Lu, Yuan-Ming American Physical Society 2018 Physical Review B Vol.97 No.19

<P>The family of 'Kitaev materials' provides an ideal platform to study quantum spin liquids and their neighboring magnetic orders. Motivated by the possibility of a quantum spin liquid ground state in pressurized hyperhoneycomb iridate beta-Li2IrO3, we systematically classify and study symmetric quantum spin liquids on the hyperhoneycomb lattice, using the Abrikosov-fermion representation. Among the 176 symmetric U(1) spin liquids (and 160 Z(2) spin liquids), we identify eight 'root' U(1) spin liquids in proximity to the ground state of the solvable Kitave model on the hyperhonecyomb lattice. These eight states are promising candidates for possible U (1) spin liquid ground states in pressurized beta-Li2IrO3. We further discuss physical properties of these eight U(1) spin liquid candidates, and show that they all support nodal-line-shaped spinon Fermi surfaces.</P>

Sparse Channel Estimation of Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access Based on Compressive Sensing

( Yuan Hong Zhong ),( Zhi Yong Huang ),( Bin Zhu ),( Hua Wu ) 한국정보처리학회 2015 Journal of information processing systems Vol.11 No.3

It is widely accepted that single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is an excellent candidate for broadband wireless systems. Channel estimation is one of the key challenges in SC-FDMA, since accurate channel estimation can significantly improve equalization at the receiver and, consequently, enhance the communication performances. In this paper, we study the application of compressive sensing for sparse channel estimation in a SC-FDMA system. By skillfully designing pilots, their patterns, and taking advantages of the sparsity of the channel impulse response, the proposed system realizes channel estimation at a low cost. Simulation results show that it can achieve significantly improved performance in a frequency selective fading sparse channel with fewer pilots.