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( William Tottey ),( David Feria-gervasio ),( Nadia Gaci ),( Brigitte Laillet ),( Estelle Pujos ),( Jean-francois Martin ),( Jean-louis Sebedio ),( Benoit Sion ),( Jean-francois Jarrige ),( Monique Al 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2017 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.23 No.1
Background/Aims Human gut microbiota harbors numerous metabolic properties essential for the host`s health. Increased intestinal transit time affects a part of the population and is notably observed with human aging, which also corresponds to modifications of the gut microbiota. Thus we tested the metabolic and compositional changes of a human gut microbiota induced by an increased transit time simulated in vitro. Methods The in vitro system, Environmental Control System for Intestinal Microbiota, was used to simulate the environmental conditions of 3 different anatomical parts of the human colon in a continuous process. The retention times of the chemostat conditions were established to correspond to a typical transit time of 48 hours next increased to 96 hours. The bacterial communities, short chain fatty acids and metabolite fingerprints were determined. Results Increase of transit time resulted in a decrease of biomass and of diversity in the more distal compartments. Short chain fatty acid analyses and metabolite fingerprinting revealed increased activity corresponding to carbohydrate fermentation in the proximal compartments while protein fermentations were increased in the lower parts. Conclusions This study provides the evidence that the increase of transit time, independently of other factors, affects the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota. The transit time is one of the factors that explain some of the modifications seen in the gut microbiota of the elderly, as well as patients with slow transit time. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017;23:124-134)
Market Volatility Transmission and Central Banking: What Happened during the Subprime Crisis?
Kamel Malik Bensafta,Gervasio Semedo 한국국제경제학회 2014 International Economic Journal Vol.28 No.4
We examine market volatility spillover during calm and crisis periods. First, we define endogenous and exogenous market volatility: endogenous volatility refers to the early part of uncertainty in the market, while, exogenous volatility is not fully anticipated and occurs as a result of decisions taken by actors and institutions. Endogenous volatility is captured by the mean of the GARCH-type process. We compare market reaction to central banking for two states: outside the subprime crisis and during the subprime crisis. We evaluate the effectiveness of central banking during the crisis. We used a Multivariate GARCH model with structural breaks in variance. Our main findings confirm the American market's impact on European markets, and changes in cross-market spillover during the crisis. The results show the effect of communications, meeting days and policy decisions of the Fed on world markets.