An NADPH-Oxidase/Polyamine Oxidase Feedback Loop Controls Oxidative Burst Under Salinity

Gé,mes, Katalin,Kim, Yu Jung,Park, Ky Young,Moschou, Panagiotis N.,Andronis, Efthimios,Valassaki, Chryssanthi,Roussis, Andreas,Roubelakis-Angelakis, Kalliopi A. American Society of Plant Biologists 2016 Plant Physiology Vol.172 No.3

<P>The apoplastic polyamine oxidase (PAO) catalyzes the oxidation of the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine, contributing to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. However, it is yet unclear whether apoplastic PAO is part of a network that coordinates the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salinity or if it acts independently. Here, we unravel that NADPH oxidase and apoplastic PAO cooperate to control the accumulation of H2O2 and superoxides (O-2(center dot-)) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). To examine to what extent apoplastic PAO constitutes part of a ROS-generating network, we examined ROS accumulation in guard cells of plants overexpressing or down-regulating apoplastic PAO (lines S2.2 and A2, respectively) or down-regulating NADPH oxidase (line AS-NtRbohD/F). The H2O2-specific probe benzene sulfonyl-H2O2 showed that, under salinity, H2O2 increased in S2.2 and decreased in A2 compared with the wild type. Surprisingly, the O-2(center dot-)-specific probe benzene sulfonyl-So showed that O-2(center dot-) levels correlated positively with that of apoplastic PAO (i.e. showed high and low levels in S2.2 and A2, respectively). By using AS-NtRbohD/F lines and a pharmacological approach, we could show that H2O2 and O-2(center dot-) accumulation at the onset of salinity stress was dependent on NADPH oxidase, indicating that NADPH oxidase is upstream of apoplastic PAO. Our results suggest that NADPH oxidase and the apoplastic PAO form a feed-forward ROS amplification loop, which impinges on oxidative state and culminates in the execution of programmed cell death. We propose that the PAO/NADPH oxidase loop is a central hub in the plethora of responses controlling salt stress tolerance, with potential functions extending beyond stress tolerance.</P>

Toward a Ditransitive Prototype:The Gradience of English Ditransitives

Grace Ge-Soon Moon 한국영어학학회 2014 영어학연구 Vol.20 No.3

Moon, Grace Ge-Soon. 2014. Toward a Ditransitive Prototype: The Gradienceof English Ditransitives. English Language and Linguistics 20.3, 115-134. Ditransitive constructions in English display a wide variation in acceptability judgments. Thepresent paper attempts to account for this variation within the framework of prototype theory. Specifically, it proposes a ditransitive prototype based on both the semantic features identified in previous research as relevant to prototypicaltransitivity and the properties that characterize the canonical ditransitive verb give.Arguing that the acceptability of ditransitive constructions is a reflex of theirpoximity to the proposed ditransitive prototype, the paper demonstrates that the"ditransitivity" of a given clause is determined by an interplay between the objectiveproperties of the clause itself and the speaker's subjective construal of the event described in the clause.

Observations and Remarks on Relative Pronoun Variation in English

( Grace Ge ),( Soon Moon ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2012 언어연구 Vol.29 No.2

Moon, Gace Ge-Soon, 2012, Observations and Remarks on Relative Pronoun Variation in English, Linguistic Research 29(2), 281-297. This Paper examines the pronominal variation exhibited in restrictive relative clauses with non-human referents in modem American English. On the basis of a small-scale quantitative analysis of the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the paper shows that the choice between the pronouns which and that is primarily conditioned by the medium and genre of communication, as well the level of stylistic formality, It is also suggested that an interplay of grammatical roles and discourse functions further affects the variation in question.

Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Enhances Dissolution of the Poorly Water Soluble Drug Candesartan-Cilexetil

Aylin Geçer,Nuray Ylldlz,Ayla Çallmll,Belma Turan 한국고분자학회 2010 Macromolecular Research Vol.18 No.10

Candesartan-cilexetil, an angiotensin receptor blocker, exhibits low bioavailability after oral administration due to its low water solubility. Chitosan is considered one of the most promising biopolymers for drug delivery as a vehicle and trimethyl chitosan is a water soluble chitosan derivative. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic crosslinking of a trimethyl chitosan solution with tripolyphosphate, at ambient temperatures during stirring. SEM and TEM (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) revealed trimethyl chitosan and trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles between 1,000-3,000 nm and 13-350 nm in size, respectively. Candesartan-cilexetil was loaded on trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles, trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic and commercial water soluble chitosan using an ultrasonic effect, and the potential of the polymers to increase the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil was investigated. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles are a superior vehicle for increasing the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil compared to trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic or commercial water soluble chitosan.

老舍與但丁的文學聯系

葛濤 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 中國硏究所 2004 中國硏究 Vol.33 No.-

The paper exemplified Laoshe's vast argument on Dante from historical point of view, and then research the important and long influence of Dante and La Divina Commedia. on Laoshe's writing. It proposed that Laoshe was profoundly influenced by La Divina Commedia. However, Laoshe transformed creatively the influence of La Divina Commedia interwith Chinese society.

保安處分에 關한 硏究

陳癸鎬 全州大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

There are many discussions on measure of safety in the circle of criminal law students. It is usual that criminal law comprises not only the penalty in sanction about past crime but also the measure of safety aiming at prevention of future crime when we consider penalty into the measure of social prevention or rehabilitation in its nature. Our criminal law alone does not comprise measure of safety into the contents of criminal law, but each country comprises measure of safety into the contents of criminal law as remarked following discussions. Although the theory of this study is divided into dualism and monism on the connection of penalty and measure of Safety, when we, in fact, consider the nature of penalty into social prevention or the measure of social rehabilitation, the final end of criminal law is based on monism in penalty and measure of safety, I think. Then, it is well known that measure of safety was frequently used for the maintenance-function of political systems apart from the aim as to protective measure in welfare for protection of the social weak in the light of humanism. Thus, thought which principle of legality is the most important Bill of Rights arose again since the second World War. In here, we must keep in mind that there must be moral permissions upon the indixidual as well as requirements for the public safeties in the exercise of all measure of safety.

동덕여자대학교 교양영어 프로그램의 발전적 개선방안

문지순,신동희 동덕여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2007 人文科學硏究 Vol.13 No.-

The present study reports on the results of a needs analysis conducted at Dongduk Women's University for the purpose of identifying the subjective and objective needs of the students with respect to the university's general English program and the study of English in general. The results indicate that while there are some important commonalities among the responses given by both the students and the teachers. students have different English language needs depending on their fields of study. On the basis of the findings of the study, specific suggestions are made on improving the current general English program and on planning for new course offerings.

Null Subjects in Tensed Clauses : A Brief Overview

문지순 人文科學硏究所 2006 人文科學硏究 Vol.12 No.-

The occurrence of the null subject in English tensed clauses--especially in informal, colloquial speech and in specialized registers such as diaries and product labels--has received much attention in the literature. While numerous scholars have attempted to account for this phenomenon, no single analysis has yet succeeded in explaining all instances of the tensed clause null subject. In this paper, I briefly overview and assess some of the past analyses on the null subject phenomenon. Rejecting the non-sentential analysis as untenable, I conclude that tensed clauses with null subjects have sentential underlying structures and, more specifically, that tensed clause null subjects are likely to be either zero topics that pick up discourse identification or the result of a phonological reduction process. The paper closes with a note on the shortcomings of the zero-topic analysis and suggestions for future research.

刑法上의 不能未遂論

陳癸鎬 전주대학교 사회과학연구소 1996 社會科學論叢 Vol.12 No.-

The incapable attempt is a case to be punished into a would-be criminal because of dangerousness even if the occurrence of effect is impossible. The incapable attempt is accordingly distinguished from hallucinatory crime or superstitutious crime ets. The hallucinatory crime is a case to misrecognized his action to be come under a kind of prohibited norm not even being existence, the superstitious crime is a action to realized some kind of crime by depending on the forces of super-nature. The incapable attempt is also distinguished from incapable crime. It is because that the incapable crime is a kind of crime for convenience, sake can not be punishable because of the nonexistence of dangerousness. There are theories of Quasi-incapable crime, deficient attempted crime, attempt by mistake, incapable crime to be punishable etc, about the character of article 27 of the Criminal Code. But I think the theorie of incapable attempt to be valid. It is because that the article 27 of the Criminal Code provides an incapable attempt as an dangerous action. Actor must start in practice with intent to be an incapable attempt. It requires that the occurrence of effect must be impossible and be dangerous because of the mistake of object or the means of practice for other peculiar requisities of incapable attempt. There are an old objective theory, the theory of actual incapable attempt and legal incapable attempt, the theory of concret dangerousness, the theory of abstract dangerousness, the subjective theory, the impressive theory or the theory of subjective dangerousness etc, for the standard to decide the dangerousness of incapable attempt. But I think the theory of subjective dangerousness to be valid. It is because that the theory of subjective dangerousness can regulate the dangerousness of subjective actor and the Judgement of objective dangerousness very well.

刑法上의 故意

陳癸鎬 全州大學校 大學院 1995 全州大 論叢 Vol.6 No.-

Intention means a recognition about the realization of objective constituent requisites as well as a thought to realize it. Intention in here as an unified body of intellection and volition must be distinguishable from an unlawful consciousness. Because an unlawful consciousness means dolus malus in connection with value. Intention is again distinguished from a desire or a thought to act. Because the desire has no the notion of purpose and the thought to act has willingness. Intention is the recognition of fact about the constituent requisite of crime. There are, then, many disputes about where such an intention contains just only intellectual element or violitional element in the case of recognition in here. There are theory by recognition and theory by intent about above disputes. But negligence with recognition and accidental intention can not be distinguishable evidently when we grasp the intention by any one of recognition or thought. The nature of intention must be accordingly grasped by both elements of intellectual element and volitional element. There are theories which want to grasp the systematic position of intention as the element of responsibility or constituent requisite. But the systematic position of intention must be understood as the element of constituent requisite when we divide the requisite of crime into comformability into constituent requisite, illegality and responsibility. Lastly, the intention can be classified into direct intention and accidental intention or selective intention and general intention etc. What can be ploblem in here is upon the distinguishment of accidental intention and negligence with recognition. But the distinguishment of them must be understood by susceptible theory. Because the volitional element as an element of intention must be realized by thought which actor determined his action.