An NADPH-Oxidase/Polyamine Oxidase Feedback Loop Controls Oxidative Burst Under Salinity

Gé,mes, Katalin,Kim, Yu Jung,Park, Ky Young,Moschou, Panagiotis N.,Andronis, Efthimios,Valassaki, Chryssanthi,Roussis, Andreas,Roubelakis-Angelakis, Kalliopi A. American Society of Plant Biologists 2016 Plant Physiology Vol.172 No.3

<P>The apoplastic polyamine oxidase (PAO) catalyzes the oxidation of the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine, contributing to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. However, it is yet unclear whether apoplastic PAO is part of a network that coordinates the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salinity or if it acts independently. Here, we unravel that NADPH oxidase and apoplastic PAO cooperate to control the accumulation of H2O2 and superoxides (O-2(center dot-)) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). To examine to what extent apoplastic PAO constitutes part of a ROS-generating network, we examined ROS accumulation in guard cells of plants overexpressing or down-regulating apoplastic PAO (lines S2.2 and A2, respectively) or down-regulating NADPH oxidase (line AS-NtRbohD/F). The H2O2-specific probe benzene sulfonyl-H2O2 showed that, under salinity, H2O2 increased in S2.2 and decreased in A2 compared with the wild type. Surprisingly, the O-2(center dot-)-specific probe benzene sulfonyl-So showed that O-2(center dot-) levels correlated positively with that of apoplastic PAO (i.e. showed high and low levels in S2.2 and A2, respectively). By using AS-NtRbohD/F lines and a pharmacological approach, we could show that H2O2 and O-2(center dot-) accumulation at the onset of salinity stress was dependent on NADPH oxidase, indicating that NADPH oxidase is upstream of apoplastic PAO. Our results suggest that NADPH oxidase and the apoplastic PAO form a feed-forward ROS amplification loop, which impinges on oxidative state and culminates in the execution of programmed cell death. We propose that the PAO/NADPH oxidase loop is a central hub in the plethora of responses controlling salt stress tolerance, with potential functions extending beyond stress tolerance.</P>

Observations and Remarks on Relative Pronoun Variation in English

( Grace Ge ),( Soon Moon ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2012 언어연구 Vol.29 No.2

Moon, Gace Ge-Soon, 2012, Observations and Remarks on Relative Pronoun Variation in English, Linguistic Research 29(2), 281-297. This Paper examines the pronominal variation exhibited in restrictive relative clauses with non-human referents in modem American English. On the basis of a small-scale quantitative analysis of the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the paper shows that the choice between the pronouns which and that is primarily conditioned by the medium and genre of communication, as well the level of stylistic formality, It is also suggested that an interplay of grammatical roles and discourse functions further affects the variation in question.

Toward a Ditransitive Prototype:The Gradience of English Ditransitives

Grace Ge-Soon Moon 한국영어학학회 2014 영어학연구 Vol.20 No.3

Moon, Grace Ge-Soon. 2014. Toward a Ditransitive Prototype: The Gradienceof English Ditransitives. English Language and Linguistics 20.3, 115-134. Ditransitive constructions in English display a wide variation in acceptability judgments. Thepresent paper attempts to account for this variation within the framework of prototype theory. Specifically, it proposes a ditransitive prototype based on both the semantic features identified in previous research as relevant to prototypicaltransitivity and the properties that characterize the canonical ditransitive verb give.Arguing that the acceptability of ditransitive constructions is a reflex of theirpoximity to the proposed ditransitive prototype, the paper demonstrates that the"ditransitivity" of a given clause is determined by an interplay between the objectiveproperties of the clause itself and the speaker's subjective construal of the event described in the clause.

Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Enhances Dissolution of the Poorly Water Soluble Drug Candesartan-Cilexetil

Aylin Geçer,Nuray Ylldlz,Ayla Çallmll,Belma Turan 한국고분자학회 2010 Macromolecular Research Vol.18 No.10

Candesartan-cilexetil, an angiotensin receptor blocker, exhibits low bioavailability after oral administration due to its low water solubility. Chitosan is considered one of the most promising biopolymers for drug delivery as a vehicle and trimethyl chitosan is a water soluble chitosan derivative. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic crosslinking of a trimethyl chitosan solution with tripolyphosphate, at ambient temperatures during stirring. SEM and TEM (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) revealed trimethyl chitosan and trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles between 1,000-3,000 nm and 13-350 nm in size, respectively. Candesartan-cilexetil was loaded on trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles, trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic and commercial water soluble chitosan using an ultrasonic effect, and the potential of the polymers to increase the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil was investigated. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles are a superior vehicle for increasing the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil compared to trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic or commercial water soluble chitosan.

老舍與但丁的文學聯系

葛濤 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 中國硏究所 2004 中國硏究 Vol.33 No.-

The paper exemplified Laoshe's vast argument on Dante from historical point of view, and then research the important and long influence of Dante and La Divina Commedia. on Laoshe's writing. It proposed that Laoshe was profoundly influenced by La Divina Commedia. However, Laoshe transformed creatively the influence of La Divina Commedia interwith Chinese society.

中心力과 保存量

崔啓成,金鍾卓,林憲華 慶熙大學校 材料科學技術硏究所 1988 材料科學技術硏究論集 Vol.1 No.-

One of the most important Problem in three-dimensional motion is that of a mass moving under the action of a central force inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center. The conservation laws for angular momentum and energy are consequences of the large degree of symmetry. Actually exploring symmetries and their consequences is essential in the search for the laws of physics. The central force problem is good example for investigations of symmetries and conservation laws. Although some difficulties ate expected making high school students understand. it seems desirable to give them a flirty good intuitive feeling for the connection between symmetries and conservation laws.

保護觀察制度에 관한 硏究

陳癸鎬 전주대학교 비교법학연구소 2003 비교법학 Vol.3 No.-

刑法 제21條의 解釋論

진계호 전주대학교 비교법학연구소 2004 비교법학 Vol.4 No.-

刑法上의 故意

陳癸鎬 전주대학교 사회과학연구소 1995 社會科學論叢 Vol.11 No.-

Intention means a recognition about the realization of objective constituent requisites as well as a thought to realize it. Intention in here as an unified body of intellection and volition must be distinguishable from an unlawful consciousness. Because an unlawful consciousness means dolus malus in connection with value. Intention is again distinguished from a desire or a thought to act. Because the desire has no the notion of purpose and the thought to act has willingness. Intention is the recognition of fact about the constituent requisite of crime. There are, then, many disputes about where such an intention contains just only intellectual element or violitional element in the case of recognition in here. There are theory by recognition and theory by intent about above disputes. But negligence with recognition and accidental intention can not be distinguishable evidently when we grasp the intention by any one of recognition or thought. The nature of intention must be accordingly grasped by both elements of intellectual element and volitional element. There are theories which want to grasp the systematic position of intention as the element of responsibility or constituent requisite. But the systematic position of intention must be understood as the element of constituent requisite when we divide the requisite of crime into comformability into constituent requisite, illegality and responsibility. Lastly, the intention can be classified into direct intention and accidental intention or selective intention and general intention etc. What can be ploblem in here is upon the distinguishment of accidental intention and negligence with recognition. But the distinguishment of them must be understood by susceptible theory. Because the volitional element as an element of intention must be realized by thought which actor determined his action.

韓國 農業機械化의 政策과 課題

이계탁 건국대학교 1975 論文集 Vol.2 No.1