Aperçu de la décentralisation en Europe

Gérard Marcou 한국지방자치법학회 2008 한국지방자치법학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2008 No.-

L’intégration européenne et les collectivités territoriales

Gérard Marcou 국제헌법학회 한국학회 2007 국제헌법학회 한국학회 학술대회발표논문집 Vol.- No.-

Protelnes et Proteolyses : Aspects Biochimioues, Nutritionnels et Technologloues

Gérard Humbert 한국식품영양과학회 1990 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.19 No.5

Micro Adjustment Behavior and Macro Stability

Gérard Duménil,Dominique Lévy 서울대학교 경제연구소 1989 Seoul journal of economics Vol.2 No.1

In this paper we construct a framework for the analysis of the stability of capitalist economies. To this end, the behavior of economic agents (allocation of capital, loans, investment, production, customer credit, prices) is described in terms of adjustment. Agents make decision within disequilibrium and react to the observation of disequilibrium (what we call disequilibrium microeconomics). The conception of equilibrium is that of a long-term equilibrium with prices of production (normal equilibrium). We distinguish the stability of the system with respect to the relative values of the variables among industries (proportions) and the stability of the general level of activity (dimension). Capitalism appears very stable with respect to proportions and unstable with respect to dimension. The demonstration of a necessary and sufficient condition for stability is realized in a short-term approximation of the model. The introduction of non-linearities in the models of behavior allows for the existence and stability of two other equilibria (in addition to normal equilibrium): overheating and stagnation. An interpretation of the business cycle is given on this basis.

Le corps, entre la carence et l'excès dans le cinéma actuel (1990-2010)

Gérard Imbert 고려대학교 응용문화연구소 2011 에피스테메 Vol.0 No.6

Media representation of the body is divided between two opposing views: 1) the glorious body of advertising and in part of political discourse and, on the other hand, 2) the body abused by being overburdened with information, as in the body as is now experiencing of the limits of postmodern cinema. These representations show a body that is no longer in a defined place, which has no specific assigned place, and constantly oscillates between deficiency and excess. The body moves from one extreme to the other, most likely because the identities are neither stable nor secure within a given place. This paper analyzes to what extent the body functions there as a sign, with a certain autonomy, or refers to the identity previously known of, is the signifier of discomfort, or of an expression of emptiness. These questions are central to such discussion as the body appears as a place of resistance, a body in motion, leaving the norm may be obscene-offstage-breaking down barriers between public and private, between inside and outside, and leads to an ambivalent exaltation of the flesh.

유럽지방행정연구원 발행 세계보고서를 토대로 한 유럽에서의 지방자치 현상 개관

Gé,rard Marcou 한국지방자치법학회 2008 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.8 No.3

Stable polyoxometalate insertion within the mesoporous metal organic framework MIL-100(Fe)

Canioni, Romain,Roch-Marchal, Catherine,Sé,cheresse, Francis,Horcajada, Patricia,Serre, Christian,Hardi-Dan, Menaschi,Fé,rey, Gé,rard,Grenè,che, Jean-Marc,Lefebvre, Fré,d Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.21 No.4

<P>Successful encapsulation of polyoxometalate (POM) within the framework of a mesoporous iron trimesate MIL-100(Fe) sample has been achieved by direct hydrothermal synthesis in the absence of fluorine. XRPD, <SUP>31</SUP>P MAS NMR, IR, EELS, TEM and <SUP>57</SUP>Fe Mössbauer spectrometry corroborate the insertion of POM within the cavities of the MOF. The experimental Mo/Fe ratio is 0.95, in agreement with the maximum theoretical amount of POM loaded within the pores of MIL-100(Fe), based on steric hindrance considerations. The POM-MIL-100(Fe) sample exhibits a pore volume of 0.373 cm<SUP>3</SUP> g<SUP>−1</SUP> and a BET surface area close to 1000 m<SUP>2</SUP> g<SUP>−1</SUP>, indicating that small gas molecules can easily diffuse inside the cavities despite the presence of heavy phosphomolybdates. These latter contribute to the decrease in the overall surface area, due to the increase in molar weight, by 65%. Moreover, the resulting Keggin containing MIL-100(Fe) solid is stable in aqueous solution with no POM leaching even after more than 2 months. In addition, no exchange of the Keggin anions by tetrabutylammonium perchlorate in organic media has been observed.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Keggin 12-phosphomolybdates were encapsulated into mesoporous iron trimesate MIL-100(Fe) by direct synthesis, maintaining gas accessibility and avoiding POM leaching. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0jm02381g'> </P>

Le recrutement et la formation des magistrats des juridictions judiciaires et des juridictions administratives et la réforme de la justice

제라드 마꾸 明知大學校 國際人權敎育硏究센터 2001 國際人權敎育硏究 Vol.3 No.

프랑스의 법조인 양성체제와 사법개혁 프랑스에 있어서는 일반법관과 행정법관의 양성체제를 함께 다루는 것은 일반적이 아니다. 1980의 법률개정 이래 행정법원의 재판관들은 법관이라는 칭호를 가지게 되었지만, ( 최고행정재판소인 국사원(Conseil d'Etat)의 위원(심판관)들은 법관에 포함되지는 아니함) 헌법 제66조의 사법권은 일반법관만을 포함한다. 따라서 프랑스의 법조인 양성체제를 파악하기 위하여 이하에서는 행정법원의 법관의 경우와 일반법원의 법관양성의 경우를 나누어 고찰하는 것이 적절할 것이다. 전통적으로 행정재판은 국가최고위 인사로 구성된 국사원에 의해 수행되는 최고위공공행정영역에 속해 있었다. 그 후 행정법원의 창설과 그에 이은 고등행정법원의 창설은 그 행정법관은 국립대학원(Ecole Nationale d'Administraion : ENA)에 의해 충원되도록 되었다. 이에 따라 1958년의 법원개혁에 의해 국립사범대학원(Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature: ENM)이 창설되었다. 그러나 이 국립 사범대학원은 일반법관의 양성만을 유일한 목적으로 한다. 따라서 국립사범대학원의 법조인 양성과정은 행정법관의 양성과는 다른 내용을 가지게 되었다. 경쟁시험에 의한 채용은 이미 오래 전부터 행정공무원과 법관에 공통한 채용방법이지만, 우체국 공무원 등 실제적 필요성에 의한 특별채용방법도 여전히 존재하고 있다. 행정법원 법관의 충원방법에 관하여는 최고행정재판소(Conseil d'Etat)와 고등행정법원 및 지방행정법원의 각 경우를 나누어 보는 것이 적절한 것이다. 행정법원이나 일반법원이나 양심과(?)원에 대한 규정은 공통으로 다음의 두 가지 요청을 조화하려는 것이다. 그 첫째로는 법관양심을 목적으로 하는 사법전문대학원(ENM)이나 행정전문대학원(ENA)등 특수적 자질을 확보하는 것이고, 두 번째는 법조인 영역에 법조영역이외의 풍부한 직업적 경험과 전문지식을 유입할 수 있도록 충분한 개방성을 확보하는 것이다. 이러한 목적으로 비추어 볼 때, 법적지식과 법학연구 발전을 체계화하는 직업인 법학 교수는 필수적인 법관임용자격자이다. 법학교수들의 지적 기여는 판례의 발전에 공헌함으로써 사법체제의 현대화에 기여할 수 있다. 그러나 실제로 법학교수들이 행정법원이나 일반법원에 법관으로 참여하는 것은 상대적으로 미약하다. 법원교수들은 최고행정재판소(Conseil d'Etat: 국사원)보다는 최고위적 사법재판기구인 대법원(Cour de Cassation:파기원)에 대법관으로 참여하는 것이 더욱 중요하다. 그러나 법학교수가 법조인으로 참여하는 것이 그들의 역할에 있어서 유일한 형태는 아니며, 나아가 그것이 가장 중요한 것은 물론 아니다. 장기적으로 보아 법관임용 공개경쟁시험에서 합격하려는 사람들에게 법학교육을 확보해주는 법학교수의 법학교육자로서의 자격은 그들의 핵심적 공헌이다. 나아가 법학논문 발표와 판례형식도 법학교수의 큰 공헌이다.

Capability of Tungsten Carbide Micro-mills to Machine Hardened Tool Steel

Alexandre Gilbin,Michaël Fontaine,Gérard Michel,Sébastien Thibaud,Philippe Picard 한국정밀공학회 2013 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

The aim of this study is to optimize micro-mills and their conditions of use to manufacture plastic injection molds in hardened tool steels by micro-milling. The presented results deal with the test of four types of tungsten carbide square end micro-mills in elementary operations with different feed rates and cutting speeds in order to analyze the evolution of cutting forces, cutting stability, tool life,tool wear, surface roughness and burs formation. This experimental approach allows highlighting the influence of cutting conditions,especially feed rate, on burr formation and tool life. This analysis shows a correlation between the micro-mills characteristics (geometry, composition of tungsten carbide) and their wear behavior. Moreover, some dynamic aspects of the micro-milling process are underlined through the influence of cutting speed on cutting stability. This type of experimental study is suitable for the optimization of the tool edge geometry and it reveals the need to develop a predictive model adapted to micro-milling to optimize the dynamic behavior of the tool.

Type 3 regulatory T cells at the interface of symbiosis

Joo-Hong Park,Gérard Eberl 한국미생물학회 2018 The journal of microbiology Vol.56 No.3

The mammalian gastrointestinal tract accommodates trillions of bacteria, many of which provide beneficial effects to the host, including protection from pathogenic microorganisms and essential metabolites. However, the intestinal immune system needs to adapt to the constantly fluctuating microbial environment at mucosal surfaces in order to maintain homeostasis. In particular, the gut microbiota induces the differentiation of effector Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express RORγt, the master regulator of antimicrobial type 3 immunity. RORγt+ Tregs constitute a major population of colonic Tregs that is distinct from thymusderived Tregs and require bacterial antigens for differentiation. The balance between Th17 cells and RORγt+ Tregs, that is, the tone of the local type 3 immune response, is regulated by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid produced by the host. Furthermore, Th17 cells and RORγt+ Tregs regulate intestinal type 2 immune responses, explaining how bacteria block allergic reactions. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation, regulation and function of RORγt+ (type 3) Tregs, and discuss the multiple equilibria that exist between effector T cells and Tregs, as well as between different types of immune responses, which are necessary to maintain homeostasis and health.