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Effect of Maternal Under-nutrition during Late Pregnancy on Lamb Birth Weight
Gao, F.,Hou, X.Z.,Liu, Y.C.,Wu, S.Q.,Ao, C.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.3
This study investigated the effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on lamb birth weight. 45 Mongolian ewes, synchronized for oestrus and then mated, were divided into four groups and offered 0.86 MJME/kgw-0.75d-1 (control group; CG : ad libitum access to feed), $0.44MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group 3; R3), $0.33MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group 2; R2) and $0.20MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group 1; R1) respectively during late pregnancy (90-150 days). During restriction, maternal net body weight loss, insulin and NEFA concentrations and lamb birth weight were measured. The results indicated that loss of maternal body weight in R3, R2 and R1 was 4.42, 7.23, 11.13 kg respectively, which was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that in CG (0.93 kg). Insulin concentrations of the ewes in R1, R2 and R3 were lower and were significantly different (p<0.05) between restricted groups and CG at 124 d of pregnancy. NEFA concentrations in all groups tended to decrease from 90d of gestation to parturition and in R1 were significantly (p<0.05) lower than in CG at 124 d of gestation. Lamb birth weight in R1 was significantly lower than in R2, R3 and CG (p<0.05). In conclusion, with decreasing supply of maternal nutrition, the retardation of fetal growth became worse. When the plane of nutrition was below $0.33MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$, significant effects of maternal undernutrition on lamb birth weight were observed.
Cheong, F.,Wong, C.,Gao, Y.,Nai, M.,Cui, Y.,Park, S.,Kenney, Linda J.,Lim, C. Biophysical Society ; Published for the Biophysica 2015 Biophysical journal Vol.108 No.5
Tracking fast-swimming bacteria in three dimensions can be extremely challenging with current optical techniques and a microscopic approach that can rapidly acquire volumetric information is required. Here, we introduce phase-contrast holographic video microscopy as a solution for the simultaneous tracking of multiple fast moving cells in three dimensions. This technique uses interference patterns formed between the scattered and the incident field to infer the three-dimensional (3D) position and size of bacteria. Using this optical approach, motility dynamics of multiple bacteria in three dimensions, such as speed and turn angles, can be obtained within minutes. We demonstrated the feasibility of this method by effectively tracking multiple bacteria species, including Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, we combined our fast 3D imaging technique with a microfluidic device to present an example of a drug/chemical assay to study effects on bacterial motility.
Stress relaxation through interdiffusion in amorphous lithium alloy electrodes
Gao, Y.F.,Cho, M.,Zhou, M. Pergamon Press 2013 Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids Vol.61 No.2
At high guest (lithium) atom concentrations, the diffusion of host (e.g., silicon) atoms may become significant in amorphous Li-alloy-based solid electrodes. The effect of this diffusion mechanism on stress development is in addition to guest atom diffusion, stress-induced enhancement of guest atom diffusion and plasticity. The effect of the diffusive migration of host atoms in amorphous Li-alloy-based electrodes is investigated using a continuum model. A mixed-form finite element framework is developed to simulate the full coupling between stress development and interdiffusion. This framework overcomes the challenges associated with the numerical evaluation of the hydrostatic stress gradient. The analysis focuses on the relative importance of the mechanical driving force and chemical driving force for host migration. Calculations show that host migration can cause stress reductions of up to ~20% in Li-Si electrodes at stress levels below the yield threshold of the material. Analyses also show that the long-term steady state of stress distribution is independent of the host diffusivity and the thermodynamic factor of diffusion which quantifies the tendency of the two species of atoms to chemically mix, even though the transient behavior (in particular, the peak stresses during charging being important quantities) does depend on the thermodynamic factor and the host diffusivity. The diffusion of Si (host) introduces a time scale which, along with the time scale for Li (guest) diffusion, controls the diffusional response of electrodes.
Experimental verification of a distributed computing strategy for structural health monitoring
Gao, Y.,Spencer, B.F. Jr. Techno-Press 2007 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.3 No.4
A flexibility-based distributed computing strategy (DCS) for structural health monitoring (SHM) has recently been proposed which is suitable for implementation on a network of densely distributed smart sensors. This approach uses a hierarchical strategy in which adjacent smart sensors are grouped together to form sensor communities. A flexibility-based damage detection method is employed to evaluate the condition of the local elements within the communities by utilizing only locally measured information. The damage detection results in these communities are then communicated with the surrounding communities and sent back to a central station. Structural health monitoring can be done without relying on central data acquisition and processing. The main purpose of this paper is to experimentally verify this flexibility-based DCS approach using wired sensors; such verification is essential prior to implementation on a smart sensor platform. The damage locating vector method that forms foundation of the DCS approach is briefly reviewed, followed by an overview of the DCS approach. This flexibility-based approach is then experimentally verified employing a 5.6 m long three-dimensional truss structure. To simulate damage in the structure, the original truss members are replaced by ones with a reduced cross section. Both single and multiple damage scenarios are studied. Experimental results show that the DCS approach can successfully detect the damage at local elements using only locally measured information.
Capillary Origami with Atomically Thin Membranes
Reynolds, Michael F.,McGill, Kathryn L.,Wang, Maritha A.,Gao, Hui,Mujid, Fauzia,Kang, Kibum,Park, Jiwoong,Miskin, Marc Z.,Cohen, Itai,McEuen, Paul L. American Chemical Society 2019 NANO LETTERS Vol.19 No.9
<P>Small-scale optical and mechanical components and machines require control over three-dimensional structure at the microscale. Inspired by the analogy between paper and two-dimensional materials, origami-style folding of atomically thin materials offers a promising approach for making microscale structures from the thinnest possible sheets. In this Letter, we show that a monolayer of molybdenum disulfide (MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) can be folded into three-dimensional shapes by a technique called capillary origami, in which the surface tension of a droplet drives the folding of a thin sheet. We define shape nets by patterning rigid metal panels connected by MoS<SUB>2</SUB> hinges, allowing us to fold micron-scale polyhedrons. Finally, we demonstrate that these shapes can be folded in parallel without the use of micropipettes or microfluidics by means of a microemulsion of droplets that dissolves into the bulk solution to drive folding. These results demonstrate controllable folding of the thinnest possible materials using capillary origami and indicate a route forward for design and parallel fabrication of more complex three-dimensional micron-scale structures and machines.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Luo, J.,Gao, F.,Kim, D.H.,Peden, C.H.F. Elsevier Science Publishers 2014 CATALYSIS TODAY - Vol.231 No.-
The effects of K loading and thermal aging on the structural properties and high temperature performance of Pt/K/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> lean NO<SUB>x</SUB> trap (LNT) catalysts were investigated using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed decomposition/desorption of NO<SUB>x</SUB> (NO<SUB>x</SUB>-TPD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), NO oxidation, and NO<SUB>x</SUB> storage tests. In situ XRD results demonstrate that KNO<SUB>3</SUB> becomes extremely mobile on the Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> surface, and experiences complex transformations between orthorhombic and rhombohedral structures, accompanied by sintering, melting and thermal decomposition upon heating. NO<SUB>x</SUB> storage results show an optimum K loading around 10% for the best performance at high temperatures. At lower K loadings where the majority of KNO<SUB>3</SUB> stays as a surface layer, the strong interaction between KNO<SUB>3</SUB> and Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> promotes KNO<SUB>3</SUB> decomposition and deteriorates high-temperature performance. At K loadings higher than 10%, the performance drop is not caused by NO<SUB>x</SUB> diffusion limitations as for the case of barium-based LNTs, but rather from the blocking of Pt sites by K species, which adversely affects NO oxidation. Thermal aging at 800<SUP>o</SUP>C severely deactivates the Pt/K/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> catalysts due to Pt sintering. However, in the presence of potassium, some Pt remains in a dispersed and oxidized form. These Pt species interact strongly with K and, therefore, do not sinter. After a reduction treatment, these Pt species remain finely dispersed, contributing to a partial recovery of NO<SUB>x</SUB> storage performance.
Zhang, L.,Xu, J.,Lei, L.,Jiang, Y.,Gao, F.,Zhou, G.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.6
This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and the degradation of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broilers fed wheat-based diets. A total of 120 7-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allotted to two wheat-based experimental diets supplemented with 0 or 1.0 g/kg xylanase. Each treatment was composed of 6 replicates with 10 birds each. Diets were given to the birds from 7 to 21 days of age. The results showed that xylanase supplementation did not affect feed intake, but increased body weight gain of broiler at 21 day of age by 5.8% (p<0.05) and improved feed-to-gain ratio by 5.0% (p<0.05). Xylanase significantly increased (p<0.05) ileal digestibilities of crude protein (CP) by 3.5%, starch by 9.3%, soluble NSP by 43.9% and insoluble NSP by 42.2% relative to the control group, respectively. Also, compared with the control treatment, xylanase addition increased (p<0.05) total tract digestibilities of dry matter by 5.7%, CP by 4.1%, starch by 6.3%, soluble NSP by 50.8%, and had a tendency to increase (p = 0.093) insoluble NSP by 19.9%, respectively. The addition of xylanase increased the concentrations of arabinose and xylose in the digesta of gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p<0.05), and the order of their concentration was ileum>jejunum>duodenum>>gizzard> caecum. The supplementation of xylanse increased ileal isomaltriose concentration (p<0.05), but did not affect the concentrations of isomaltose, panose and 1-kestose in the digesta of all GIT sections. These results suggest that supplementation of xylanase to wheat-based diets cuts the arabinoxylan backbone into small fragments (mainly arabinose and xylose) in the ileum, jejunum and duodenum, and enhances digestibilites of nutrients by decreasing digesta viscosity. The release of arabinose and xylose in the small intestine may also be the important contributors to the growth-promoting effect of xylanase in broilers fed wheat-based diets.