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Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci
Easton, Douglas F.,Pooley, Karen A.,Dunning, Alison M.,Pharoah, Paul D. P.,Thompson, Deborah,Ballinger, Dennis G.,Struewing, Jeffery P.,Morrison, Jonathan,Field, Helen,Luben, Robert,Wareham, Nicholas Nature Publishing Group 2007 Nature Vol.447 No.7148
Breast cancer exhibits familial aggregation, consistent with variation in genetic susceptibility to the disease. Known susceptibility genes account for less than 25% of the familial risk of breast cancer, and the residual genetic variance is likely to be due to variants conferring more moderate risks. To identify further susceptibility alleles, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study in 4,398 breast cancer cases and 4,316 controls, followed by a third stage in which 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for confirmation in 21,860 cases and 22,578 controls from 22 studies. We used 227,876 SNPs that were estimated to correlate with 77% of known common SNPs in Europeans at r<SUP>2</SUP> > 0.5. SNPs in five novel independent loci exhibited strong and consistent evidence of association with breast cancer (P < 10<SUP>-7</SUP>). Four of these contain plausible causative genes (FGFR2, TNRC9, MAP3K1 and LSP1). At the second stage, 1,792 SNPs were significant at the P < 0.05 level compared with an estimated 1,343 that would be expected by chance, indicating that many additional common susceptibility alleles may be identifiable by this approach.
Is Tourism Just Another Commodity? Links between Commodity Trade and Tourism
Easton, Stephen T. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1998 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.13 No.3
Commodity trade and international tourism may be linked through substitution on the supply side or by substitution or complementarity on the demand side. Simple correlation reveals a positive association between international tourism to and commodity exports form Canada. A model incorporating both tourism and exports provides evidence of substitutability between them. Such a link implies that export promotion or tourism promotion may work at cross purposes. (JEL Classification: F14)
Reconsidering the process of demilitarization : the case of the Belgian gendarmerie
Marleen Easton 아시아경찰학회 2006 Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice Vol.4 No.1
This paper addresses the complex relationship between the military and the police by focusing on the process of demilitarization of the police and conceptualising the impact of the military culture and structure on the institutionalisation of the police. On the basis of a case study on the demilitarization of the Belgian gendarmerie (1940-1998) interactions are indicated between the operational and organisational level of the process of demilitarization of the police. These interactions generate challenges for police forces who are trying to take into account the requirements of democratic policing (community policing) in an age of ‘war’ against terrorism, which tends to activate a latent military/traditional style of policing.
MULTIPLE COMMUNITY POLICING - HOW DO YOU MEAN?
Marleen Easton 아시아경찰학회 2006 아시아경찰학회 국제학술회의 Vol.2006 No.-
In Western multicultural societies governments are facing multiple challenges. One of them is the problematic relation between the police and etnic cultural minorities. On this issue the Belgian government wants the police to function according to the principles of Community Oriented Policing (COP, circular 2003). The goal is to create a new police culture by which policemen are acting service-oriented, problem-solving, accountable, empowering and partner-oriented. The implementation of this policy is quite difficult because police culture can"t be changed overnight. But although policemen are called "streetlevel bureaucrats" and have discretionary power on the floor, they are demanding some hold to implement COP, especially when they are confronted with multicultural problems. The central question here is what does COP mean within neighbourhoods where there are tensions due to the living together of people coming from different social, cultural and economical backgrounds. This study aims to translate in an interactive way the meaning of COP within multicultural settings by exploring and observing multiple interactions (routines, incidents,…) between the police and etnic cultural minorities and by taking into account the perceptions and expectations of the different actors involved. The main goal of this study is to improve the implementation of community policing in this field of peculiar interest and by doing so enhancing the steering capacity of our government within this area.
WESTERN IDEAS ON POLICE CULTURE
Marleen Easton,Dominique Van Ryckeghem 아시아경찰학회 2006 아시아경찰학회 국제학술회의 Vol.2006 No.-
This paper aims at understanding culture and police culture in particular by addressing the cultural theories or cultural beliefs that underpin the study of both. This results in an overview on Western Ideas on (police) culture. It shows that studying and investigating culture is a very complicated business which involves a variety of theoretical and ideological premises. Insight into these premises is necessary to fully understand research on police culture and to make an adequate interpretation of the findings of these researches.
Is Tourism Just Another Commodity? Links between Commodity Trade and Tourism
( Stephen T. Easton ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 1998 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.13 No.3
Commodity trade and international tourism may be linked through substitution on the supply side or by substitution or complementarity on the demand side. Simple correlation reveals a positive association between international tourism to and commodity exports from Canada. A model incorporating both tourism and exports provides evidence of substitutability between them. Such a link implies that export promotion or tourism promotion may work at cross purposes. (JEL Classification: F14)