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[Oral Session 5] METHODOLOGY TO USE FLAT-BED IMAGE SCANNER FOR FORMATION ANALYSIS OF PAPER
T.Enomae,S.Kuga 한국펄프·종이공학회 1999 한국펄프종이학회 기타 간행물 Vol.- No.-
Versatility of a desk-top flat-bed image scanner with a transparency unit as an image input device for formation analyses was exhibited and discussed. If the scanner output under satisfied prerequisite conditions is calibrated based on a standard film or by comparison to Elrepho type reflectometer, the scanner was found to provide reasonably scaled gray levels. However, there remained some distortion in the output characteristics even after the calibration. So, unlike Elrepho type, optical density squared was almost proportional to the basis weight of paper. Formation of handsheets was quantitatively analyzed with the light transmission images obtained by the scanner. The formation index, the standard deviation of optical density squared correlated better with the subjective ranking than that of optical density or of gray level. Optical density squared divided by the basis weight showed the highest Kendall's coefficient of correlation. Anyway, the standard deviation of gray level was far from propriety as a formation index.
Analysis of Historical Documents from a Viewpoint of Paper Science
YOON-HEE HAN,TOSHIHARU ENOMAE,AKIRA ISOGAI,HIROFUMI YAMAMOTO,MICHIHISA HOTATE 한국펄프·종이공학회 2006 한국펄프종이학회 기타 간행물 Vol.- No.-
Restoration of historical documents and arts has become important to inherit cultural properties. Most of historical documents were recorded on paper. Therefore, restoration of ancient papers is demanded and techniques for this purpose must be developed and sophisticated. In our study, several nondestructive methods for analyzing ancient paper have been developed. Image analysis using fast Fourier transform with suitable modifications was applied to optical micrographs of traditionally-handmade Korean and Japanese papers. This analysis determines the angle and anisotropy of fiber orientation of paper surfaces. Fiber orientation of traditionally-handmade Korean and Japanese papers was found to show their own characteristics in accordance with the motion of a papermaking screen made of bamboo splints. Consequently, the information on fiber orientation was found to be possible to distinguish the flow-sheet forming typical of Japanese paper and still- sheet forming typical of Korean paper. Moreover, the anisotropy was always higher for the screen side than for the top side, thus meaning that surface fiber orientation is possible to distinguish the two sides of paper of which papermaking history is unknown. An application of this technique to actual historical documents evidenced that wrapping papers were used as envelops with a lateral side up, namely, after rotating 90 degrees. A variety of cultural habits in writing letters was revealed by discrimination of the two sides.