세포내 물질이동기구에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

양남길,안의태,장대수 순천향대학교 1982 논문집 Vol.5 No.3

In most cell kinds, intracellular transport systems are reasonably understood at the moment. But in most neurons which have long cellular processes, i. e., more than many thousand times longer axon than the diameter of its perykaryon, intraneuronal transport system has ultimate importances for the nutrient supply and transneuronal impulse conduction. Many efforts have been focused on the membrane circulation at the nerve terminals and on the chemico-physical transduction of impulse at the synapse. But it is still complicate to understand how the fast axonal transport can meet the needs in the terminals. Even the fast axonal transport (l00∼400mm/day) is too slow to overcome the multiple demands at the cell periphery. In this experiment, we have carried 3 experiments and interrelated their results to summarize the reasonable transport system within the nerve cells. At first we have disturbed the function of fundus striati nucleus of cat by the intersect-ion of nigrostriatal input. In the second experiment all the inputs and outputs to and from the fundus striati of cat were interrupted by columnar isolation of the nucleus, and finally we have checked the autoradiographic lables in the rat fundus striati following the stereotaxic infusion of tritiated serotonin via lateral ventricle. We have scrutinized all the data to result the following summary: 1. Uptake, lysis, synthesis and transport of proteinous substances within the perykayon are depends on the similar organelles as those in the other cell kinds, i. e., pinocytotic vesicles lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticula, transfer vesicles, Golgi complexes, carrier vesicles, etc. 2. Fast transport within the long neuronal processes depends on the smooth endoplasmic reticular tubules which are apparantly long continuous and interonnected system between perikaryon and periphery of processes. 3. Transport within the smooth reticular tubule is accomplished immediately(perhaps only-in a few second, regardless of its length) by way of the pressing of newly formed substance at the perikaryal end resulting squeeze out at the peripheral end. 4. Disturbances at the distal end or at any passageway of smooth endoplasmic reticular tubules will make swelling or edema of the tubule-system. 5. In the spiny cell that has numerous spines and spine apparati, altered synaptic condition sometimes initiate large amount of material-uptake and transport of them via spine apparati into the smooth endoplasmic tubules of dendrites, finally may result edematic tubules and dendrite. 6. Importance of speed and vesiculation of smooth endoplasmic reticular tubules in normal and pathological circumstances were discussed.

방사선 조사를 받은 흰쥐 망막 속얼기층의 미세구조

양석우,고정식,양남길,안의태,박경호 순천향의학연구소 1995 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.1 No.2

본 실험은 머리부분이 많은양의 방사선에 노출되었을 때 망막 속얼기층의 미세구조적 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 시행하였다. 실험동물로는 체중 200-250g의 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, 마취상태에서 머리부분에만 방사선을 조사하였다. 방사선 조사는 미쓰비시 선형가속기를 이용하여 조사거리 80cm, 구역 30cm X 30cm, 깊이 1.2cm 조건에서 1분당 200rad씩 연속조사하여, 3,000rad 또는 6,000rad를 조사한 후 6시간, 2일, 6일후에 희생시켰다. 각 동물은 1% glutaraldehyde- 1% paraformaldehyde액으로 관류고정하였다. 관류가 끝난 후 안구를 적출하여 톱니둘레를 따라 절단한 다음, 망막의 일정부위에서 조직을 떼어냈다. 떼어낸 조직은 2.5% glutaraldehyde- 1.5% paraformaldehyde액에 일차고정한 후 1%osmium tetroxide액에 이차고정하였다. 고정된 조직은 수세와 탈수과정을 거쳐 araldite혼합액에 포매한 다음 얇은 절편을 작성하여 uranly acetate와 lead citrate로 염색한 후 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 무축삭신경원의 세포질돌기는 전자밀도가 높은 어두운세포와 전자밀도가 낮은 밝은세포로 구분되었으며, 밝은 세포 가운데에는 과립형연접소포를 갖고 있는 돌기가 관찰되었다. 2. 3,000rad조사 후 6시간군의 경우 밝은 무축삭신경원이 세포질돌기와 신경절세포의 가지돌기는 팽대되었으며 사립체와 세포막이 파괴되는 모습이 관찰되었는데, 2일군의 경우 그 경향이 가장 심했다. 3. 3,000rad조사 후 6일군의 경우 부챗살아교세포의 영역이 넓어져서 전체적인 조직의 모습이 2일군의 것에 비하여 많이 회복되어 보였다. 4. 6,000rad조사 6일군의 경우 부챗살아교세포는 미세사가 많고 전자밀도가 높은 변성된 세포가 자주 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 3,000rad의 방사선을 조사받으면 흰쥐망막의 속얼기층은 처음에는 무축삭신경원의 세포질돌기와 신경절세포의 가지돌기가 손상을 받았으나, 6일 후에는 부챗살아교세포의 영역이 넓어져서 많이 회복되었다. 그러나 6,000rad정도의 방사선을 조사하면 부챗살아교세포도 변성되어 속얼기층 전체가 변성된것으로 보아, 부챗살아교세포는 무축삭신경원이나 신경절세포에 비하여 방사선에 대한 저항성이 높다고 생각된다. This experiment was performed to study the morphological respones of the inner plexiform layer of the retina of rat following X-ray irradiation. Rats anethetized with sodium thiopental, were exposed only on their head areas with a single dose of 3,000rads or 6,000rads, respectively. Radiation was produced by Mitsubishi linear accelerator, at the speed of 200rads/min. The experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Under anethesia, 1% glutaraldehyde- 1% paprformaldehyde solution was perfused through the heart. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde- 1.5% paraformaldehyde, and in 1% osmium tetroxide, and embedded in araldite mixture. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solutions. From the ultrastructural study, following results were made: 1. Two types of amacrine cells, according to their elecrton densities, were found, i.e., light amacrine cell and dark amacrine cell. Granular synaptic vesicels were often observed in the light amacrine cells. 2. Two days after exposure to 3,000rads of X-ray, severe morphological changes were observed in cytoplasmic processes of light amacrine cells and dendrite of ganglion cells; i.e., edematous changes, framoentation of mitochondria, breakdown of cell membranes, etc. 3. Six days after exposure to 3,000rads of X-ray, many of the malformaitons were seen to be repaired, except the territory of activated Muller cell. 4. Six days after exposure to 6,000rads of X-ray, darkly degenerated Muller cell were frequently observed. From the above results, it was concluded that large amount of head-irradiation results the severe damages to the cytoplasmic processes of amacrince cell and the dendrites of ganglion cell in the inner plexiform layer of rat retina, but Muller cells are more radioresistant than amacrine and ganglion cells.

연령에 따른 흰쥐 망막 속얼기층의 미세구조 변화

오원영,고정식,양남길,안의태,박경호 순천향의학연구소 1995 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.1 No.2

이 실험은 연령에 따른 흰쥐 망막 속얼기층의 미세구조적 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 시행하였다. 실험동물로는 생후 3개월(어린 흰쥐), 12개월(젊은 흰쥐) 및 30개월(늙은 흰쥐)된 Fisher계통 344흰쥐를 사용하였다. 각 동물은 4% chloral hydrate로 마취한 후 2.5% glutaradehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde로 관류 고정한 다음, 안구를 적출하여 톱니둘레를 다라 절단한 후 시신경원반외측의 일정부위에서 망막조직을 떼어내었다. 떼어낸 조직은 2.5% glutaradehyde- 1.5% paraformaldehyde 고정액에 다시 고정한 후, 1% osmium tetroxide액에 또 다시 고정하였다. 고정된 조직은 ethyl alcohol과 acetone으로 탈수한 후 araldite혼합액에 포매하였다. 포매된 조직은 LKB-V ultratome으로 얇은 절편을 작성하여 uranyl acetate와 lead citrate로 염색한 후 JEM 100CX-Ⅱ 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 무축삭신경원의 세포질돌기는 세포질의 전자밀도, 연접소포의 종류 및 양에 따라 4종류 구분되었다. 2. 속얼기층에서 관찰되는 신경연접의 형태는 연접리본복합체외에 4종류의 일반신경연접을 관찰할 수 있었으나, 연령증가에 따른 연접형태의 미세구조적 변화는 관찰할 수 없었다. 3. 연령이 증가함에 따라 부챗살아교세포의 상대적 영역이 넓어졌다. 4. 연령이 증가함에 따라 무착삭신경원과 신경절세포의 가지돌기안에 수초구조, 용해소체, 잔여소체가 자주 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 흰쥐의 망막속얼기층은 연령이 증가하면 무축삭신경원과 신경절세포는 기능이 점점 약해지므로 부챗살아교세포의 영역이 상대적으로 더 넓어진다고 생각된다. Morphological differences among the inner plexiform layers at different age groups have been studied in young(three months old), adult(twelve months old) and old(thirty months old) Fisher stain 344 rats. Under anethesia, 2.5% glutaraldehyde- 1.5% paraformaldehyde solution was perfused through the heart. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde- 1.5% paraformaldehyde, and in 1% osmium tetroxide followed by fixation embedded in aralditse mixture. Ultrathin seciton were statined with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solution and were observed with JEM 100CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Four types of amacrine cells were found according to their electron densities, and kind and amount of the synaptic vesicles, were found, i.e., dark amacrine cell with clear vesicles(Al cell), light amacrine cell with clear vesicles(A2 cell), dark amacrine cell with clear and granular vesicles(A3 cell) and light amacrine cell with clear and granular vesicles(A4 cell) 2. In the inner plexiform layer, there appear two types of synapses : 1) synaptic ribbon complex and 2) conventional synapses. Conventional ones exhibited four different types, showing, i.e., prominent presynaptic density(type 1), prominent postsnaptic density(type 2), prominent pre-and postsynaptic densities(type 3), and lesser prominent pre-and postsynaptic densites. 3. Territories of the Muller cells were expanded during aging. 4. Myelin figures, lysosomes, lipofuscin granules and lipid droplets were frequently observed in the amacrine and ganglion cells of the adult and old rats. From the above results, it was suggested that functions of the bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells were diminished gradually, whereas territories of the Muller cells were expanded during aging.

과량의 방사선에 머리부분이 노출된 흰쥐 망막의 속핵층과 신경절세포의 미세구조변화

고정식,최숙경,양남길,안의태,박경호 순천향의학연구소 1995 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.1 No.2

이 실험은 머리부분이 많은 양이 방사선에 노출되었을 때, 망막 속핵층과 신경세포의 미세구조적 반응을 관찰하기 위하여 시행하였다. 실험동물로는 체중200-250g의 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, 마취상태에서 머리부분에만 방사선을 조사였다. 방사선조사는 선형가속기(Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator, ML-4MV)를 이용하였으며 1분당 200rad씩 연속 조사하여 3,000rad 또는 6,000rad를 조사한 후 6시간, 2일, 6일에 희생시켰다. 각 동물은 1% glutaradehyde- 1% paraformaldehyde액으로 관류고정한 다음, 안구를 적출하여 톱니둘레를 따라 절단한 후 망막의 일정부위에서 조직을 떼어내었다. 떼어낸 조직은 2.5% glutaradehyde- 1.5% paraformaldehyde 액에 일차고정한 다음 1% osmium tetroxide액에 이차 고정하였다. 고정된 조직은 수세와 탈수과정을 거쳐 araldite혼합액에 포매한 다음 얇은 절편을 작성하여 uranyl acetate와 lead citrate로 염색한 후 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 무축삭신경원은 세포질의 전자밀도가 높은 어두운 세포(type 3)와 전자밀도가 낮은 밝은 세포로 구분되었으며, 밝은 세포는 핵의 윤곽이 매끄럽고 둥근 세포(type 1)와 핵막의 함입현상이 뚜렷한 세포(type 2)로 구분되었다. 2. 3,000rad의 X-선을 조사한 후 6시간군의 경우, 속핵층을 구성하는 세포들과 신경절세포에서는 속핵층을 구성하는 세포들과 신경절세포에서는 사립체와 세포막이 파괴되는 모습이 관찰되었는데 2일군의 경우 그 경향이 가장 심했다. 3. 3,000rad의 X-선을 조사한 후 6일군의 경우, 부챗살아교세포의 영역이 넓어져서 전체적인 모습이 2일군의 것에 비하여 많이 회복되어 보였다. 4. 6,000rad의 X-선을 조사한 후 6일군의 경우, 속핵층을 구성하는 세포들이 기저복합체 근처에서 관찰되었다. 5. 6,000rad의 X-선을 조사한 후 6시간부터, 부챗살아교세포는 미세사가 많고 전자밀도가 높은 변성된 세포들이 자주 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과를 고찰해 보면 머리부분이 3,000rad의 X-선에 노출되면 망막의 속핵층을 구성하는 세포들과 신경절세포는 처음에는 새포질소기관들과 세포막이 손상을 받으나, 6일 후에는 부챗살아교세포의 영역이 넓어져서 전체적인 구조가 많이 회복된다. 그러나 6,000rad정도의 방사선에 노출되면 부챗살아교세포도 변성되어 속핵층과 신경절세포층의 구조가 변성된다고 생각된다. This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the cell of the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell of the rat retina following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The heads of the rats, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, were exposed to 3,000rads or 6,000rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi linear accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80cm, and the dose rate was 200 rads/min. The experimental groups were sacrificed on 6hour, 2 and 6 days after X-ray irradiations. Under anesthesia, 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehye solution was perfused through the heart. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde, and in 1% osmium tetroxide, and embedded in araldite mixture. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solutions and were observed with JEM 100CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow: 1. Three type of amacrine cells were found, according to their electron densities and nuclear shape, i,e,dark amacrine cell with invaginated nucleus(type 3), light amacrine cell with round nucleus(type 1) and light amacrine cell wit invaginated nucleus(type 2). 2. Six hours after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray, morphological changes were observed in cytoplasm of the cells of the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell: i.e., edematous changes, fragmentation of mitochondria, breakdown of the plasma membrane, etc. 3. Six days after exposure to 3,000rads of X-ray, many of the malformations were seen to be repaired, except the territory of activated Muller cell. 4. Six days after exposure to 6.000 rads of X-ray, cells of the inner nuclear layer were observed near the Bruch's membrane. 5. Six days after exposure to 6.000 rads of X-ray, darkly degenerated Muller cells were frequently observed. From the above results it wluded that 3,000rads of head-irradiation induces damages to the cell organelles in the cells of the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell during the first few days, but many of the malformations can be repaired within six days. And 6,000rads of head irradiation leads to renaturation of the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer of the retina, since the most of the Muller cells are degenerated within a few days following irradiation.

방사선이 흰쥐 갑상샘 소포곁세포에 미치는 영향에 대한 미세구조적 연구

김용식,양남길,안의태,고정식,박경호,김진국,Kim, Young-Sik,Yang, Nam-Gil,Ahn, E-Tay,Ko, Jeong-Sik,Park, Kyung-Ho,Kim, Jin-Gook 한국현미경학회 1992 Applied microscopy Vol.22 No.2

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the parafollicular cells of rat following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The head and neck region of the rat, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, was exposed to 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80 cm, and the dose rate was 200 rads/min. The rate of experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Pieces of the tissue taken from the thyroid gland were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde (0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and in 1% osmium tetroxide (0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. Two types of the parafollicular cells, according to their electron densities, were found, i. e., light cells and dark cells. 2. Three types of the parafollicular cells, according to their sizes of secretory granules were found, i.e., small granule cells ($85nm{\pm}20.1;64{\sim}102nm$), medium granule cells ($120nm{\pm}26.5;77{\sim}179nm$), and large granule cells ($165nm{\pm}25.7;128{\sim}189nm$). 3. The differential ultrastructural changes of the cells according to their cell types, i.e., dark and light cell, or small, medium and large granule cells, were hardly observed in the time and dose range covered by this study. 4. The morphological changes of the parafollicular cells were not pronounced after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray. 5. Swollen cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and partial cytolysis were observed after exposure to 6,000 rads of X-ray. 6. Above results suggest that the parafollicular cells showed the alterations of mitochondrial and granular endoplasmic reticular swelling, and partial cytolysis, but only in doses of 6,000 rads.

Ehrlich 암세포에 대한 Acriflavine-Guanosine 복합제 (AG60)의 항암효과 -광학현미경적, 자기방사법적 및 전자현미경적 연구-

안의태,고정식,김형진,김상건,이경영,강종구,유보림,정영신,홍은경,한영복 대한해부학회 1999 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.32 No.2

연령증가에 따른 생쥐 혈액-가슴샘 관문의 미세구조

안의태,최석봉,고정식,경홍기,한영복 대한해부학회 1994 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.27 No.4

종양치료제가 Ehrlich 암세포를 이식한 생쥐 가슴샘겉질에 미치는 영향 - 전자현미경적 연구

안의태,고정식,박경호,최석봉,한영복,경홍기,문정조 대한해부학회 1997 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.30 No.3

머리에 방사선 조사를 받은 흰쥐 신경뇌하수체의 미세구조 연구

안의태,김표년,양남길,고정식,박경호,김진국 대한해부학회 1994 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.27 No.1

뇌 손상에 따른 신경아교세포의 가변성 반응

안의태,고정식,박경호 대한해부학회 1998 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.31 No.5