기상열화가 방부처리재의 구리성분 용탈에 미치는 영향

이명재,이동흡,김규혁 한국목재공학회 2003 목재공학 Vol.31 No.4

본 연구는 앞서 발표한 「수용성 방부처리재의 촉진 기상열화 저항성 평가」의 부속실험으로서 기상열화가 방부처리재의 유효성분 중 구리의 용탈에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. ACQ, CCA, CuAz 처리시편을 대상으로 실시한 자외선 조사 유무에 따른 기상열화 조건에서 공통된 유효성분인 구리의 용탈량은 방부제의 종류에 관계없이 인공강우만 실시했을 때보다 자외선 조사를 함께 겸했던 시편에서 높게 나타났다. 방부처리 전후와 방부처리재의 촉진열화 전후의 목재표면을 FTIR을 이용하여 분석하였는데, 그 결과 구리가 정착되는 것으로 판단되는 1731 cm^(-1), 1625 cm^(-1), 1510 cm^(-1)흡수대가 촉진열화에 의해 큰 변화를 나타냈다. 이는 리그닌과 결합되었던 구리가 리그닌의 자외선 열화시 리그닌과 함께 용출 되었음을 시사한다. This is the second in a series of reports on the evaluation of weathering durability of waterborne preservative treated wood by accelcrated weathering. The leaching of copper from AC!-, CCA-, and CuAz-treated samples during weathering was increased by UV irradiation, when compared between full weathering and water-only weathering. The FTIR spectra of the weathered ACQ-, CCA, CuAz-treated samples at 1731㎝^(-1), 1625㎝^(-1), 1510㎝^(-1), which are related to the fixation of copper, were different from those of unweathered controls. This result menas that UV irradiation can weaken the chemical bond between lignin and copper and/or extraction of lignin-copper complex can be occured when lignin erode away by weathering.

고온아마인유처리에 의한 소나무재의 특성

이동흡,이명재,오형민,손동원 한국목재공학회 2004 목재공학 Vol.32 No.2

본 실험은 건조되지 않은 목재를 고온의 아마인유에 침지처리함으로써 목재건조와 동시에 발수효과를 얻고자 실시하였다. 함수율 90% 이상의 소나무생재를 온도 150℃의 아마인유에서 6시간 침지처리하였을 때 목재함수율은 10%까지 떨어졌으며, 목재 축방향의 깊이에 관계없이 목재단면의 20%에 해당하는 아마인유가 침투하였다. 이때 목재의 강도적 손실은 발생하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 목재표면의 천공처리는 목재의 내부할열방지에 효과적이었고, 아마인유의 깊은 침투를 유도할 수 있었다. 흡수성 시험 결과 처리재는 무처리재에 비하여 높은 발수효과를 나타냈다. 변색균 및 부후균에 대한 항균효력시험은 처리재 자체로서 균에 대한 독성 기작이 없었으나, 백색부후균 및 갈색부후균에 대해서는 무처리재보다 낮은 중량감소율을 나타내는 등 방부효력의 상승이 있었다. This study attempted to evaluate the water repellency and drying effectiveness of linseed oil treated-solid wood at high temperature by immersion. The moisture content of green wood (Pinus densiflora) sample (above 90%) was reduced about 10% after 6 hours treatment at 150℃. When the treated samples were cut into cross section along the length, it was observed that the linseed oil penetrated into up to 20% of the sample cross section area in all locations. However, a strength loss of the specimen was not detected. The pre-drilling before linseed oil treatment was effective in reducing the defects such as checks and splits, and improved the linseed oil penetration into all samples from the surfaces. The result of water absorption test of treated-wood showed that the water repellent efficacy of treated-wood was greater than that of the control. The anti-fungal activity of treated samples using five sap stains and thee decay fung was not detected in broad-spectrum toxic mechanism. However, decay test using white rot fungi(Tyromyces palustris) and brown rot fungi(Trametes versicolor) showed that the treated sample has a decay resistance to thew two fungi.

수용성 방부처리재의 기상열화 저항성 평가

이명재,이동흡,김규혁 한국목재공학회 2003 목재공학 Vol.31 No.4

수용성 방부처리(AAC, CCA-3, ACQ, CuAz) 소나무 시편의 기상열화에 대한 저항성을 평가하기 위하여 인공촉진열화 방법을 사용하였다. 기상열화에 의한 재색 및 중량변화, 물리적 표면열화, 목재조직의 변화를 종합적으로 고려할 때, AAC 처리시편을 제외한 ACQ, CCA, CuAz 처리시편은 기상열화에 대한 저항성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 몇몇 방부처리재가 기상열화에 대하여 저항성을 나타내는 요인탐색을 위해 기상열화 산물을 분석하였는데, 그 결과, ACQ, CCA, CuAz 처리시편에서는 낮은 리그닌 함량이 측정되어 기상열화 저항성을 가지는 처리시편은 리그닌 열화가 적게 일어남을 나타냈다. 이는 방부제 유효성분이 목재 주성분 중 기상열화에 민감한 리그닌 구조에 정착함으로써 리그닌 열화에 대한 저항성이 발현되었기 때문으로 판단된다. This study was carried out to evaluate the weathering durability of waterborne preservative (AAC, ACQ, CCA, CuAz) treated Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) sapwood samples by accelerated weathering, and to find out the factor of stability. When considered the color changes, weight losses, surface degradation, and microstructure changes due to weathering, ACQ-, CCA-, and CuAz-treated samples were durable against weathering; the weathering durability of AAC-treated samples was poor and similar to untreated controls. The lignin content in aqueous extracts collected from ACQ-, CCA-, and CuAz-treated samples during weathering was lower than from untreated and AAC-treated ones. From these findings, we might concluded the weathering durability of ACQ-, CCA-, and CuAz-treated samples was enhanced by the fixation of preservative component(s) onto the lignin structure, which is very susceptible to weathering.

加味香砂六君子湯이 생쥐 小腸에서 放射線照射 後 保護效果와 Apoptosis에 미치는 影響

이태업,김진성,윤상협,류봉하,박동원,류기원 대한한방종양학회 2000 대한한방종양학회지 Vol.6 No.1

The present study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of the gamihyangsayukgunjatang on radioprotection and apoptoss in small intestines of mice after whole bdy irradiation. Two hundred forty mice were divided into 40 groups according to the radiation dose and the gamihyangsayukgunjatang treatment. The extracts of the herbal medicines were orally administered to each group differently before and/or after irradiation. The gamihyangsayukgunjatang treated groups were divided into 3 groups. Sample Ⅰ was the group treated with the gamihyangsayukgunjatang for 3 days before the radiation, sample Ⅱ was the group treated with the gamihyangsayukgunjatang for 3 days after the radiation. Sample Ⅲ was the group treated with the gamihyangsayukgunjatang for both 3 days before and after the radiation. To analyze the crypt survival, the micradony survival assay was used according to the Withers and Elind's method. To analyze the apptosis, the TUNEL assay was done. The reslts obtained are a follows : 1. From the microcolony survival assay, the gamihyangsayukgunjatang treated groups showed theradioprotective effect with a statistical ignificance(p<0.05), as compared to the control group. Comparing the radioprotective effect among the 3 groups, sample Ⅲ was statistically more significant than sample Ⅰand Ⅱ (p<O.O5). Sample Ⅰ showed no effect. In accordance with the research mentioned above, it is suggested that the radioprotective effect of the gamihyangsayukgunjatang is more useful for the treatment of the radiation injury rather that the prevention. 2. The results of the TUNEL assay showed that the apoptotic index in the gamihyangsayukgunjatang treaed group was slightly decreased with no effectiveness, as compared to the control group. According to the above results, it could be suggested that the gammyangsayukgummang has a prominent protective effect in mice intestines against the radiation damage. However, the radioprotective effect does not seem to be related to inhibition of the apoptosis.

생물학적인 방법을 이용한 방부처리재의 중금속 제거 (Ⅱ) : CCA, CCFZ 처리재에서 중금속의 제거 Removal of Heavy Metals from CCA and CCFZ-treated Wood

손동원,이동흡,강창호 한국목재공학회 2004 목재공학 Vol.32 No.2

갈색부후균 Tyromyces palustris를 이용하여 CCA처리 목재와 CCFZ처리 목재에서 중금속을 제거하였다. 전처리 방법으로써 증기압처리와 수산처리가 검토되었다. 수산 전처리에 의한 균처리의 제거율 상승 영향과 일정 균체량에 대한 방부처리재의 폭로양의 차이에 따른 처리율의 변화정도를 검토하였다. 배양방법을 달리하여 방부처리재의 유효성분 제거량을 비교하고 생물반응기를 이용하여 중금속 제거를 실시하였다. 크롬과 비소는 수산의 농도가 증가할수록 제거율이 증가하였으나 구리는 농도의 증가에 따른 제거율이 크게 향상되지 않았다. T. palustris는 균체량 287 ㎎으로 크롬과 비소는 시료무게 3 g까지 60% 이상의 제거율을 나타냈고 구리는 50% 이상의 제거율을 나타내었다. 진탕배양에서는 크롬, 구리, 비소의 제거율이 60% 이상의 제거율을 보였으며, 정치배양에서는 구리의 제거율이 진탕배양보다 높게 나타났다. 생물반응기 적용 시 7일 배양이후 제거율은 크롬 72%, 구리 61%, 비소는 59%이었다. The relationship between the amount of heavy metals removed and concentrations of oxalic acid for treated wood was exnmined. Also. the relationship between mycelia weight and removal rate was examined. 'I'he removed cluantity of heavy metal from treated wood according to termentation methods was examined. The extraction amount of chromium and arsenic components increased with increasing oxalic acid concentration, hut the extraction amount of copper did not improved much. A 287 ㎎ of mycelia weight can remove chromium and 60% in 3g CCA chips and copper was also retnoved over 50% The chromium, copper and arsenic were removed over 60% by shaking fermentation, the removal rate of copper by static eultivation was higher than that of shaking fermentation. The removal rate of chromium, copper and arsenic were 72%, 61% and 59% with air-lift Idoreactor, respectively.

생물학적인 방법을 이용한 방부처리재의 중금속 제거(1) : CCA 및 CCFZ 처리재에서 구리의 제거 Removal of Copper from CCA, CCFZ Treated Wood

손동원,이동흡,강창호 한국목재공학회 2002 목재공학 Vol.30 No.2

갈색부후균 Tyromyces palustris를 이용하여 CCA, CCFZ처리 목재에서 구리를 제거하였다. 균에 의한 구리의 제거효율을 높이기 위한 전처리 방법으로서 증기압처리와 수산처리를 검토하였으며, 적정 배양 방법을 찾기 위하여 진탕배양, 고체배양, 정치배양에서 구리 제거율을 비교하였다. 전처리 방법에서, 증기압 처리만으로는 효과적인 구리제거가 불가능하였으며, 수산처리는 구리제거율은 낮았으나 수산처리 후 균처리를 하면 제거율이 향상되었다. 배양 방법에서는 정치 배양의 구리 제거효율이 높게 나타났다. 대량 배양을 위한 공기부양식 생물반응기에 의한 구리의 제거율은 7일 배양 이후 61%의 제거율을 보였다. T. palustris에 의한 구리제거기작을 탐색하기 위하여 배양액 중에 생성된 물질을 LC/Mass 분석 결과 T. palustris에서 분비되어진 수산과 방부처리 목재 중의 구리가 결합된 수산구리 착염체의 형성이 배양액 중에 존재함이 확인됨으로 균체 외 수산의 작용이 처리재의 구리제거에 크게 관여함이 밝혀졌다. The removing copper from CCA, CCFZ treated wood were tested with Tyromyces palustris. The shacking culture, solid culture, and stationary culture methods were tested to removal of copper in CCA, CCFZ treated wood. The steam pressure method and oxalic acid method were tested as pretreatment. To investigate of copper removal mechanism, the oxalic acid that produced by T. palustris and combination with copper was examined on stationary culture that contained CCA and CCFZ treated wood chips. Oxalic acid increased copper removing rate of T. palustris as pretreatment. Stationary culture had most removal effectiveness among the culturing methods. The removal rate of copper on bioreactor was 61% on 7 days. Copper-oxalate was detected on liquid culture, which show the oxalate from liquid of culture combined with copper from treated wood. It would be related to the removal of copper from treated wood by T. palustris.

The Influence of The American Constitution on Korean Constitutional Law

Dong-Heub Lee 한국법학원 1987 저스티스 Vol.20 No.-

Evaluation of Organoiodine Fungicides as Wood Preservatives with Special Reference to Their Fungal and Physicochemical Degradations

Dong Heub Lee 한국산림과학회 1992 한국산림과학회지 Vol.81 No.1

Four organoiodone fungicides[4-chlorophenyl-3-iodopropargyl(IF-1000), 3-iodo-2--propynyl butyl carbonate(IPBC), 3-bromo-2. 3-diiodo-2-propenylethyl carbonate (EBIP), and 2, 3, 3-triiodoallyl alcohol (TIAA)] were proved to possibly be used as an alternative to tri-n-butyltin oxide (TnBTO) and conventioal wood preservatives, based on the Japanese standardized methods for their fungicidal and termiticidal efficacy. Fungal decomposition and physico-chemical degradation of these fungicides were also examined in the laboratory. The important results obtained are summarized as follows. In PART I , fundamental fungicidal and termiticidal efficacy and their synergistic effects with organophosphate termiticide(chlorpyrifos), synergist and stabilizer were described. The order of their fungicidal effect in single use was TIAA(0.5%) $gt; IPBC(0.75%) $gt;IF-1000(1.0%)≥EBIP($gt;1.0%) . Fungicidal efficacy of TnBTO was equal to 1F-1000. Mixing of all fungicides with chlorpyrifos and surface active agent gave a synergistic fungicidal effect against Coriolus versicolor. However, the effect was not always found in other test fungi. Only IPBC gave a desirable synergistic effect against. all fungi tested by mixing with surface active agent, IF -1000 and TnBTO caused an undesirable antagonistic effect against Tyromycer palustris when mixed with chlorpyrifos. EBIP showed a synergistic and/or additive effect against T. palustris and Serpula lacrymans, only when they were mixed with commercial synergistic and stabilizing agents. In PART II, fungal decomposition of organoiodine fungicides in shake culture was discussed . Lowering of pH during incubation and the decomposition rate of fungicides were closely related to each other. Most of organoiodine chemicals were degraded at various extents by fungal metabolic activities. The degrading ability of C. versicolor was found in intracellular and extracellular components. However, those of T. palustris gave a poor degradation of the fungicides tested. Detoxifying activity of this fungus occurred exclusively in-cell wall components. S. lacrymans was positioned between the two fungi, in its degrading activity of test fungicides. In PART III, the physicochemical degradation of organoiodine ungicides was described. Chemical bond energies of carbon-iodine and carbon-bromine in these compounds were comparatively lower than those of the other chemical bonds. Thus, these chemicals could be decomposed by exogenous energies, such as ultraviolet energy, causing the decline of fungicidal efficacy. The iodopropargyl-containing IF-1000 and IPBC were converted to propargyl compounds by iodine releasing through carbon-iodone bond cleavage. TIAA, in the similar manner, was convened to 1-propanol. However, these chemicals were not degraded by thermochemical exogenous energy. Although some of the four organoiodone fungicides tested have some defects such as degradation by fungi and photoirradiation, they showed the over-all good fungicidal efficacies. Their relatively lower resistance to C. versicolor might be overcome by mixing with chlorpyrifos which is specifically toxic to this fungus. Photodegradation of the chemicals might not be considered as fault in their actual application to timber treatments, because the degradation has been proved to be limited on the surface of the treated woods.

Development and Current Situation of the Constitutional Adjudication in Korea

( Dong Heub Lee ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2012 서울대학교 法學 Vol.53 No.2

After having gone through the inactive and sometimes merely ornamental forms of constitutional adjudication systems such as the Constitutional Committee or the American type judicial review system in the past, the Republic of Korea finally established the Constitutional Court in 1988. And, different from its predecessors, the Constitutional Court has been known for its active and successful performance in adjudicating constitutional matters, as the last resort of upholding the Constitution and protecting fundamental rights of the citizens. However, there are also some obstacles that should be hurdled by the Court, such as the issues related to its competence and jurisdiction, including lack of jurisdiction over the election disputes, lack of competence of constitutional review of statutory legislation in abstracto and no power to adjudicate the constitutional complaint against ordinary court`s judgments, and the issues related to the process of nomination and appointment and term of Justices. In order to solve these problems, the Constitutional Court must examine in depth these issues and make necessary improvements. This paper reviews 1) the institutional foundations of constitutional review in Korea, including current constitutional adjudication model and historical and legal reasons for its adoption and relations between the Constitutional Court and ordinary courts; 2) status and composition of the Constitutional Court of Korea, including qualifications, terms of Justices, possibility of their reappointment, procedure for nomination and appointment of Justices and guarantee of their independence; 3) jurisdictions of the Constitutional Court such as constitutional review of statutory provisions, adjudication on constitutional complaint, adjudication on competence disputes between state agencies, between state agency and a local government or between local governments, adjudication on the dissolution of political party and adjudication on the impeachment of high public officials; and 4) binding effect of the Court`s decisions on the Legislature, the ordinary courts and on the Executive. Also, in its last part, this paper introduces several important cases in practice concerning civil liberties, social rights in pursuit of social justice, other fundamental rights and principle of equality for protecting women or particularly vulnerable minorities.

Removal of Chromate by White Rot Fungus , Inonotus cuticularis

(Dong Heub Lee),(Hae Ik Rhee),(Jae E. Yang),(Gie Taek Chun),(Yeon Ho Jeong),(Yong Won Min) 한국미생물생명공학회 2002 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.12 No.2

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