The Service-Oriented Metaphor Deciphered

Dirk Draheim 한국정보과학회 2010 Journal of Computing Science and Engineering Vol.4 No.4

In this article we review the metaphor of service-oriented architecture for enterprise computing. In typical definitions service-oriented architecture appears as a single message and a consistent roadmap for building flexible software system landscapes. But it is not. Different communities have elaborated different SOA (service-oriented architecture) concepts to address different problem areas, i.e., enterprise application integration, business-to-business, business process management, and software productizing. If software architects and software managers are aware of these strands of SOA when talking about SOA in their projects they can avoid misunderstandings and detours better. This article contributes a clarification of the different strands of SOA concepts and technologies and their mutual dependencies and identifies particular SOA concepts as instances of more general software engineering principles.

Tatbestandsmerkmale der Leistungsstörung – System und Grundelemente des Leistungsstörungsrechts nach der Schuldrechtsreform –

Dirk Looschelders 한국민사법학회 2013 民事法學 Vol.65 No.-

Im deutschen Schuldrecht gibt es traditionell eine Vielzahl von Fallgruppen der Leistungsstörung, die früher mehr oder weniger unverbunden nebeneinander standen. Bei der Schuldrechtsreform von 2002hat der Gesetzgeber sich darum bemüht, alle Fälle der Leistungsstörung auf einen einheitlichen Grundtatbestand zurückzuführen, und zwar die Pflichtverletzung nach § 280 Abs. 1 BGB. Der Begriff der Pflichtverletzung umfasst jedes Leistungsergebnis oder Verhalten des Schuldners, das objektiv hinter dem Pflichtenprogramm zurückbleibt und damit nicht dem Schuldverhältnis entspricht. Der Schuldnerverzug und die Schlechtleistung fallen damit ebenso unter den Begriff der Pflichtverletzung wie die Verletzung vertraglicher und vorvertraglicher Schutzpflichten. Darüber hinaus wurden die Gewährleistungsrechte des Gläubigers im Kauf‐ und Werkvertragsrecht in das System des allgemeinen Leistungsstörungsrechts integriert. Probleme bereitet allerdings die Einordnung der Unmöglichkeit. Da der Anspruch des Gläubigers auf die primäre Leistung im Fall der Unmöglichkeit nach § 275 Abs. 1 BGB kraft Gesetzes ausgeschlossen ist, kann die Nichtleistung nur schwer als Pflichtverletzung verstanden werden. Solche terminologischen Schwierigkeiten hätten durch den Oberbegriff der „Nichterfüllung“vermieden werden können; dieser passt aber nicht auf Schutzpflichtverletzungen. Auch nach geltendem Recht lassen sich also nicht alle Fälle der Leistungsstörung auf einheitliche Tatbestandsmerkmale zurückführen. Es gibt aber drei Grundelemente: die objektive Pflichtverletzung, das subjektive Vertretenmüssen der Pflichtverletzung sowie die Unmöglichkeit der Leistung. Das Vertretenmüssen ist nur fürSchadensersatzansprüche relevant. Für den Rücktritt und den Ausschlussder Leistungspflicht wegen Unmöglichkeit kommt es hierauf dagegen nichtan.

The Spermatogonial Stem Cell Niche

Dirk G. de Rooij,Maria. E. A. B. van Beek 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2010 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.34 No.2

Die Pflichten der kommunalen Volksvertreter in Deutschland

Dirk Ehlers,강기홍 한국지방자치법학회 2007 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.7 No.1

지방자치단체의 대표 (게마인데 및 크라이스 의회의원)는 권리의 향유자일 뿐만 아니라 의무의 대상자이기도 하다. 일반적인 위임사항수행의무 (특히 조사할 의무, 지방의회와 크라이스 의회의 회의참석의무, 요청이 있을 경우 입장표명의무와 신청의무, 표결에 참석할 의무), 직무상 비밀유지의무, 편파적인 관여금지의무, (법률적 대리가 아닌 한)지자체를 상대로 한 제3자의 청구 (이의)와 이익을 대리하지 않을 의무, 지자체 기관과 그의 기업에서 받은 보수 (사례)가 지급받아야 할 액수 이상을 넘어선 경우 이를 환급해야 할 의무들이 여기에 속한다. 이 같은 의무위반의 경우 그들은 정치적 책임뿐만 아니라 일정한 제재를 받음으로써 법적인 책임도 짊어지게 된다. 여기에 해당될 수 있는 사항으로서 형사처벌, 벌금의 부과, 손해배상의무 및 (직무상의) 질서위반조처 (회의/의결의 종결 시까지)등이다. 이 경우 해당 조처의 비례성이 항상 고려되어야만 한다. (州) 지방자치법 (Gemeindeordnung)의 규정에는 신중함 (혹은 자제, 유보)과 균형이 강조되고 있다. 그래서 질서법은 단지 부분적으로 법률로써 규정되어 있다. 그 외의 경우들은 기관운영규칙, 즉 지방자치단체의 자치조직법에 맡기고 있다. 신중함에 대한 요청을 지나치게 강조하지 않기 위해, 또 지자체 대표의 결단력을 마비시키지 않기 위해, 그들이 고의 혹은 지나친 과실로 행동했을 때에 한해 손해배상조처나 벌금 정도를 명하는 수준이다. 이러한 전제조건들은 드물게 발생되어야 할 것이다. 부분적으로 의무위반들은 충분한 법적근거가 부재함으로 인해 벌할 수 없는 경우들이 있다.

Reducing train weight and simplifying train design by using active redundancy of static inverters for the onboard supply of rolling stock

Dirk Wimmer 한국철도학회 2008 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

Imaging magnetic domains in vector magnetic fields via magnetic force microscopy

Dirk WULFERDING,Ilkyu YANG,Hoon KIM,Oscar AYALA-VALENZUELA,Minkyung LEE,Hee Cheul CHOI,Filip RONNING,Leonardo CIVALE,Ryan BAUMBACH,Eric BAUER,Joe THOMPSON,Roman MOVSHOVICH,Jeehoon KIM 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8

Besessenheit und Inkorporation im koreanischen Hwanghaedo-Schamanismus

Dirk Schlottmann 계명대학교 국제학연구소 2015 국제학논총 Vol.23 No.-

The Cartesian view of the world influenced anthropological studies of ritual and spirituality. Spirit possession studies in particular suffer from this Western idiosyncrasy, because many anthropologists who write about possession argue that possession cults and rituals are “just” traditional performances for psychosomatic illness brought about by disharmonies in the social order. A spiritual reality, as perceived by the participants of religious rituals and shamans is in principle excluded. This reduction on psycho-social aspects of spirit possession ignores a "transcendent reality," where physical and spiritual experiences can be an expression of individual and culturally specific reality. In this article, I analyze the various anthropological perspectives on spirit possession and compare the epistemological approaches about “ritual reality” with the indigenous terminology for states of possession of Korean Hwanghaedo-shamans from Seoul. The Hwanghaedo tradition of Korean shaman is particularly ecstatic and the moments of spirit possession exist in many variations. For this reason, the analysis is focused on this tradition.

Globalisation, localisation and tourism

Dirk Reiser 세계문화관광학회 2007 Conference Proceedings Vol.8 No.0

Globalisation, localisation and tourism are processes that are closely interconnected. They relate to historical mobilities and non-mobilities of humans, ideas and capital that impact on environment, economy, culture, politics and technology. Yet, these impacts on local tourism destinations are not well researched. The paper develops an historical understanding of globalisation, localisation and tourism within the context of the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin, New Zealand. It portrays the globalisation processes, the specific mix of local and global forces that shaped the Otago Peninsula and created the basis for the current conditions, especially for tourism. The research on the Otago Peninsula clearly identifies different stages of mobilities to the place. In general, it follows a similar pattern to other places in New Zealand settled in the latest phase of colonialism. The first settlers, the Polynesians, were followed by white explorers, and sealers and whalers at the beginning of the 19th century who exploited a local resource that was valuable on international markets. After the over-exploitation of the resource white settlers arrived to 'conquer' nature and to improve on their living conditions in a new country. They provided the basis for the following mobilities by developing or facilitating a local, national, regional and international infrastructure. Towards the end of the 19th century the major European migration had ended. The next major mobility movement were recreationists from the close urban centre Dunedin who used the infrastructure on the Otago Peninsula on weekends as time, money and technology limited mobilities to places further away. From the 1920s onwards, when these limitations were reduced by for example a better infrastructure and new technological development such as the car and more disposable income and time, New Zealanders started to discover their country. Finally, international travellers started to arrive in the 1960s after the main obstacle, the distance and time needed to travel to New Zealand and the Otago Peninsula was reduced by technological development, especially airplanes. During all of these phases of mobilities, the Otago Peninsula became increasingly interconnected with other places on the globe, creating the conditions for tourism. In this study, within the context of the phase model of mobilities, a variety of research methods were used to assess the impact of globalisation, localisation and tourism on the Otago Peninsula. They include literature, newspaper, local promotional materials and photographic images analysis as well as participant observation, and historical interviews. The research clearly highlights the changes to the Otago Peninsula created by historical events that happened as a consequence of human mobility. Internal and external conditions at different geographical scales ranging from the local to the global changed the economy, the environment, culture, politics and the use of technology on the Otago Peninsula. The place was (and still is) constantly glocalised. Consequently, international tourism as one of the more recent forces has to be managed within this historical framework.

A Theory of Child Adoption

Dirk Bethmann,Michael Kvasnicka 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2022 Journal of Economic Development Vol.47 No.2

Women can bear own children or adopt them. Extending economic theories of fertility, we provide a first formal theoretical treatment of the demand for adoption. It is shown that the propensity to adopt a child increases in the degree of own altruism, infertility, relatedness and emotional attachment to the child, costs of own child birth, and any adoption-specific monetary return that is received net of the costs of adopting the child. Aggregate adoption statistics are broadly consistent with the predictions of our model.

Tinnitus and the Triple Network Model: A Perspective

Dirk De Ridder,송재진,Sven Vanneste,Divya Adhia 대한이비인후과학회 2022 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.15 No.3

Tinnitus is defined as the conscious awareness of a sound without an identifiable external sound source, and tinnitus disorder as tinnitus with associated suffering. Chronic tinnitus has been anatomically and phenomenologically separated into three pathways: a lateral “sound” pathway, a medial “suffering” pathway, and a descending noise-canceling pathway. Here, the triple network model is proposed as a unifying framework common to neuropsychiatric disorders. It proposes that abnormal interactions among three cardinal networks—the self-representational default mode network, the behavioral relevance-encoding salience network and the goal-oriented central executive network—underlie brain disorders. Tinnitus commonly leads to negative cognitive, emotional, and autonomic responses, phenomenologically expressed as tinnitus-related suffering, processed by the medial pathway. This anatomically overlaps with the salience network, encoding the behavioral relevance of the sound stimulus. Chronic tinnitus can also become associated with the self-representing default mode network and becomes an intrinsic part of the self-percept. This is likely an energy-saving evolutionary adaptation, by detaching tinnitus from sympathetic energy-consuming activity. Eventually, this can lead to functional disability by interfering with the central executive network. In conclusion, these three pathways can be extended to a triple network model explaining all tinnitus-associated comorbidities. This model paves the way for the development of individualized treatment modalities.