폭압적 정치상황과 소설적 응전의 양상

김병덕(Kim, Byeong―Deog) 한국비평문학회 2013 批評文學 Vol.- No.49

본고는 1970년대의 부조리한 정치상황을 비판ㆍ고발한 조해일의 작품을 살핀 글이다. 작가는 당대의 엄혹한 상황에서 나름의 ‘정치적 알레고리’를 사용한 작품들을 통해 작의를 드러냈다. 하지만 그러한 작품세계에 대한 세심한 분석은 이루어지지 못한 것이 사실이다. 본고에서는 그 점에 주목하여 조해일의 작품을 고찰했다. 그 결과로 본고에서 논한 작품들에서 다음과 같은 의미를 발견할 수 있었다. 첫째 조해일의 작품이 1970년대 한국사회의 암담한 정치적 상황에 저항하고 있다는 점이다. 작가는 어두운 현실의 타개책으로 평범한 국민들의 연대의 힘이 절대적으로 필요하다는 점을 강변한다. 둘째로 당대 사회에서 지식인의 역할에 작가는 주목한다. 조해일은 불의의 시대에 한탄만 하는 지식인보다, 미약한 힘으로나마 현실에 맞서는 지식인들에게 우호의 눈길을 보내는 것이다. 셋째 박정희 정권 시기에 억압당하는 시위의 자유에 대해 작가는 문제제기를 한다. 동시에 그 자유를 억압하는 주체들에 작가는 책임을 묻는데, 그들이 당시의 지배층이라는 것에는 의심의 여지가 없다. 조해일의 당대 정치적 현실에 대한 소설적 응전은 비록 소극적이었을지라도 나름의 의미가 있다. 작가는 그것을 알레고리 기법을 동원해 수행하는데, 이는 작가의 소설의 미학성에 대한 중시, 1970년대 박정희 정권의 문화ㆍ예술인들에 대한 핍박, 팍팍한 정치현실에서 작가가 소망하는 세계에 대한 열망 등의 이유로 행해진다. This thesis is a study of Cho, Hae Il’s literary works which criticized and satirized the situation of social irregularities in the 1970’s by an allegoric technique. It is a fact that the writer’s intention by an allegory and a detailed analysis for the works have not been accomplished until now. The researcher who attached importance to that respect in this thesis investigated Cho, HaeIl’s literary works which made use of by the political allegory. As the results of this thesis, this researcher found that his works discussed in this thesis had meaning as in the following. First. His works stands against the Korean social irregularities in the 1970’s and he stressed the need of a national power of solidarity in order to find a way out of the difficult realities. Second, He turns his warmer eyes on the intelligent to face up squarely to the difficult realities to add even their weak power than those of deploring the immoral society. Third, The writer accused an oppressor of oppressing the freedom, and also there can be no two opinions on this point that is, the oppressor is the ruling classes in those days. This researcher has had an interest in why he had an awareness of the issues about reality in those days. Probably, it is why he made passive response, that is, interest in a fictional beauty, oppression against literary men by the Park, JungHee Administration in the 1970s, escape from a difficult political reality, and so on.

6세기 금석문을 통해 본 신라 관등제의 정비과정

전덕재(Jeon Deog-jae) 한국목간학회 2010 목간과 문자 Vol.5 No.-

본 논고는 신라가 마립간시기에 干支관등을 설치한 과정과 아울러 520년 무렵에 고구려의 관등을 참조하여 大舍와 그 이하의 하위관등을 설치하였음을 살핀 것이다. 마립간시기에 처음으로 干支를 칭한 존재나 그에 버금가는 왕족 등을 及干支와 沙干支로 구분하여 位階化하고, 그 이후에 壹吉干支, 阿干支, 波珍干支, 壹干支, 壹伐干支를 단계적 또는 한꺼번에 사간지의 상위 관등으로 설치하였다. 일벌간지와 파진간지, 일길간지는 壹伐(一伐), 彼旦(彼日), 壹吉이란 관등에다 干支를 덧붙여 생성된 관등이고, 壹干支와 阿干支는 技能人에서 유래한 壹尺과 阿尺관등을 참조하여 설치한 것이었다. 이사금 시기에 이미 舒弗邯을 설치하였음이 확인되는데, 마립간시기에 새로이 일벌간지를 설치하면서 두 관등의 성격은 동일한 것으로 이해되었다. 520년(법흥왕 7)에 京位17관등과 외위 관등을 정비하였는데, 이때에 고구려의 使者, 兄, ?衣, 先人관등을 염두에 두고 대사와 그 이하의 하위관등을 새로 설치하였고, 이와 동시에 壹伐, 壹尺등을 外位관등으로 轉化시켜 새로이 지방의 지배세력에게 수여한 외위제를 정비하였다. 6부체제가 해체된 6세기 전반에 喙部와 沙喙部이외의 나머지 6부 지배자들을 17관등체계에, 지방의 지배층을 외위의 관등에 모두 편제하면서 비로소 국왕 중심의 일원적인 관등체계가 성립되었다. The Process for the Establishment of the Silla's Government Officials Ranking System Based on the sixth century Silla Monument Jeon Deog-jae This study is focused on the process for the establishment of the Silla's Ganji (干支) ranking system during the Maripgan Period and the introduction of Daesa (大舍) and lower ranks in about 520 following the system established by Goguryeo. It was during the Maripgan Period that Silla divided the ruling class in Ganji ranks and minor royals into Geup-Ganji (及干支) and Sa-Ganji (沙干支), and introduced, at a time or by stages, the five Ganji posts, Ilgil-Ganji (壹吉干支), A-Ganji (阿干支), Pajin- Ganji (波珍干支), Il-Ganji (壹干支) and Ilbeol-Ganji (壹伐干支) as higher ranks of Sa-Ganji. Among the new ranks, Ilbeol-Ganji, Pajin-Ganji and Ilgil-Ganji were formed by attaching a common term Ganji to the titles of Ilbeol (壹伐/一伐), Pidan (彼旦) or Piil (彼日) and Ilgil (壹吉) which refer to higher government posts while Il-Ganji and A-Ganji were conceived from Il-Cheok (壹尺) and ACheok (阿尺) originated from the technical expert. Records show that the rank of Seobulhan (舒弗 邯) was established during the Isageum Period and that it is the same rank as Ilbeol-Ganji established during the Maripgan Period. It was in 520, the 7th year of the King Beopheung, that Silla established 17 government officials ranking system for the capital and the local government officials ranking system, including Daesa (大舍) and its lower ranks conceived from the Goguryeo posts such as Saja (使 者), Hyeong (兄), Joui (.衣) and Seonin (先人). Records also show that Silla gave some of its central posts such as Ilbeol (壹伐) and Ilcheok (壹尺) to the local government officials ranks as a part of the effort for the centralizaiton of the kingdom. It was after the dissolution of the 6-Pu System in the early 6th century that Silla established a king-centered unitary government system via incorporating the rulers of 6-Pu excluding Hwebu (喙部) and Sahwebu (沙喙部) into the 17 Rank System and the local ruling class into the local government officials ranking system.

豆滿江地域 開發 現況과 韓國의 對 北投資 增進方案 : 羅進·先鋒地域을 中心으로 Centered on the Najin and Sunbong Area

李德懋 조선대학교 경영경제연구소 1999 經營經濟硏究 = Management and economics research Vol.22 No.2

신라 中古期 結負制의 시행과 그 기능

전덕재 한국고대사학회 2001 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.21 No.-

This thesis aims to explain when the land surveying system(結負制) enforced first time and what was it's social function in Silla Dynasty. The differentiation of social strata was made an active progress from the 4th century to 6th century, then the Silla State made a supreme effort to attain an increase in populatoon that was the basis of the collection of tax. The Silla State supplied with a piece of land to the poor peasants who wandered to manage to live, and demanded forcibly them to cultivate the soil. At this time the Silla State propelled a operation of land surveying and confirming of landowner in the state level in order to supply with a piece of land. The result of this operation was the basic data of a rule of Jeon-sa (佃舍法), which legislated all matters in regard of land about the year of A.D. 520. Before or after about this time, the Silla State fixed Bu (負) and Sok (束). which was utilized as a unit to measure the area of land on the basis of yield of crop, into definite the area of land, therefore indicated the area of land by a measure of length(Bo, 步). And the Silla State provided that 100Bu (負) is equal to 1Gyeol (結) on the basis of the indicating the area of land by a measure of length (Bo). The Silla State grasped in detail the landowners of each piece of land in order to effectively restrain overamass of land by the rich and the noble. and managed the area of land by the unit of Gyeol-Bu-Sok(結-負-束) in order to confirm the change on the realations of landownership.

도시계획측면에서 본 대전시 도시형 산업단지 개발방향과 과제

오덕성 충남대학교 공공문제연구소 2006 공공문제와 정책 Vol.18 No.-

A형 행동양상과 스트레스 인지정도에 관한 연구 : 1개 제조회사 사무직을 대상으로

나덕미,이강오,정영 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1992 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.17 No.2

This study was done in order to identify the relationship between one's perceived stress and behavioral pattern for nursing intervention. The subjects of the study were 127 clerical workers of a manufacturing firm. Data were collected by structured questionaire. Analysis of the data was done by frequency, ANOVA, factor analysis, factor score, correlation coefficients. The results were as follows; 1. The scores of type A behavior showed significant differences in department(F=2.88, P=.03), relegion(F=3.84, P=.05) among general characteristics. 2. The scores of one's perceived stress showed significant differences in sex(F=4.08, P=.04), job satisfaction(F=2.64, P=.04). 3. Type A behavior was classified and named as tensioned factor, active factor, job-attached factor. 1) Tensioned factor showed significant differences in department, job satisfaction. 2) Active factor showed significant difference in rnamtal status. 3) Job-attached factor showed significant differences in sex, age, religion, education level, marrital status, length of service. 4. There was significant correlation between score of perceived stress and tensioned factor(r=.2001, p=.04) among 3 type A behavior patterns.

행동양상과 스트레스 대처방법

나덕미 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1993 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.18 No.1

This study was following study on the relationship between behavior pattern and perceived stress. This study tried to identify some dimensions about the behavior pattern and stress coping method of 127 clerical workers on a manufacturing firm. The data were collected from Oct, 4 to Oct 11,1991. Two instruments were used in this study. The first one to measure behavior pattern, was Jenkins Activity Survey consisted of 59 items. The second one was for evaluating coping methods. It consisted of 36 items on the basis of Bell's 18-items Questionnaire. Analysis of data was done by frequency, ANOVA, factor, score, corr procedure. The results were as follows; 1. The stress coping method was identified and named as positive coping pattern, alternative coping pattern, emotional expression pattern and avoidant response pattern. 2. Positive coping pattern(F=7.09, p=.01) and emotional expression pattern(F=9.58, P=.00) showed significant difference in sex. Alternative coping pattern showed significant difference in education level(F=4.03, p=.02). 3. There were significant positive correlation between tensioned behavioral pattern and emotional expression pattern(r=.3537, p=.00), between active behavioral pattern and positive coping pattern(r=.3876, p=.00). There was negative significant correlation between job-attached behavioral pattern and emotional expression coping pattern(r=.1956, p=.05).

濟州道의 導入牛에 있어서 고사리 中毒의 發生 狀況 및 그 對策에 對한 調査 硏究

張德支,金承贊,梁奇千 제주대학교 1980 논문집 Vol.12 No.-

The authors investigated the status of an outbreak of bracken poisoning, and counter-measures, among recently introduced cattle (from Nov., 1976 to Oct., 1979) belonging to 19 ranches on Jeju Island. 1. 364 head of a total of 2396 head (Aberdeen Angus 948, Brahman 188, santa 231, Shorthorn 334, Simmental 26, Hereford 101, Holstein 568) showed the symptoms of bracken poisoning, and 159 head died between May, 1979 and Oct., 1980. 2. It was recognized that Holstein, Shorthorn, Angus were sensitive, and Brahman, Santa, Here ford were resistant to the bracken toxicity. 3. As counter-measures against bracken poisoning, 1) pasture improvement and it's reasonable management, 2) optimal time (October-November) for introducing the cattle, 3) proper calf management, and 4) the early diagnosis of bracken poisoning were suggested.

EDPS와 MIS의 比較硏究 : 特히 經營情報의 生産方式을 中心으로 Especially on the output method of management - information

高德坤 圓光大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.1

This thesis is an attempt to survey some characteristics of output method of management information in business organizations. The main difference between MIS and EDP systems lies in their purposes. EDP systems are designed to expedite and /or automatic transaction processing, record-keeping, and business-reporting ; MIS is designed to aid in information processing and decision making. EDP systems and MIS is by no means mutually exclusive. In fact, decision-oriented reporting systems often grow out of standard EDP systems that were initially developed mainly to improve efficiency in transaction processing and /or record keeping. Unlikely the EDP user, who receives standard reports on a periodic basis, the MIS user typically initiates each instance of system use, either directly or through a staff intermediary. Although most MIS is used to facilitate line management, planning, or staff activities, EDP systems emphasizes intrinsically on clrical activities. Whereas the general orientation of EDP systems is toward mechanical efficiency, that of MIS is more toward the overall effectiveness of individuals and organizations. EDP systems usually consolidate and report information about the past ; many MIS forcus on the present and the future. Consistency is surely significant in any computerized system, but MIS also place major imphasis on flexibility and adhoc utilization. The differences between MIS and EDP systems are encapsulated in their underlying philosophies. Oversimplifying a bit, we can say that the basic philosophy of most EDP systems is to automate the storage and retrieval of data, thereby reducing costs, improving accuracy, and allowing quicker access to data concerning day-to-day operations. The underlying MIS is that it is every bit as legitimate to use computers to improve or expedite the processes by which people make and communicate decisions.

토양에서 Napropamide의 흡착과 이동

라덕관,박상숙,김유봉,허동균 순천대학교 공업기술연구소 1998 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.-

This study was to investigate the adsorption and movement of Napropamide in soil. In order to find out the adsorption and movement characteristics of Napropamide in soils of sand loam (soil A), silt clay(soil B), and loam (soil C), batch and column tests were performed with respect to shaking time variation, adsorption isotherm, and breakthrough curve. The shaking time to reach the adsorption equlibrium of Napropamide was 12 hours. Freundlich isotherm was fit for the adsorption of Napropamide in soils. soil B had the highest adsorption coefficient of Napropamide, soil Ca and B followed at adsorption isotherm. The slope of breakthrough curve of soil A had the steep, soil C and soil B followed at the adsorption curve. The moving velocity of Napropamide in soils was the lowest of soil B because of its highest adsorption of Napropamide.