THI의 의미론적 논법

Nguyen Duc Dan 조선대학교 국제문화연구원 2009 국제문화연구 Vol.2 No.1

After giving a brief review of the different ideas of the Vietnamese linguists about the word THI, the author presents his judgment about this word as the followings: 1. First as all, the word THI is a conjunction in the structure of the complex sentences which indicates the relationship between condition and result. This structure is a kind of cause - effect one which reflects structure of logic statement “a ⇒ b”. So, we could apply the inferences of prepositional logic to recognize the implication of the sentences which includes the word thi. The most useful inferences are: - The inference by Modus ponens (sufficient condition): (MP) ((x ⇒ y) & x) ⇒ y - The inference by Modus tollens (necessery condition): (MP) ((x ⇒ y) & ~y) ⇒ ~x - The inference by Hypothetical Syllogisms: (HS) ((x ⇒ y) & (y ⇒ z)) ⇒ (x ⇒ z) There is a specific inference in some cases of natural languages in general and Vietnamese language in particular: a sufficient condition may be used as a necessary one. Considering this inference as MV, we have: (MV) ((x ⇒ y) & ~x) ⇒ ~y There are modal inferences for MT and MV. That is: (MT₁) ((x ⇒ y) & muốn ~y) ⇒ đừng ~x / không nên x (MT₂) ((x ⇒ y) & cần ~y) ⇒ phải ~x / không thể x (MV₁) ((x ⇒ y) & muốn ~x) ⇒ đừng ~y / không nên y 2. As a follow-up to the inferences, author presents a general method to investigate the implications in the complex sentences which include the structure of “nếu …thì”. After that, with a series examples, the author demonstrates indirect speech acts of these complex sentences as follows: - Vow, promise: ‘Lạy ông bà, chúng con có biết cái ví tiền của ông mật ngang mũi dọc thế nào thì chúng con cú chết một đời cha ba đời con!’ (NCH). (We (I) swear to you, grandpa, grandma, if we knew anything about the money in your wallet, we (I) would die, our kids would die, and our grandkids would die). - Advice: ‘Nếu ngài không ra tranh cử thì còn ai nữa?’ (If you don't want to run for office, then who will?) - Forbiddance, intimidation: ‘Con mà lấy nó thì đừng bao giờ về nhà này nữa. (If you marry him, don't ever come back to this house). - Assessment, appraisement: She loves you unless the sun rises in the West // Giá Ba chăm học, anh ấy đã đậu đại học (If Ba had studied hard, he would have passed the examination to the university). - Affirmation: ‘Nhưng chẳng tin vào bùa thì còn biết làm gì nữa’ (CĐBT, NNT) If you don't believe in amulet what else? - Announcement: ‘Làm vậy thể nào anh cũng sẽ bị ngồi tù đấy' (If you do that, and then definitely you’ll go to jail). - Proposition, requirement: ‘Nếu cậu không giúp mình chuyện này thì đừng coi mình là bạn nữa.’ If you don’t help me this time, then don’t consider me as your best friend. - Refusal: Tôi giúp anh, sếp biết được thì tôi mất việc. (I could help you, but if the boss knew, I would loss my job). 3. The author uses the inferences MP, MT, MV for investigating the pragmatic implication of the pair utterances of conversation. This pragmatic implication “conceals” in the later utterance which includes the word THI and indicates indirect speech acts such as affirmation, assessment, announcement, refusal, advice… Examples: 1) - Can I park my car here? - Yes, if you want to pay a fine 2) - Why did you beat the young brother? - I didn’t beat him because he is good-mannered) - Sao không cho anh ấy mượn tiền? - Giá như anh ấy giúp đỡ những người khác thì tôi đã cho mượn rồi (- Why didn’t you lent the money to him? - If he had helped others, I would have lent the money to him.) 3) - Em không tin chồng em có bồ. Họa có đứa điên thì nó mới theo không anh ta. - Vậy à? Thế mà bây giờ có đứa đang điên đấy. - (I don’t believe my husband is having a girlfriend. Most likely, she is not too crazy to get involved with him for nothing. - Oh, really? Look, who is a crazy one right now?) 4. Idioms with the word THI In conversation, there are utterances expressing speech acts which become the particular language patterns. A first speech act leads to second speech act. Hence, this is a cause-effect relation. Step by step, these patterns become to idioms indicating a specific speech act even though it doesn’t contain specific content. There are some idioms with the word THI that indicate a specific speech act: ‘A thì cũng x’. This is a rejection, a refusal to accept a role or influence (and consequence) of A to make an appearance x. ‘Không A thì cũng B’. This is a assertion that affirms an object having the property A or B (that a few lower than A). “A thì có!”. This is an affirmation. In that A is affirmed and an implicit B (in previous utterance) is rejected. “y thì không”. This is an acceptance. In that, we are agreed with one’s opinion about x although we affirm y is the same as x. ‘A(x) thì A’. This accepts a suggesting to realize A. ‘A thì phải’: This is a predict A. 5. The word THI and operation of division of a set The concept of word THI considering as a operation of division of a set permits us to explain several phenomena in Vietnamese language related to the word thì. In addition, other functions of THI are investigated.

Imazethapyr 유도체의 제초활성에 미치는 3-(N-methyl-N-(X)-치환-phenylaminooxoacetyl) group의 영향

성낙도,김현재,장해성,김대황 충남대학교 생물공학연구소 1993 생물공학연구지 Vol.3 No.-

새로운 25종의 Imazethapyr 유도체, (2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3-(N-methyl-N-(X)치환 -phenylaminooxoacetyl)-5-methylpyridine)들을 합성하여 치환기(X) 변화에 따른 발아 전 후, 피(Echinochla crus-galli.)의 제초활성에 미치는 3-(N-methyl-N-(X)치환 -phenylaminoozoacetyl) group의 영향을 검토한 바, 발아 전보다 발아 후의 제초활성에 더 큰 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 발아 후의 제초활성은 X-치환기의 전자밀게 효과와 입체상수(E_s)에 의존적이었으며 가장 큰 제초활성을 나타내는 화합물로는 bulky(E_s<O)하고 전자밀게 (б<O)가 치환된 화합물, 15(4-t-butyl group)와 20(3,5-dimethyl group)이었다. 그리고 높은 제초활성을 나타낼 것으로 예상되는 화합물의 조건들이 검토되었다. (1993년 9월 18일 접수, 1993년 9월 22일 수리). New twenty five Imazethapyr derivatives, [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminooxoacetyl)-5-methylpyridine] were synthesized. and The quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) between their post-emergence herbicidal activity(pI_50) values in vivo against Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and physicochemical parameters of substituents(X) of 3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminoo-xoacetyl) group have been studied. From the basis on the findings, in case of post-emergence, the activities were dependent on the steric constant(E_s<θ)and electron donating (o<O) effect by subsitituents(X) of 3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)phenylaminooxacetyl) group. Therefore, The most effective compound, 15 (4-t-butyl group) and 20 (3,5-dimethyl group) were examined in this study. And the conditions on the compounds predicted to show higher herbicidal activity were also discussed.

쥐의 근육 및 간장 콜레스테롤 수준에 미치는 사료 중 n-3 / n-6 지방산 , PUFA / SFA 및 MUFA / SFA 비율의 반응표면 분석

박병성(B . S . Park),고병대(B . D . Ko),이영철(Y . C . Rhee),황보종(J . Howang - Bo),성기승(K . S . Seong),이남형(N . H . Lee) 한국영양사료학회 1995 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.19 No.5

Harmonic decomposition of two particle angular correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at s_NN=2.76 TeV

ALICE Collaboration,Aamodt, K.,Abelev, B.,Abrahantes Quintana, A.,Adamova, D.,Adare, A.M.,Aggarwal, M.M.,Aglieri Rinella, G.,Agocs, A.G.,Agostinelli, A.,Aguilar Salazar, S.,Ahammed, Z.,Ahmad, N.,Ahmad North-Holland Pub. Co 2012 Physics letters: B Vol.708 No.3

Angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger (t) and associated (a) particles are measured by the ALICE experiment in Pb-Pb collisions at s<SUB>NN</SUB>=2.76 TeV for transverse momenta 0.25<p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>t,a</SUP><15 GeV/c, where p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>t</SUP>>p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP>. The shapes of the pair correlation distributions are studied in a variety of collision centrality classes between 0 and 50% of the total hadronic cross section for particles in the pseudorapidity interval |η|<1.0. Distributions in relative azimuth Δφ=φ<SUP>t</SUP>-φ<SUP>a</SUP> are analyzed for |Δη|=|η<SUP>t</SUP>-η<SUP>a</SUP>|>0.8, and are referred to as ''long-range correlations''. Fourier components V<SUB>nΔ</SUB>≤cos(nΔφ)> are extracted from the long-range azimuthal correlation functions. If particle pairs are correlated to one another through their individual correlation to a common symmetry plane, then the pair anisotropy V<SUB>nΔ</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>t</SUP>,p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP>) is fully described in terms of single-particle anisotropies v<SUB>n</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB>) as V<SUB>nΔ</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>t</SUP>,p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP>)=v<SUB>n</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>t</SUP>)v<SUB>n</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP>). This expectation is tested for 1≤n≤5 by applying a global fit of all V<SUB>nΔ</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>t</SUP>,p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP>) to obtain the best values v<SUB>n</SUB>{GF}(p<SUB>T</SUB>). It is found that for 2≤n≤5, the fit agrees well with data up to p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP>~3-4 GeV/c, with a trend of increasing deviation as p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>t</SUP> and p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP> are increased or as collisions become more peripheral. This suggests that no pair correlation harmonic can be described over the full 0.25<p<SUB>T</SUB><15 GeV/c range using a single v<SUB>n</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB>) curve; such a description is however approximately possible for 2≤n≤5 when p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP><4 GeV/c. For the n=1 harmonic, however, a single v<SUB>1</SUB>(p<SUB>T</SUB>) curve is not obtained even within the reduced range p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>a</SUP><4 GeV/c.

D -Meson Azimuthal Anisotropy in Midcentral Pb-Pb Collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

Acharya, S.,Adamová,, D.,Adolfsson, J.,Aggarwal, M. M.,Aglieri Rinella, G.,Agnello, M.,Agrawal, N.,Ahammed, Z.,Ahmad, N.,Ahn, S. U.,Aiola, S.,Akindinov, A.,Alam, S. N.,Alba, J. L. B.,Albuquerque American Physical Society 2018 Physical Review Letters Vol.120 No.10

<P>The azimuthal anisotropy coefficient v(2) of prompt D-0, D+, D*+, and D-s(+) mesons was measured in midcentral (30%-50% centrality class) Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair root s(NN)=5.02 TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays at midrapidity, |y| < 0.8, in the transverse momentum interval 1 < p(T) < 24 GeV/c. The measured D-meson v(2) has similar values as that of charged pions. The D-s(+) v(2), measured for the first time, is found to be compatible with that of nonstrange D mesons. The measurements are compared with theoretical calculations of charm-quark transport in a hydrodynamically expanding medium and have the potential to constrain medium parameters.</P>

Enhancing Mulberry Leaf Meal with Urea by Pelleting to Improve Rumen Fermentation in Cattle

Tan, N.D.,Wanapat, M.,Uriyapongson, S.,Cherdthong, A.,Pilajun, R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.4

Four, ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman${\times}$native) beef cattle with initial body weight of $420{\pm}15kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation at 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/hd/d with rice straw fed to allow ad libitum intake. All steers were kept in individual pens and supplemented with concentrate at 5 g/kg of body weight daily. The experiment was 4 periods, and each lasted 21 d. During the first 14 d, all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and during the last 7 d, they were moved to metabolism crates for total urine and fecal collection. It was found that increasing MUP levels resulted in linearly increasing rice straw and total intakes (p<0.05). Ruminal temperature and pH were not significantly affected by MUP supplementation while $NH_3$-N concentration was increased (p<0.05) and maintained at a high level (18.5 mg/dl) with supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d. Similarly, viable total bacteria in the rumen and cellulolytic bacteria were enriched by MUP supplementation at 600 g/hd/d. However, the rumen microbial diversity determined with a PCR-DGGE technique showed similar methanogenic diversity between treatments and sampling times and were similar at a 69% genetic relationship as determined by a UPGMA method. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d improved DM intake, ruminal $NH_3$-N, and cellulolytic bacteria thus iimproving rumen ecology in beef cattle fed with rice straw.

Imazapyr 유도체의 제초활성에 미치는 3 - ( N - methyl - N ( X ) - 치환 - Phenylaminooxoacetyl ) Group 의 영향

성낙도(N . D . Sung),유택승(T . S . Ryu),장해성(H . S . Chang),김대황(D . W . Kim) 한국응용생명화학회 1994 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.37 No.6

New seventeen imazapyr derivatives, 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminooxoacetyl)pyridine, 6 were synthesized and their pre-emergence herbicidal activity(pI_(50) in vivo against Corn (Zea mays L.) and Pigweed (Amaranthus viridis L.) were studied by the pot test under paddly conditions. (quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) were analyzed using the physicochemical parameters of substituent(X) on the phenyl ring of 3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminooxoacetyl) group and regression analysis. The herbicidal activities were related to the steric effect of X-substituent. The effect was rationalized by paraholic function of MR and L₁, where the optimal values were MR=5.56 (Zea mays L.) and L₁=3.34 Å (Amaranthus viridis L.). Among them, 2,5-difluoro substituted compound, 6i showed good herbicidal activity against Pigweed with excellent tolerance to Corn.

Imazethapyr 유도체의 제초활성에 미치는 3 - ( N - methyl - N - ( X ) - 치환 - phenylaminooxoacetyl ) group 의 영향

성낙도(N . D . Sung),김현재(H . J . Kim),장해성(H . S . Chang),김대황(D . W . Kim) 한국응용생명화학회 1993 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.36 No.5

New twenty five Imazethapyr derivatives, [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminooxoacetyl)-5-methylpyridine] were synthesized. and The quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) between their post-emergence herbicidal activity(pI_(50)) values in vivo against Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and physicochemical parameters of substituents(X) of 3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)-phenylaminooxoacetyl) group have been studied. From the basis on the findings, in case of post-emergence, the activities were dependent on the steric constant(E_s$lt;0) and electron donating (σ$lt;0) effect by subsitituents(X) of 3-(N-methyl-N-X(sub.)phenylaminooxoacetyl) group. Therefore, The most effective compound, 15 (4-t-butyl group) and 20 (3,5-dimethyl group) were examined in this study. And the conditions on the compounds predicted to show higher herbicidal activity were also discussed.

Implication of intracellular ROS formation, caspase-3 activation and Egr-1 induction in platycodon D-induced apoptosis of U937 human leukemia cells

Shin, D.Y.,Kim, G.Y.,Li, W.,Choi, B.T.,Kim, N.D.,Kang, H.S.,Choi, Y.H. Masson Pub. USA, Inc 2009 BIOMEDICINE AND PHARMACOTHERAPY Vol.63 No.2

Platycodon D is a major constituent of triterpene saponins found in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, Platycodi Radix, which is widely used in traditional Oriental medicine for the treatment of many chronic inflammatory diseases. The results of previous studies have shown that this compound has in vitro growth-inhibitory activity in human cancer cells, however, the mechanism by which this action occurs is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of platycodon D on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and evaluated the association of these effects with apoptotic tumor cell death using a human leukemic U937 cell line. The results of this study demonstrate that platycodon D mediates ROS production, and that this mediation is followed by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨ<SUB>m</SUB>), activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Both the cytotoxic effects and apoptotic characteristics induced by platycodon D treatment were significantly inhibited by z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, which demonstrates the important role that caspase-3 plays in the observed cytotoxic effect. Additionally, the transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr-1) gene was transcriptionally activated and the levels of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) protein were elevated in platycodon D-treated U937 cells. However, the quenching of ROS generation in response to treatment with a ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, reversed the platycodon D-induced apoptosis effects via inhibition of Egr-1 activation, ROS production, MMP collapse, and the subsequent activation of caspase-3. Although further studies are needed to demonstrate that increased expression of Egr-1 by platycodon D leads directly to NAG-1 induction and subsequent apoptosis, our observations clearly indicate that ROS induced through Egr-1 activation are involved in the early molecular events involved in the platycodon D-induced apoptotic pathway.

Measurement of D^*+/- meson production in e⁺/-p scattering at low Q²

ZEUS Collaboration,Chekanov, S.,Derrick, M.,Magill, S.,Miglioranzi, S.,Musgrave, B.,Nicholass, D.,Repond, J.,Yoshida, R.,Mattingly, M.C.K.,Jechow, M.,Pavel, N.,Yagues Molina, A.G.,Antonelli, S.,Antoni North-Holland Pub. Co 2007 Physics letters: B Vol.649 No.2

The production of D<SUP>*+</SUP>/-(2010) mesons in e<SUP>+</SUP>/-p scattering in the range of exchanged photon virtuality 0.05<Q<SUP>2</SUP><0.7 GeV<SUP>2</SUP> has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 82 pb<SUP>-1</SUP>. The decay channels D<SUP>*+</SUP>->D<SUP>0</SUP>π<SUP>+</SUP> with D<SUP>0</SUP>->K<SUP>-</SUP>π<SUP>+</SUP> and corresponding antiparticle decay were used to identify D<SUP>*</SUP> mesons and the ZEUS beampipe calorimeter was used to identify the scattered electron. Differential D<SUP>*</SUP> cross sections as functions of Q<SUP>2</SUP>, inelasticity, y, transverse momentum of the D<SUP>*</SUP> meson, p<SUB>T</SUB>(D<SUP>*</SUP>), and pseudorapidity of the D<SUP>*</SUP> meson, η(D<SUP>*</SUP>), have been measured in the kinematic region 0.02<y<0.85, 1.5<p<SUB>T</SUB>(D<SUP>*</SUP>)<9.0 GeV and |η(D<SUP>*</SUP>)|<1.5. The measured differential cross sections are in agreement with two different NLO QCD calculations. The cross sections are also compared to previous ZEUS measurements in the photoproduction and DIS regimes.