秋史 金正喜의 시문학에 나타난 고증학의 영향

이철희 한국시가학회 2004 韓國 詩歌硏究 Vol.15 No.-

본 논문은 조선후기 고증학이 시문학에 끼친 영향을 추사 김정희의 작품을 통하여 살펴보고자 한다. 추사를 주목하는 이유는 추사가 實用實利的 實學과는 구별되는 實事求是學派를 주도하였으며, 고증학을 시문학에 가장 직접적으로 반영한 翁方綱의 시론을 師弟的 관계 속에서 수용하였기 때문이다. 옹방강은 格調, 性靈, 神韻說의 편향성과 말단적 폐단을 교정, 보완한다는 취지아래 유가 경전에 뿌리를 둔 학문을 중시하며 宋詩를 學人之詩의 전형으로 표방하는 기리설을 제창하였고, 더 나아가 자시의 모든 고증학 활동이나 성과를 시로 창작하는, 소위 ‘以考據爲詩’의 창작방법을 수립하였다. ‘학문’을 시문학의 한 요소로 중시한 청대시단의 일반적 흐름과는 달리 학문과 시문학을 가장 직접적으로 일치시켰던 것이다. 추사는 옹방강의 기리설에 적극 동조하였지만 ‘이고거위시’의 창작방식을 따른 작품은 한두 편에 불과하다. 오히려 고증학적 요소가 일부 포함되어있거나, 시의 대상을 史的견지에서 분석하고 의의를 부여하는 등 고증학적 관점이 투영된 작품의 수가 더 많다. 경학과 사학으로부터 출발한 고증학은 古董遺物, 風土地理, 詩書? 등 학술문예 전분야에 걸쳐 하나의 실증적 인식태도나 학문의 방법으로 확립되며 시문학에 영향을 미쳤던 것이다. 이와 같은 고증학적 시작품은 시의 산문화나 詩行間에 自注를 기재하는 특징을 보여준다. 이러한 형식의 특성은 도덕적 동기나 강렬한 정서적 동기가 아닌 이성의 작용에 의해 창작된다는 점에서 ‘詩言志’나 ‘詩緣情’으로 정의되어온 전통적 시의 경계를 무너뜨리는 것이었으며, 또한 작가 스스로가 箋注家가 되어 자주를 기재함으로써 자신의 사적 생활도 자유롭게 전고로 만들어 활용할 수 있다는 시사적 의미를 지니고 있다. 시의 산문화나 자주의 기재는 송시의 한 특성이었던 바, 고증학적 시작품은 송시의 특성을 한층 더 강화시키며 형성된 것이다. 추사는 당대 고증학의 영향을 직간접적으로 시문학에 반영하고는 있으나, 선행연구와는 달리 ‘이고거위시’의 창작방식과는 일정한 거리를 두고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 추사는 청대시론을 매우 주체적으로 수용하며 신운설과 기리설의 동질성을 주장하였고, 시와 고증학의 일치를 추구한 옹방강과는 달리, 시와 서화의 일치를 주장했다는 점에서 그 이유를 찾을 수 있다. This paper will talk about the effect that a bibliographical study of Chinese classics - i.e. Kaozhengxue[考證學] - had on poetry, by taking a look at Chusa Kim Jeong-hee[秋史 金正喜]'s works. The reason that we pay attention to Chusa is that he had a different point of view toward Silhak[實學]. He actually had led school of Silsagusi[實事求是]. Weng Fanggang[翁方綱]'s purpose was to correct the fragmentating and distorting the originality, which is Gyeok-jo[格調]. Seong-ryeong[性靈], and they also improved the activity of a bibliographical study of Chinese classics. And he wrote a poem based n people's success, which was called poetry composed with positive scholarship[以考據爲詩]. But because of Weng,s activity which was relating scholarship and poetry very closely. Weng has got no applause but criticize, because others believed that it was not artistic. Chusa agreed with Weng's Girl, but only two of his poems followed Weng's activity. Chusa's works were mostly based on the doctrine of Silsagusi. Most of bibliographical poem has very common things that he shared, which was adding the writer's-own-write-note in his poems. There are some reasons for this change. First, this style of poem completely got rid of the boundary which divided poem from traditional. Also the author was able to repeat in his poems, so that will able the author to use his private life into classics and actually use that in his poem. The poem's tendency to prose and repetition of writer's-won-write-note was the one of the characteristics of Song period's poem, but bibliographical works had more reinforcement in that style. Chusa's poems and his works show that his works has had some effects from a bibliographical study of Chinese, but also shows that his poems haven't got great effects from poetry composed with positive scholarship. Chusa used mainly Ming period's theory of poetry, and his idea was different from Weng, which believed that poem and a bibliographical study of Chinese classics was the same, but Chusa believed that poem, calligraphy and painting was the same.

소양호의 DOC와 POC의 분포

김범철,최광순,김철구,이유희,김동섭,박제철 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

Seasonal and vertical distributions of dissolved and particulate organic carbon were investigated from May 1995 to March 1997 in n deep mesotrophic reservoir, Lake Soyang, POC contentrations at the dam site ranged from 0.1 to 1.8 mgC/L and DOC concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 4.9 mgC/L. POC concentrations in the surface layer were higher in the season of cyanobacterial bloom, July to September. High POC was observed at the depth of 30 to 60m after storm runoff in summer monsoon season. Turbid storm runoff formed intermediate current laden with much particulate materials from terrestrial sources. The vertical and seasonal variation of DOC was smaller than POC. Higher DOC was observed near the lake bottom which implies sedimentation and degradation of much organic detritus at the bottom. The ratio of DOC : POC varied from 2 to 60, and the ratio was lowest in September 1995 when algal density was highest. DOC : POC ratio of the main inflowing river, the Soyang River, varied from 1 to 10, and the ratio was low in storm runoff when the POC concentration was high.

여성의 피부관리실태와 관련요인

구재희,남철현,최연희,배향선,신옥순,양숙희,이명옥 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 2002 保健福祉硏究 Vol.7 No.-

This study was conducted to analyze aspects of women's skin care and related factors in order to contribute to community residents's right skin care. The subjects of this study was 800 women who were 15 to 65 years old. Data were collected in Daegu City and Kyungsan City from June 21, 2002 to August 18, 2002. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. According to socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, 26.8% of them were in twenties. 50.9% of them was students at colleges or graduated from collges. 38.3% was students and 37.5% was housewives. 55.5% belonged to the middle economic class. 2. 47.9% of the respondents replied that they were in good health. 57.2% of them had fair skin, while 25.1% had dark skin. According to health condition of face skin, 61.5% was in regular condition, while 26.0% was in bad condition. 29.9% had drying face skin and 21.3% had neutral or complex character of face skin. 3. Among the reasons they had trouble with face skin, the proportion of having the rough skin was highest (25.0%). 16.6% replied that they had trouble with a lot of wrinkles and 16.3% replied that they had trouble with dark face skin. 25.4% responded that their face skin was too tight. 13.3% replied that they had trouble with scars. 4. The factors significantly influencing the experience of skin care were age, education level, residence, experience of side effect of cosmetics, experience of skin diseases on face or body, experience of trouble after receiving skin care, and experience of trouble with acne. From above results, it can be concluded that selection of proper skin care rooms is important in receiving desirable skin care and preventing side effect related to skin care. The women also must be cautious in selecting and using cosmetics and massage pack. The government, related organizations, and skin and beauty specialists must make efforts to develop education programs for healthy skin care.

폐경 전후 여성의 신체활동 및 생활습관과 골 밀도 수치와의 관련성

배성욱,남철현,홍성철,최연희,이정옥,양숙희 대한보건협회 2002 대한보건연구 Vol.28 No.3

To evaluate the degree of bone mineral density according to physical activity, lifestyle in pre- and postmenopausal women. The subjects were 951 premenopausal and 1,167 postmenopausal women who have examined in health promotion center of Yeungnam University Hospital in Daegu city from January, 1999 to Januaty, 2001. The test for bone mineral density. The physical activity and life style were evaluated by questionaire through interview. The results were summarized as follow. 1) The prevalence rates of reduced bone mineral density and osteoporosis in premenopausal women were 23.8% and 1.6%, respectively. However, these values were increased to 46.1% and 28.1% in postmenopausal women. 2) The regular exercise was revealed to have preventive effect for osteoporosis in pre- and postmenopausal women. Among the types of exercise, the most effective exercise was bowling and moderately effective exercise was swimming on prevention of osteoporosis, however, bare hand physical exercise was not significant effect on bone mineral density. 3) The risk for reducing bone mineral density was decreased in women who have higher educational background and income in pre- and postmenopausal. The bone mineral density was highest in white color worker and lowest in blue color worker. 4) The premenopausal women who favor meat were revealed higher bone mineral density than the women who favor vegetable. The women who have drunk none or small amount of alcohol were revealed increased bone mineral density and smoking was a risk factor for osteoporosis. These results suggested that to prevent osteoporosis, the systemized program for promoting anti-osteoporotic factor have to be developed and apply from the thirties whom have maximal bone mineral density.

일부지역 중·고등학생들의 흡연실태 조사연구

신옥순,남철현,김복용,최연희,박선희,박경옥,구재희 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 2002 保健福祉硏究 Vol.7 No.-

This study was conducted to examine aspects of middle and high school students' drinking and smoking with analysis of related factors. The subjects of this study was 540 students in Kyungbuk Province. Data were collected from July, 2002 to September, 2002. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. 43.6% of the boy students experienced smoking, while 12.2% of the girl students experienced it. 5.3% of the students at academy schools experienced smoking, while 44.7% of the students at vocational schools experienced it. 11.4% of the middle school students experienced smoking, while 33.9% of the high school students experienced it. 15.5% of them who lived in towns or villages experienced smoking and 38.3% of them who lived in small or medium sized cities experienced it.37.5% of the students who belonged to the lower economic class experienced smoking and 20.7% of the students who belonged to the upper economic class experienced it. 24.0% of the students who belonged to the middle economic class experienced it. It appears that the respondents showed significantly different smoking experience rates by gender, school types, grades, the number of family members, residences, and economic classes. 2. 14.5% of the respondents who lived with grandparents and parents experienced smoking and 26.5% of them who lived with parents experienced it. The smoking rate was significantly high in the groups of having one-parent, being unsatisfied with family life, making poor grades in studies, and having the father or the mother working as a salesperson. 3. 45.3% of the respondents who were unsatisfied with family life experienced smoking. The smoking rate of the respondents who were unsatisfied with it was significantly higher than that of the other groups. On the other hand, the smoking rates were not significantly different by daily life, schoolmate relation, health condition, and feeling stress. 4. According to smoking rate by frequency of drinking, 16.4% of the respondents who drank less than once a month smoked and 54.8% of them who drank more than twice a month smoked. The more frequently they drank, the higher their smoking rate was. Those who did exercise displayed significantly higher smoking rate than those who did not do exercise. Among the rates of the respondents' agonies, family disharmony was 50.5% and love problem was 39.2%. Economic condition preblem was 34.6%. It appeared that smoking was most influenced by the family disharmony. 5. The factors significantly influencing smoking experience were gender, school grade, schoolmate relation, score in studies, and exercise. From above results, it can be concluded that the students' smoking is a serious problems which can be resolved by simple approaches because it is interrelated complicatedly with gender, grade, family, school, etc. Schools, related organizations, and the government must closely work together to maximize the effectiveness of policy implementation concerning the smoking and drinking problem of the middle and high school students.

용융염산화 반응기에서 기체체류량 및 기-액 흐름특성

조용준,양희철,은희철,유재형,김준형 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.41 No.5

용융염산화는 혼성폐기물과 유해폐기물을 효과적으로 산화 및 분해할 수 있는 소각대체기술중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 직경이 0.079 m이고 높이가 0.653 m인 용융염산화 반응기에서 기체체류량 및 기-액 흐름특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 액상으로 용융탄산나트륨을 기상으로 건조된 공기를 사용하였으며 기체유속(0.05-0.22 m/s)과 용융염온도(870-970℃) 변화가 기체체류량 및 기-액 흐름특성에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 기체체류량은 용융염 온도가 상승함에 따라 증가하였는데, 이는 용융염 온도의 증가로 인해 용융된 탄산나트륨의 점도와 표면장력이 감소하였기 때문이다. 실험에서 얻어진 기체체류량 데이터를 drift-flux 모델에 적용하여 용융염반응기 내의 흐름특성을 규명할 수 있었으며, 이를 통해 흐름영역에 따른 기체체류량을 정확하게 예측할 수 있었다. Molten salt oxidation is one of the most promising alternatives to incineration that can be used to efficiently destroy the organic components of mixed wastes and hazardous wastes. In this study, the gas holdup and gas-liquid flow characteristics are investigated in the molten salt oxidation reactor (0.076 m D×0.653 m H.). Effects of input air velocity (0.05-0.22m/s ) and molten salt temperature (870-970℃) on the gas holdup and flow characteristics have been studied. Molten carbonate as the liquid phase and air as the gas phase have been used in this study. The gas holdup increases with increasing molten salt temperature due to the decrease of viscosity and surface tension of molten carbonate. The experimentally obtained gas holdups in the molten salt reactor have been well described and characterized by means of drift-flux model. The gas holdups with variation of the flow regime have been well predicted.

전류 비유 모델에 의한 초등학생의 전류 개념 변화 분석

유병길,강인석,김병철,남만희,박선희,소하연,윤희정,이영아,이하룡,전병문,정승호 부산교육대학교 과학교육연구소 2000 科學敎育硏究 Vol.25 No.-

There exists a major impediment to learning electricity which may illuminate why direct presentation of scientists' ideas is too aggressive a strategy. This impediment lies in thinking that electricity is used up and in envisaging the light bulb as a consumer. This view is based on a powerful idea which summarises much of our experience; it declares that 'things get used up', 'you cannot get something for nothing', and 'intuitive thinking'. To replace this view with scientific view, we made the analogy model. It is suggested that the analogy model is more effective in teaching electricity circuits than conventional teaching method.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

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