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Choung,Yonghwan,Kumari,Saloni 대동문화재단 2021 대동CT연구 Vol.1 No.1
Expeditious settlement of disputes is pre-requisite of free economy, especially in the commercial matters. But pendency and backlog of cases in Indian judiciary has ransacked the working and functioning of nation as a whole. The underprivileged and poor people are the worst victim of this issue. Courtroom Litigation is a lengthy and expensive affair. And the pendency prolongs the cases for years depriving Justice to the needy as well as paralysing the economic activity of the nation. If this issue is not addressed in the near future, it has potential to crash the Indian judicial system under the weight of arrears. The idea of this paper is not to dwell upon the problem. It aims to explore the solutions and optimum methods needed for a reformative measure. Access of justice is a basic human right guaranteed by the common law. The Indian legal system is under constant pressure and questions have been raised as how do they plan to continue the justice delivery system. Thus, there is a need to prioritise the issue of pendency and access to justice to all. Since, a major dependency now lies upon the online and digital mode, the productivity during pandemic and even for future, can be enhanced through improved infrastructure of the online mode of alternative dispute settlement. The pandemic has reshaped how pending cases and future cases will be adjudicated. In light of this, the paper aims to divert the attention towards Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) and specifically Online modes of Dispute resolution and evaluate the efficacy of Online Dispute Resolution (“ODR”) mechanisms.
조충현,이건철 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.3
This study was conducted to determine the relation between lifestyle of sports consumers and satisfaction factors of consumers with sports facilities by investigating major purchasing patterns of sports consumers by lifestyle and satisfaction factor and analyzing the correlation among variances of sports consumers. For this purpose, 1,000 adults were randomly selected from Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daejeon, Gwangju, Daegu and Ulsan. They were requested to fill in questionnaires by self-assessment recording method. Out of the questionnaires replied, 970 were marked as target for final analysis and others recorded insincerely were excluded from analysis. SPSS 10.0 was used to analyze the data through factor analysis, correlation and multi-regression analysis methods. The outcomes of the study may be summarized as follows: First, in terms of satisfaction with instruction service, a correlation between satisfaction of consumers using sports facilities and lifestyle factors was found to exist in such factors as fashion, sports, nihilism, self-conviction, personality, health control, life consideration and safety. In terms of satisfaction with facilities, a correlation existed in factors such as fashion, sports, achievement, nihilism, self-conviction, personality, health control, life consideration and safety. As far as satisfaction with program is concerned, a correlation appeared in factors like fashion, sports, achievement, self-conviction, personality, health control, life consideration, nervelessness and safety. Satisfaction with transportation was concerned with fashion factor, sports factor, achievement factor, self-conviction, health control, life consideration and safety factor. Second, lifestyle of sports consumers was shown to exercise influence on satisfaction with instruction service in such order as sports factor, achievement factor, nervelessness factor and life consideration. Third, it appeared that lifestyle of sports consumers exercised influence on satisfaction with sports facilities in such sequence as sports factor, health control, achievement factor, nervelessness factor and nihilism. Fourth, it was evident that lifestyle of sports consumers affected satisfaction with program in order of achievement factor, nervelessness factor and sports factor. Fifth, it was also known that lifestyle of sports consumers affected satisfaction with transportation by sports factor, safety factor, fashion factor and life consideration in order.
池楨日 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-
Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries, which are Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland, are influenced by several common considerations. First of all, their cultural, linguistic, ethnic, and religious heritage do bring Scandinavian countries to the Western camp. Scandinavian countries also practice West European type of political democracy. All of these considerations bring Scandinavian countries close to the West instead of her georaphically close neighbor, the Soviet Union. At the moment, the security concern of the Scandinavian countries is directed against the Soviet Union whose communist ideology is alien to them Solutions for their defense problems. that Scandinavian countries seek, vary depending on their national experience and geopolitical situation. For instance, both Norway and Denmark who have experienced German invasion during the Second World War are tied with NATO whereas both Sweden and Finland pursue policy of neutrality. The policy of neutrality of both Sweden and Finland are not same, in that while Sweden follows a course of strong armed neutrality, Finland pursues a policy of "Finlandization", that is, neutral but pro-Soviet neutrality. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are inevitably influenced by the concept of Nordic balance, which has been expounded by the Norwegian diplomat, Egil Ulstein. According to Ulstein, the Nordic balance represents political and military balance based on several considerations. These considerations are, first of all, geopolitical location of the Scandinavian countries being close to the Soviet Union. Second, the East-West superpower confrontation has an impact on the Scandinavian region. Third, security of the central European countries are inevitably linked with the security question of the Scandinavian countries. These considerations that tend to produce Nordic balance have brought about two corollary on the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries: 1. Scandinavian countries avoid any provocative policy against her superpower neighbor, the Soviet Union. 2. Scandinavian countries have pursued an intense policy of defense preparedness in time of peace to combat with a potential military threat from the Soviet Union. Of these policy, the defense policy of both Sweden and Norway deserves our attention for their policy of total defense. Swedish policy of total defense is especially noteworthy for the elaborate scheme. It consists of four different defense programs: 1. military defense, 2. civil defense, 3. Psycholoigcal defense, 4. economic defense. Finally, the study deals with defense problems of the Scandinavian countries on individual basis. Sweden pursus policy of a strong armed neutrality without military tie with the West. Her principal concern is a defense from the North and coastal defense of the Baltic sea. Her current defense issue is the defense cost, that is, whether she could afford to continue to pursue a policy of armed neutrality by supplying herself of 85% of the weapons. Norway's defense problem is primarily defending her long coast to prevent the Soviet Union to secure her stronghold in Norway for the control of the Atlantic. A threat from the land in the Northern area of Norway is considerably eased by the nature, the difficult terrain. Denmark is concerned with the control of the Baltic strait and Jutland area. While Finland attempts to maintain a defense policy against the Soviet Union, her defense policy is heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's security policy. The Soviet Union does not want to see that Finland is going to be used as a corridor for invasion against the Soviet Union. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries eventually boil down to a policy of avoiding provocation against the Soviet Union while preserving their security with maximum efforts. This policy leads to their policy of avoiding the introduction of the nuclear weapons into the Scandinavian region, which may be regarded as a dangerous provocation against the Soviet Union. In sum, the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are to defend themselves against the Soviet Union until a military support arrives from the West while avoding any act that might trigger off nuclear conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States.
金忠幸 仁川敎育大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.20 No.1
敎師效率性에 대한 硏究는 그 동안 美國에서 오래 전부터 시작되었으며, 이 硏究를 통하여 敎師의 授業行動을 究明하고 改善하려고 하였다. 그런데, 敎師效率性에 대한 연구는 學生評定에 의해서 그 目的을 달성하려는 試圖가 여러 學者들에 의해 이루어졌다. 그 까닭은 敎師의 授業行動을 가장 잘 評價할 수 있는 者는 바로 그에게서 배운 學生들이기 때문에 교사의 수업행동의 情報를 정확하게 얻을 수 있다는 것이다. 學生評定을 硏究하는 學者들은 學生評定을 위한 ?當한 道具 제작에 많은 노력을 경주하였다. 과거 20年에 걸친 연구에서 敎師와 學生에 의해서 反應한 資料에 의해 이를 要因分析하여 學生評定의 要因과 問頂을 추출하였다. 최근의 學生評定의 綜合的 分析에서 學生評定과 學業成績과는 r=0.47로 報告되었으며, 學生評定의 信賴度는 0.80台에서 0,90台에 이르고 있어, 學生評定 妥當性과 信賴性을 인정하고 있다. 또한, 學生評定의 結果를 활용하여 교사가 수업행동을 교정하려고 努力하면 學生으로부터 좋은 反應을 얻을 수있다는 실험결과도 제시하였다. 이와 같이 學生評定은 敎師效率性을 높이는 데 實用的 價値가 있다는 것이다. 그러나, 이제까지의 硏究에서 교사들은 學生評定에 대한 拒否反應이 있을뿐 아니라, 그 結果의 活用에 실패한 경우가 많았다. 그 理由는 첫째,他人에 의해서 自身의 교수능력을 평가당하기를 원치 않으며, 둘째,學生評定의 결과를 活用하려고 하여도 교수행동을 교정하기 위한 적절한 방안을 모르기 때문이다. 그리고, 대부분의 硏究가 짧은 기간에 이루어지기 때문에,學生評定의 피이드백 過程에서 오는 形成過程을 정확히 규명하지 못하였다고 한다. 敎師效率性에 대한 學生評定은 그 妥當性을 인정하면서도 이상과 같은 문제점 때문에-般化의 속도가 지연되고 있는실정이다. 以上의 硏究들은 주로 美國에서 실시된 것이고, 그 對象도 대부분이 大學生을 대상으로 한 연구이다. 그런데, 大學生을 대상으로 할 경우에는 學力이나 能力으로 보아 初等이나 中等學生보다 우수아겠으나, 한 교사로부터 받은 授業量이 많지 않기때문에 정확한 評定을 하기에는 문제점이 없는 것이 아니다. 오히려, 國民學校를 대상으로 할 경우에는 全 敎料를 담당하기 때문에 敎師의 수업행동을 보다 정확히 평가할 수 있을 것이다. 더구나, 이들의 연구가 우리 나라와는 文化 및 敎育的인 諸 與件이 크게 다른 상황에서는 美國에서의 硏究結果가 그대로 우리 나라에 적용될 수 없을 것이다. 우리나라에서도 敎師效率性에 대한 學生評價의 實證的 硏究가 各級學敎水準을 대상으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. 이 實證的 硏究를 뒤받침하기 위한 것이 本 硏究의 基本目的이다. 이제까지의 考察을 통해서 敎師效率性의 要因은 크게 두가지領域으로 나눌 수 있다. 이 두 領域은 여러 學者들의 理論과 學生評定을 위한 尺度에서 공통적으로 제시하고 있는 것 중에서 연구 결과의 意義水準을 고려하여 추출한 要因은 다음과 같다. 다음에 제시된 要因의 ()안의 人名은 그 要因을 특히 강조한 學者들이다. 知的인 面: (1) 計劃과 準備性(Cosgrove, Gage, Taber, Glaser, Schaefer, Mckeachie, Cornell 等) (2) 說明能力(Gupta, Carroll, Green, Rosenshine, Mckeachie, Maryland 대학 연구팀, Cornell 等) (3) 問題 解決力(Cage, Cohen, Purdue 대학 연구팀, Marsh and Overall) (4) 敎科에 대한 組織(Cosgrove, Gage, Marsh and Overall, P. Ausbel, Rosenshine, Siegel) (5) 敎科에 대한 知識(Cosgrove, Minnis와 Shrable, Mckeachie, Maryland대학 연구팀,Combs 等) 情意的인 面: (6)熱意(Cage, Cosgrove, Marsh and Overall, D.G. Ryans) (7)動機誘發(Gupta, Bruner, Flanders, Sears, Hilgard, Cornell .等) (8)公正性(Purdue 대학 연구팀, Marsh and Overall, Kohlberg, Witty, Cornell 等) (9)溫情性(Aspy,Gupta, Marsh and Overall, Ryans, Patterson, Siegel 等) (10)相互作用(Flanders, Cosgrove, Marsh and Overall, Allen, Soar, Bidwell, Mckeachie, Maryland 대학 연구팀, Combs 等)
차충환 경희대학교 민속학연구소 2003 한국의 민속과 문화 Vol.7 No.-
This thesis analyzed two HuhSaengJun's additions and character figure and expression form of writer consciousness in <HuhSaengJun(허생전)>. The writer invented two HuhSaengJun's additions for hiding HuhSaengJun's direct originality. and he obviously indicated writer consciousness based it. The writer criticized an incompetent classic student, falling behind of economics, morbid practice of talent enlist, excessive courtesy association of the nobilities through <HuhSaengJun(허생전)>. and he emphasized it based on multilateral character figure and unique expression form. The writer established multilateral composition HuhSaeng(허생) as genius, trader, critical illustrious official. The writer regard classic student as thief, illegal trader, idealist, wild fellow. and he obviously embossed his writer consciousness through it.