Analysis of Pattern Generalization Problems of Korean Mathematics Textbook

Lee,Chong Hee,Lee,Soo Youn 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 2013 교과교육학연구 Vol.17 No.4

The purpose of this study is to better understand the pattern generalization problems posed in the current school curricula of Korea. Twelve of most recently published elementary school (1st to 6th grade) mathematics textbooks and twelve Middle school (7th to 9th grade) mathematics textbooks (a total of 24 mathematic textbooks) were selected for the analysis. First, the different types and characteristics of pattern generalization problems based on previous research were categorized. Within these categories, we analyzed which pattern problems were emphasized in the school curriculum. The results indicate that ‘relating problems’ were mainly introduced in elementary school textbooks. ‘Searching for the same relationship’ and ‘procedure problems’ increased across the grades. ‘Pattern searching problems’ decreased across the grades, while ‘result searching’ and ‘pattern extension problems’ were rarely introduced. ‘Justification problems’ were inconsistently emphasized across the grades. With respect to the situational characteristics of the pattern generalization problems, ‘factual pattern generalization problems’ were consistently introduced across the grades, while ‘contextual pattern generalization problems’ and ‘symbolic pattern generalization problems’ were introduced only to a limited extent. Regarding the various types of pattern problems, only limited types of problems were proposed in both the elementary and middle school mathematic textbooks. From this study, we hope to address how the pattern generalization problems in the Korean mathematics curriculum lack pattern exercises in the curriculum core. We also hope to provide data which could lead to the development of a variety of pattern generalization problems in Korean mathematics textbooks in the future.

Theoretical Analysis and Performance Prediction of Axial-flow Rotary Separator

Kim, Chul Soo,Lee, Seung Kyu,Lee, Chong Ho 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1985 農大論文集 Vol.16 No.-

脫穀作業은 全般的인 穀物生産 作業體系中에서 차지하는 比重이 크고 많은 勞動力을 必要로 하는 作業으로써 오늘날 先進國에서는 콤바인의 穀物 收護·脫穀作業에 널리 利用되고 있으며 그 利用率이 急激히 增加하고 있는 趨勢이다. 現在 利用되고 있는 콤바인의 穀粒 選烈方式은 重力과 貫性에 依存하는 straw-walker 方式을 採擇하고 있는 바 이는 콤바인의 容量을 制限하는 主要因이 되고 있으며 또한 過度한 穀粒損失의 原因이 된다. 따라서 重力依存度를 낮게함과 同時에 여러가지 種類의 作物狀態에도 安定性이 있는 選別機 開發의 必要性이 壇顧되고 있는 實情이다. Strow-walker 方式을 代替할 수 있는 選別機로는 選別作業에 遠心力을 利用하며 作物의 連續的인 移動을 可能하게 하는 軸流 回轉形 選別機를 들 수 있으며 이것은 憤行의 選別機에 比해 여러가지 長點이 있는 것으로 報告된 바 있다. 國內外의 많은 硏究가들에 依해 새로운 選別機 開發을 위한 여러가지 接近이 試圖되고 있는 바 理論的인 援近보다는 主로 實驗的이고 經驗的인 擺近을 通한 硏究가 盛行하고 있는 實情이다. 그러나 邏別戮內에서의 作物의 擧勳에 關與하는 因子들이 많기 때문에 實驗的인 援近方式으로는 作物擧勳에 關한 斷片的인 情報만을 얻을 수 있을 뿐이므로 作物의 擧勳을 槪括的으로 豫寮하기 爲하여서는 理論的인 擺近이 必要하게 된다. 따라서 本 硏究에서는 水平 圓錐形 軸流 回轉 選別機의 性能과 作物의 擧動을 理論的인 解析을 通하여 豫測하여 同 選別機의 設計要因을 分析하기 爲하여 遂行되었다. 본 硏究에서 分析된 選別機의 骨格은 크림프綱으로 된 圓錐形 選別綱과 그안에서 回轉 圓錐形 로우터로 되어 있으며 回轉로우터에는 作物에 回轉力을 주기 위한 級齒가 螺旋形으로 排列되어 있다. 本 硏究에서는 選別機 內에서의 作物의 移動에 關한 運動方程式과 짚으로부터 穀粒의 選別過程에 對한 方程式等이 誘導되었으며 컴퓨터 프로그램에 依하여 이 方程式들의 解를 求하였다. 이들 方程式의 解를 求하여 分析한 結果들은 供試된 圓錐形 選別機가 充分한 選別機能을 發揮할 수 있으며 圓錐角과 로우터의 回轉速度가 選別機內 作物滯留時間에 크게 影響을 미친다는 事實을 보여 주었다. 圓錐角이 20°以上인 境遇에는 回轉速度가 낮더라도 選別機內 作物滯留時間이 너무 짧아 選別機會가 줄어들기 때문에 圓錐角은 15°以內로 設計되어야 할 것으로 判斷되었다. 또한 選別效率을 向上시키기 爲해서는 作物의 軸方向速度를 制御할 수 있는 것을 選別綱 內部面에 附着하는 方法이 바람직할 것으로 思料되었다. 또한 選別綱을 로우터의 回轉方向과 같은 方向으로 回轉시켜 주면 選別效率을 높일 수 있으며 이 境遇 選別綱의 回轉速度가 로우터 回轉速度의 1/5程度일 때 選別效率이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 分析된 圓錐形 選別機는 比較的 높은 濕度의 作物選別作業에도 適應性이 높을 것으로 思料되었다. The objective of this study was to predict, by theoretical analysis, performance of the horizontal conical separator which has been predetermined. A horizontal conical separator which was designed and tested experimentally by Lee13) was analyzed in this study. A theoretical analysis was made to derive the equation for the motion of the grain while in contact with the outer cone and the equation for the motion of the gain moving through the straw mat. Also, the equation of the probability of grain passage through the perforation of the sieve, which would be affected by the approaching angles of gain to the sieve, was developed. The computer was used to simulate the crop motion and a series of runs was made to obtain predicting information on the separation performance for the different values of system parameters such as cone half angle, angular rotor speed, cone entrance radius, blade pitch and sieve-to-rotor speed ratio. In each run, the crop motion was simulated for several values of one parameter while other parameters were held constant. Results from the computer simulation showed that the horizontal conical rotating separator was capable of subjecting the crop to the desired level of centrifugal acceleration, and that cone angle and angular rotor speed critically influenced crop dwell time within the separator. If the cone half angle were above 20 defee, the dwell time of the crop within the separator would be too short even at low rotor speed. The cone half angle, therefore, should be reduce to be1ow 15degree. Either attaching the helical blades to control the crop axial velocity or rotating the sieve in the same direction to the rotor would result the good separating efficiency. And the axial-flow separator was found to be suitable for the high moisture crops.

PID 制御器의 最適 自動 調整

鄭源鎔,金鳳載,李壽欽,朴賢泰 慶南大學校 附設 工業技術硏究所 1994 硏究論文集 Vol.12 No.-

In this paper, we propose a new method to deal with the optimal auto-tuning of the PID controller that is used to control process in various fields. First order delay system that was modeled from the unit step response of the system is Pade-approximated, and initial PID parameters are determined by the Ziegler-Nichols method. This method requires calculation of the weight function that includes the maximum overshoot, damping ratio, rising time and setting time by analyze the response of system. Finally, repeating these processes, we can find the parameters of PID controller so as to minimize the weight function. This method has a good adaptability even though variations in characteristics and dead time of the system.

中性시스템에서 白水의 再循還과 脫水 條件이 內添 藥品의 擧動에 미치는 影響

이은정,김병수,정현채,김철환,박종열 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2003 농업생명과학연구 Vol.37 No.4

중성 초지에서 공정의 최적화를 위해 사용되는 각종 첨가제로 인해 백수 시스템은 산성 초지보다 훨씬 복잡한 특성을 나타내고 있다. 특히, 환경 및 경제적 이유로 공정수의 완전한 재사용을 위한 노력이 계속되고 있으며, 백수의 재사용은 제지 공정에 있어서 원료의 절감과 폐수의 부하를 줄일 수 있는 잇점이 있기 때문에 지속적인 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 초지 공정에서 배출되는 백수는 각 위치에 따라 그 특성이 다름에도 불구하고 통합되어 관리되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 백수의 재순환 회수와 탈수부 압력을 달리 했을 때 탈수부의 위치와 조건에 따른 백수의 유기 성분, 무기 성분과 수질 특성 그리고 이들 조건이 미세분 보류도와 종이의 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. ① 백수의 재순환과 탈수부 조건에 따른 유기 및 무기 성분에 대하여 각각 FTIR과 WRD를 사용한 결과, 제지 공법에 사용되는 각종 물질의 추적을 위해 효과적인 방법으로 판단 되었다. ② 백수의 재순환 회수와 탈수 압력에 따른 수질 분석 결과 자연 탈수부에서는 백수의 재순환 회수가 증가할수록 무기염, 탁도, COD는 증가하였으며 진공 탈수부에서 보다 무기염, 탁도 및 COD는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. ③ 백수의 재순환 회수와 탈수 압력에 따른 종이의 강도적 특성과 미세분 보류도의 결과를 비교한 결과 이들간에 밀접한 관련이 있었다. ④ 백수의 재순환 회수에 따른 자연 탈수부와 진공 탈수부에서 탈수 조건에 따라 백수의 특성이 달라진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 무기염의 함유량, 탁도, COD 그리고 양이온 요구도에 있어서 자연 탈수부와 진공 탈수부 조건 사이에 나타난 결과에 따라 자연 탈수부에서 수집된 백수는 진공 탈수부에서 수집된 백수보다 미세분, 섬유, 충전제 및 기타 첨가제들을 많이 함유하고 있었으므로 탈수조건에 따라 백수의 이원화 관리가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. There has been shown more complicate characteristics of white water in the alkaline paper making system than that of acid paper making system. Because the alkaline wet end system is consisted with various functional chemicals to control optimum one pass retention on the wire part and chemi-mechanical properties of final paper, especially perfect reuse of white water due to environmental economical view point has been performed. However, in the paper making system, discharged white water in different position and physical conditions to remove in wet web is managed in same line. Therefore, this reserch was performed to identify organic, inorganic material in white water and water recycling and vacuum intensity on the chemical characteristics in the water and properties the paper. The results obtained are summarized as follow: 1. FTIR and XRD which were used for identifying wet end chemical were effective instrument to chase the chemicals from wet end stock to white water.88 2. According to control white water recycle number and vacuum intensity, the characteristics of white water were changed. 3. In condition of atmospheric pressure, apparent amount of fines and several chemicals which produce environmental problom was higher than that of high vaccum condition. 4. Paper mill has to control the white water differently on condition of vacuum and to separate from white water discharged in atmospheric pressure and high vacuum intensity 5. It can be very effective white water management to reduce water pollution and to improve runnability.

任婦 車事故 損傷의 特徵

李壽鐘 大韓法醫學會 1986 대한법의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

Along with increasing production of automobile in Korea, incidence of injured gravida is expected to rise in short period of time. This paper is attempted to review the literatures on trauma sustained from traffic accidents among pregnant women. Attention is particularly focussed on incidence, uniqueness of uterine injuries compared with other regions and impact on reproductive organ at the traffic accidents. Furthermore, differences in degree of injuries between users and non-users of safety belt and its working mechanisms are noted. As for pregnant women, three point belt is safer than lap belt whereas air bag is safer than belt for the benefit of fetus. Problems of human rights arising from artificial insemination still remain controversial from the social and ethical point of views. Once religious aspects of the problem is considered, the issue on in vitro fertilization is more contradictory and in complexity. Policy such as approval of adopted child discouraging artificial insemination should be re-evaluated considering barren couples amounting to 900,000, together with existing traditional value system on offsprings. Such conviction is enhanced considering individual is entitled to have a family. Furthermore, some state laws have legalized artificial insemination, and even tissue and organ banks have been established.

방사성 동위체 도입과 그 추적기술에 의한 수도계(水稻系) 활성상의 해명과 개선에 관한 연구(제3보) : 저인산성 무기 용성물질의 시용과 용수조절 효과에 대하여 Effects of Application of Fused Magnesium Low Level Phosphate and Control of Irrigation Water

이춘영,안학수,정희돈,김규원,노준정 한국농화학회 1973 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.16 No.1

1. Through out the entire stage of growth, the amount of nutrients, number of tillers and of spikes increased in the Simagcalin treated plot as compared with the control. The treated plot showed healthul growth at the later growing stage. On the other hand. management of irrigation water resulted in raised the grain straw ratio and retarded the culm height about 10%. 2. Application of Simagcalin greatly increased the content of phosphorus and magnesium at the harvesting time. The culm and sheath analyses are recommendable for the determination of magnesium deficiency. 3. The controled irrigation would effect root activity as the main factor, and Simagcalin might act as a secondary factor. 4. While the application of phosphorus may not affect the yield components, The basic elements in Simagcalin may enhance the uptake ov nutrients under heavy application of nitrogn.

女性 性器出血의 對策

李壽鍾 大韓法醫學會 1977 대한법의학회지 Vol.1 No.1

妊婦 車事故 損傷의 特徵

李壽鍾 中央醫學社 1987 中央醫學 Vol.52 No.1

Along with increasing production of automobile in Korea, incidence of injured gravida is expected to rise in short period of time. This paper is attempted to review the literatures on trauma sustained from traffic accidents among pregnant women. Attention is particularly focused on incidence, uniqueness of uterine injuries compared with other regions and impact on reproductive organ at the traffic accidents. Furthermore, differences in degree of injuries between users and non-users of safety belt and its working mechanisms are noted. As for pregnant women, three point belt is safer than lap belt where-as air bag is safer than belt for the benefit of fetus. Problems of human rights arising from artificial insemination still remain controver-sial from the social and ethical point of views. Once religious aspects of the problem is con-sidered, the issue on in vitro fertilization is more contradictory and in complexity. Policy such as approval of adopted child discouraging artificial insemination should be re-evaluated considering barren couples amounting to 900,000, together with existing traditional value system on off springs. Such conviction is enhanced considering individual is entitled to have a family. Furthermore, some state laws have legalized artificial insemination, and even tissue and organ banks have been established.

大邱地域製造業體의 國際競爭力 强化方安

李種永,李秀珩,崔利圭 경북대학교 경제경영연구소 1992 經商論集 Vol.20 No.3

Comparative double blind test에 의한 抗아메바劑 Ro7-0207(Tiberal), Metronidazole 및 Dehydroemetine의 治效成績의 比較

李午政,全鍾暉,朴弼遠,朴壽泳 대한감염학회 1974 감염 Vol.6 No.1

Introduction New and better substances are still being sought for the treatment of amoebiasis. The aim of this trial is to assess the effectiveness and tolerance of Tiberal and oral dehydroemetine in patients with oligosymptomatic (or mild) intestinal amoebiasis comparing with that of metronidazole which are known to be an active amoebicide. Selection of cases. Lately, classical symptomatic amoebiasis accompanying mucus-bloody stool and tenesmus could be seldom experienced at urban areas in this country. At here the majority of intestinal amebiasis is manifested by loose stools containing mucus, pus or blood (rare), and also by a rapid response to antibioties, but with frequent episods of recurrence caused by diet-failure or alcohol drinking. Among 187 cases of mild enterocolitis which were suspected as being mild intestinal amoebiasis clinically, authors selected amoeba-positive 60 cases and additional 7 cases which were included later in this clinical trial study. The 7 drop-outs in the original study were replaced by these additional 7 cases. The clinical trials were carried out at the St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Medical College, Seoul, Republic of Korea. During 12 month (April 25, 1973-May 17, 1974), we treated 60 cases of so-called oligosymptomatic amoebiasis with above mentioned three amoebicides. 60 ambulatory cases suffering from mild GI troubles were admitted into the trial (liable to recurrent diarrhoeal stools including mucus, or pus with tenesmus, and also to lower abdominal discomfort of mild pain) those were suspected clinically as having intestinal amoebiasis with carriers of E. histolytica (trophozoits and/or cysts in the feces). Oligosymptomatic amoebiasis group, in this clinical trial study, consisted of 34 males and 26 females ranging from 17 to 62 years of age. All were adolescents or adults and their age distribution was shown in Table 1. Methodology on this clinical trials. We have carried out so-called the comparative double blind trials with Tiberal versus Metronidazole versus oral Dehydroemetine in symptomatic amoebiasis of mild grade. The trial drugs were given also without the knowledge of either the one who gave it or the one who got it in this comparative double blind study. Both (drug examiner) doctors and (drug examined) patients have had no knowledge of each drug. Pharmacist responded to doctor's prescription with code numbers. After the completion of the study the exact name of a drug were publically drawn from the code numbers and the purpose of double blind study was attained. In this study an arrangement for a drug administration schedule was set by as pharmacist exclusively. 60 patients were assigned to one of the three drugs by proper randomization so that 20 patients received tiberal and 20 metronidazole and 20 oral dehydroemetine. After the trial, code numbers of the drugs were identified; nos. 1, 6, 10, 14, 19, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 45, 47, 51, 53, and 54 were tiberal; 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 32, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, and 57 were metronidazole, and nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 17, 21, 24, 26, 30, 31, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46, 58, 59 and 60 were oral dehydroemetine. Evaluation The therapeutic effects were assessed by the clinical evolution and by stool parasitology (direct examination and concentration method) performed on day 3 and 6 on treatment, and then at the end of treatment (8-10 day) and one month after the initial treatment. This made a total 4 to 5 parasitological examination per patient, including one examination required for diagnosis prior to treatment. At the same time aspect and consistency of the stool were registered. The effect of the drugs on other protozoa found in the stools were also reported. The tolerance were assessed by clinical findings and laboratory studies made in limited cases at least before and after treatment unless otherwise stated. Blood count, BUN, Alkaline phosphatase, SGP, TECG and urinalysis were performed as laboratory controls. Authors have established following evaluation criteria for this clinical study. Radical cure: free of symptoms with no vegetative or cystic forms of E. histolytica in stool on 3 successive tests. Biological cure: no cystic forms of E. histolytica in stool on 3 successive tests, but persistence of some intestinal disturbances. Relapse: apparent cure or improvement (with negative of 3 successive tests) followed by recurrence with vegetative amoeba on direct smear within 30 days. (re-infection may be included) Failure: the trophozoites or cystic form of E. histolytica has persisted for treatment periods, with some intestinal troubles. Methods of treatment and parasitologic examination In each group one third of the patients received 2 capsnles of 250mg. Tiberal thrice daily for 7 days, one third received 2 tablets of 250 mgmetronidazole thrice daily for 7 days, and one third received 2 tablets of 10 mgdehydroemetine thrice daily for 7 days as the only specific drug. No associated drugs were given together for symptomatic relief in all cases. The reason why fixed 7 days dose were delivered to every cases was based on convenience of stool examination and equalizing the number of days for therapy. The therapeutic drugs were delivered usually for 2 days dose (1st prescription), 3 days dose and 2 days dose (3rd prescription) successively, therefore stool examination had been done on 3rd, 6th and 8-10th day of therapy. Clinical results In oligosymptomatic amoebiasis, 20 cases each were treated with doses of 1,500mg/day of Tiberal and metronidozole for 7 days respectively, and 20 cases were treated with doses of 60mg/day of dehydroemetine for 7 days. The total doses administered were 10,5g, 10,5g, and 420mg respectively in a period of 7 days. Among tiberal group 19 cases were found to be negative after therapy whereas there was 1 with parasitological failure. The clinical effect was fast in 95% of the cases. Effective cure was achieved in 17 whereas symptoms persist in 3 patients among 20 cases. There were 1 failure and 2 late relapse. Comparing data of therapeutic results with that of metronidazole and dehydroemetine were shown in Table 2 & 3. Table 3 shows the negativity rate of trophozoits or cystic form of E. histolytica in stools according to therapeutic periods of trial drugs received. The data would indicated that 5 days dose could not be enough to eradicate the parasites even in the susceptible cases. The result data of clinical improvement and clearance of E. histolytica in patient stool among drug trial groups were shown in Table 4. The cases treated with Tiberal showed no clinical signs on average 4,9 days and negative amoeba in stool on average 4,1 days of therapeutic periods, comparing with on average 5,8 days and 4,1 days in metronidazole-treated group, and on average 6,3 days and average 4,5 days in dehydroemetine-treated group respectively. Authors put in order the therapeutic procedures and their result of failed or relapsed cases with unplanned measures in table 5. These data could be obtained after the completion of the comparative double blind study by the code numbers which were publically drawn afterwards. These therapeutic procedures had been made just incidentally, not by prior plan. 2 cases, 4 cases and 3 cases could get finally effective cure by doubling doses of 7 days course of Tiberal, metronidazole and dehydroemetine respectively. 1 failed case treated with dehydroemetine and 1 another failed case with tiberal could get effective cure by additionally receiving metronidazole and dehydroemetine respectively. 2 failed cases treated with metronidazole could be cleared of parasites by adding tiberal effectively. Adverse reactions were noticed in 20% each of the patients treated with Tiberal and also with metronidazole, and 25% of those treated with dehydroemetine. They were all transient and never severe. There was not a single case who was discontinued on therapy owing to its side-effects. No significant change of laboratory data was noticed by the administration of trial drugs. Brief summary Tiberal, metronidazole and dehydroemetine (oral) were all recognized as highly efficacious anti-amoebic drugs in this clinical studies. On account of following standpoints 1) clearance of parasites in stool 2) clinical symptomatic relieving 3) drug tolerance 4) rate of relapse and failure 5) side-effects, Tiberal could be received much more recognition than metronidazole and dehydroemetine did. P. S. Authors has experienced other 10 cases of amoebiasis among in patients (5 moderate severe intestinal amoebiasis, 4 liver abscesses and 1 lung abscess) treated with Tiberal and metronidazole with excellent therapeutic results, without any sequelae or relapse.