Studies on Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China

Fan,P.C.,Wang,Y.C.,Liu,J.C.,Lo,H.S.,Hsu,Y.P.,Yen,C.H.,Lin,C.C.,Hsu,S.T. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1974 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.5 No.1

1972年 7月 1日부터 1973年 6月 30日까지 1年間 中華民國 臺?省 金門鳥에서 絲狀 症에 關한 調査硏究를 實施한 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 金門鳥 55村落에 居住하는 20,018 住民을 對象으로 調査한 바 血中 microfilariae (mf.) 兩性率은 8.8%였고 血液 20立方mm當 mf농도는 16.2였으며 絲狀 感染으로 因 臨床例 는 19.2%였다. 金門鳥 駐屯 軍人 2,428名에서 mf.양성율은 0.1%, mf. 감염농도는 20立方mm當 26.3이었으며 臨床例는 없었다. mf.感染濃度 및 臨床例에 있어 확실히 女性보다는 男性에서 高率을 보였으나 mf.陽性率은 兩性間에 差異가 없었다. mf.陽性率과 臨床例는 年齡의 增加와 一致하였으나 mf. 감렴농도는 年齡의 증가와 無關하였다. 2. 金文鳥 駐屯 軍人에 있어 주둔 其間과 絲狀 感染과는 關係가 없었으며 駐屯基地와 村落과의 距離와도 無關하였다. 軍人들은 모기에 물리지 않도록 잘 保護되어 있었고 주둔지역은 完全히 住民들과 격리되어 있었다. 3. 51村落으로부터의 血液檢査를 받은 1,470名의 絲狀 感染陽性者 中에서 臨床病勢르 보인 例는 19.2%였으며 女性보다는 男性에서 約 5倍가 많았다. 男性에 있어서의 大部分의 臨床例는 生殖器에 症狀을 보였는데 其中 10%는 象皮症을 가진 例는 2名뿐이었다. 4. 43村落의 家屋內에서 잡힌 모기는 4屬 14種(Culex 10種, Aedes 2種, Anopheles 1種, Armigeres 1種)이었으며 이들中 Cules P. fatigans와 Armigeres subalbatus가 大部分이었으나 其他 12種은 매우 적었다. Culcx mimesticus, C. (L) vorax, C. fuscocephala 및 Acdes nocturnus등 의 4新種은 처음으로 發見되었다. Culex p.fatigans는 現存「반크롭트」 絲狀 만을 옮기는 媒介昆 으로 알려져 있다. 治療前 8個 村落으로부터 잡은 438마리의 Culex p. fatigans에서 幼 을 內包하고 있는 모기는 1마리 平均 5.9마리의 絲狀 幼 을 갖고 있는 셈이었으며 全體 感染率은 11.9%, 感染期 幼 을 가진 모기는 10.5%이었다. 上記 8個 村落 住民을 治癒한 後의 樣狀은 治療前과 아주 달라서 모기 1마리當 平均 2.1마리의 幼 을 갖고 있었고 全體感染率은 2.2%, 感染期幼 內包率은 0.09%였다. 平均 pH가 7.4(6.4∼8.0)인 8個處의 모기 産卵場所에서 잡힌 모기 幼 은 모두 11種이었다. 有機燐劑의 一種인 Sumithion을 1平方m當 0.2gm의 농도로 모기 産卵場所 水面에 撒布하였던바 모든 모기 幼 에 對한 殺 果가 좋았다. 5. 總 1.590名의 絲狀 感染者에게 成人當 總量 5gm의 diethylcarbamazine을 10∼12日 間 服用시켜 보았다. 治療率은 80.6%, mf. 減少率은 96.9%였고 反應率는 67.2%였다. 여러 가지 副作用은 있었으나 一般的으로 輕微하였으며 患者가 참을 수 있었으므로 最高用量으로 投藥했을 경우에도 大部分 거절 하지 않았다. 8個 部落에서 捕獲된 Culex P. fatigans의 絲狀 幼 全體感染率, 感染期幼 內包率 및 感染濃度는 患者治療前에 各各 11.9%, 10.5%, 5.9였는데 治療後에는 2.2%, 0.09%, 2.1로 떨어져서 diethylcarbamazine은 microfilariae에 對한 殺충효果가 높을 뿐 아니라 絲狀충 만延을 組止시키는데 좋은 藥劑라고 思料된다 The present investigation is a serial study on “Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands”, which was performed from July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Parasitological investigation: Of 20,018 Kinmen Chinese in 55 villages examined, the microfilariae (mf.) rate of 8.8%, mf. density of 16.2 per 20cmm blood and clinical rate 19.2% were found: the corresponding figures for a total of 2,428 military personnel were 0.1%, 29.3 and 0.0% respectively. The mf. density and clinical rate were obviously higher in the males than in the females, but no difference was found for the microfilarial rate. The mf. rate and clinical rate were correspondingly increased with age, but there was no difference in mf. density. 2. Transmission of filariasis: It seems no any relation to the length of stationing of the Chinese troops on Kinmen Islands, and also no relation to the distance between the villages and camps; because the servicemen are well protected from the mosquito bites and bites and the camps are completely isolated, to and off limit to the villagers, though they have common places of entertainment. 3. Clinical investigation: Of 1,470 filarial carriers in 51 villages examined physically, the clinical rate of 19.2% was detected. It was about 5 times higher in males than in females. In the males, most of the cases the trouble in their reproductive organs, and 10% had elephantiasis; but in the females, the lymph nodes enlargement and chyluria were more common, only 2 cases had elephantiasis. The clinical rates increased corresponding with age. 4. Entomological investigation: Fourteen(14) species of 4 genera (10 Culex, 2 Aedes, 1 Anopheles and 1 Armigeres) of household mosquitoes were collected from indoor resting sites of 43 villages on kinmen Islands, in which, Cules P. fatigans and Armigeres subalbatus were the most common species, but the remaining 12 species are faily rare. Four (4) new species: Culex mimeticus, C. (L) vorax, C, fucocephala and Aedes noturnvs were found for the first time. Culex p.fatigans is still the only vector. in transmission of bancroftian filariasis. The infection rate of 11.9%, infective rate of 10.5% and 5.9 filarial larvae per infected mosquito were detected in 438 Culex p. fatigans from 8 villages before treatment. The corresponding figures were much lower in the above same villages after treatment (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). Eleven (11) species of moswquito larvae were collected from 8 kinds of breeding sites; where, the pH value of 7.4(ranged 6.4∼8.0) was measured. “Sumithion”is one of the organophosphorous compounds, which was first used on the water surface with the dosage of 0.2gm per square meter.A high insecticidal effect against different species of mosquito larvae was observed. 5. Chemotherapy of filariasis: Of 1.590 filarial carriers scheme, with a total does of 5 gm of diethylcarbamazine per adult case for a period of 10∼12 days schedule was performed. The cure rate of 80.6%, mf. reduction tate of 96.9% and reaction rate of 67.2% were found. Although many kinds of side effects were encountered, they were usually mild or transient and could be tolerated by the patients, thus there was almost no refused to the administration of the drug even if the drug was increased to the maximum dosage. The natural infection rate, infective rate and filarial larval density of Culex P. fatigans in 8 villages were found much higher before control measure (11.9%, 10.5% and 5.9%) than after control (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). It showed that diethylcarbamazine is a powerful microfilaricidal drug in eliminating the filarial infection and reducing this transmission.

Mg-Y-Cu Bulk Metallic Glass Obtained by Mechanical Alloying and Powder Consolidation

Lee P.Y.,Hsu C.F.,Wang C.C. 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1

Mg55Y15Cu30 metallic glass powders were prepared by the mechanical alloying of pure Mg, Y, and Cu after 10 h of milling. The thermal stability of these Mg55Y15Cu30 amorphous powders was investigated using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Tg ,Tx , and ΔTx are 442 K, 478 K, and 36 K, respectively. The as-milled Mg55Y15Cu30 powders were then consolidated by vacuum hot pressing into disk compacts with a diameter and thickness of 10 mm and 1 mm, respectively. This yielded bulk Mg55Y15Cu30 metallic glass with nanocrystalline precipitates homogeneously embedded in a highly dense glassy matrix. The pressure applied during consolidation can enhance thermal stability and prolong the existence of amorphous phase within Mg55Y15Cu30 powders.

Bone Drilling System for Quantifying Hand Feeling in Orthopedic Surgery

( C. -y. Wu ),( J. -y. Su ),( C. -s. Hsu ),( Y. -h. Chen ),( K. -f. Chang ),( C. -c. Huang ),( H. -m. Wu ),( Y. -c. Tsai ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

In this work, a bone drilling system was designed to quantify “hand feeling”, which can benefit surgeons to be more acquainted with bone hardness. A bi-axial force/torque sensor is mounted on the bone drilling system in order to measure the thrust force and the torque caused by drilling in bones. The system is assembled with a motorized stage, which is directly integrated with a surgical handpiece by an adjustable holder, to drill into various bones (porcine mandible, porcine femur, porcine rib) at different feed speeds and spindle speeds. The results reveal that the feed speed is positively corresponded with force and torque. However, the effect of spindle speed on force and torque is negligible. In addition, drilling bones without spraying water can cause the drilling temperature to increase to 73.3°C. According to the data from the experiments, the exact force and torque during bone drilling can be predicted with the given parameters. Thus, surgeons are capable of preventing the use of excessive force during bone drilling.

The Effects of Amounts and Size of Fe-Mn Nodules in Soils on Oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ)

Hsu, C.Y.,Lee, D.Y,Lin, T.H.,Chen, W.T. 한국토양비료학회 2009 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2009 No.10

Photosynthesis and structure of electroless Ni-P films by synchrotron x-ray irradiation

Hsu, P.-C.,Wang, C.-H.,Yang, T.-Y.,Hwu, Y.-K.,Lin, C.-S.,Chen, C.-H.,Chang, L.-W.,Seol, S.-K.,Je, J.-H.,Margaritondo, G. American Institute of Physics 2007 Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A Vol.25 No.3

Poster Session : Symposium: Soil Degradation; Challenges to Sustainable Life and Environment ; The Effects of Amounts and Size of Fe-Mn Nodules in Soils on Oxidation of Cr(3)

C. Y. Hsu,D. Y. Lee,T. H. Lin,W. T. Chen 한국토양비료학회 2009 국제학술대회집 Vol.2009 No.0

Magnetization Reversal Behaviors and Domain Wall Magnetoresistance Effect in Nanobridges

Y. S. Chen,Jen-Hwa Hsu,C. Yu,K. W. Cheng,S. F. Lee,Y. Liou,Y. D.Yao 한국자기학회 2008 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.- No.-

Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry for Rapidly Measurement of Peanut Moisture Content

( C. J. Hsu ),( C. C. Hsu ),( H. K. Lee ),( T. M. Chen ),( P. K. Lei ),( Y. C. Tsai ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

In order to achieve rapidly measurement of peanut moisture content, the Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) system was designed and develop by combining a dual-probe frequency domain reflectometer and Latte Panda. For the peanut moisture content FDR measurement, the calibration curve is necessary to define at first. The peanut samples (Tainan No.9 and Tainan No.18) are separate into pods and kernels and pulverized into granule shape for the measurement. The samples are baked in the oven at 130°C for 6 hours for removing the water content and defined it as 0% moisture content. Then the different weights of water have been added into samples for making different moisture content peanuts. The different dielectric constant measured by FDR sensor system is corresponded as the different moisture content. The calibration curve can be obtained from the relationship between the different moisture content peanut samples and the corresponding dielectric constant. During the FDR measurement, 32 N/㎡ applying force to the sample is necessary for eliminating the air gap. Furthermore, different methods for measuring the peanut moisture content were carried out in the factory with the drying machine. The comparison and results of different measure methods during the drying process at factory has been completed. The result shows that different measuring method have the same peanut moisture content trend. In addition, another method for obtaining the calibration curve was carried out in this work. The peanuts were baked to different moisture content and measured the corresponding dielectric constant. The calibration curves of peanut’s pods and kernels and the accuracy test has been defined. The both correlation coefficients of the testing samples are more than 0.97. It proves that this proposal FDR system have high accuracy and is enable to rapidly measure from 5% to 60% moisture content of peanut.

Analytic Modeling for Current-Voltage Characteristics and Drain-Induced Barrier-Lowering (DIBL) Phenomenon of the InGaP/InGaAs/GaAs PDCFET

C. S Lee,J. C Huang,H. H Chen,W. C Hsu,W. L Yang,Y. J Chen 한국물리학회 2004 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.45 No.3

A two-dimensional analytic model is proposed for characterizing the current-voltage characteristics and the drain-induced barrier-lowering (DIBL) phenomenon for the InGaP/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic doped-channel eld-eect transistor (PDCFET). The signicant velocity overshoot eects, associated with the low eective mass in the In0:15Ga0:85As channel, have been included to analytically solve the two-dimensional Poisson equation. In addition, by solving the nonlinear equations with the Newton method, this model can be extended to provide a straightforward physical expression of the channel potential prole near or within the sub-threshold regime for short-channel eects. Calculations for the device structure with a gate length of 0.25 m have been conducted, indicating that the pinch-o channel, at a gate-to-source bias of 1.2 V, will resume current conduction as the potential barrier is lowered comparably to the thermal voltage when the drain bias elevates to 2.2 V. This work presents a comprehensive investigation, fast and convenient estimation for the device characteristics and the short-channel eect, and can be extended to multichannel PDCFET structures.

A Spatial-Temporal Projection Method for Seasonal Prediction of Spring Rainfall in Northern Taiwan

Hsu, P.-C.,Li, T.,Lin, Y.-C.,Lu, M.-M.,Lee, J.-Y. THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012 Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol.90 No.2