15세기 건축감역관 이명민 연구

김버들(Kim, Bue-Dyel),조정식(Cho, Jeong-Sik) 대한건축학회 2015 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.31 No.10

This study is the about architect Lee myeong-min. Lee myeong-min, although he was an architect, has been handed down only as loyalists of Dan-jong. The results of this study are as follows. First, Lee myeong-min is a figure laid the foundation for Joseon Dynasty architecture in existence. He opened a new construction era complementing the architecture of the old era with Neo-confucianism in 15th century. Second, through the construction of Naebuldang in Gyeongbokgung Palace and Daejaam, Lee myeong-min showed excellent ability in management of material, reduction the construction cost and manpower. Since he generalized Do-Cheong which is an agency specialized in architecture, he could overall all about construction in capital city. Third, Lee myeong-min was very competent in middle story construction. All of the middle-layer construction in 15th-century was done by Lee myeong-min. Fourth, although Lee myeong-min was handed down only a faithful subject by Gyeyujeongnan, he was a Joseon Dynasty architect who oversees construction in the 15th century which was glory day of Joseon culture

만다라도상체계에 의한 석굴암공간체계 분석

김버들(Kim Bue-Dyel),조정식(Cho Jeong-Sik) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.25 No.5

Based on the assumption that the space structure of Seokbul-temple is deeply related to the iconographic system of Mandala, this study investigated the relation between Mandala and Seokbul-temple by comprehensively examining the iconographic factors of Mandala and the structural factors of Seokbul-temple. First, Mandala refers to the two-dimensional painting that expresses the doctrine of esoteric Buddhism based on the grid system. It starts from absolute order called grid and embodies various symbologies. Second, Seokbul-temple is composed of two separate Mandalas. Applying the core factors of Mandala, the grid system and symbology, to the overall structure of Seokbul-temple found that the two Mandalas, each of that represents a complete small universe, constitutes a complementary structural system in terms of contrasting relations, such as circle and square, and center and process. Third, in the circle-shaped latter space, the basic icons of Mandala, circles and triangles, form the symmetrical structure with a square being a boundary. At figures' crossing point stand bodhisattvas, disciples of Buddha, and the Bodhisattva of compassion surrounding Sakyamuni. The arrangement of Boddha and bodhisattvas follows the symmetrical, directional, and central features of the iconographic system of Mandala to secure the intensive concentration on Sakyamuni in the center and embody the perfect order of Mandala on earth. Fourth, the former space composed of the rectangle-shaped space and narrow corridor shows the features of separate Madara and the features of process space to central space. The former space with corridor, the square-shaped space based on 8×8 grid and strict module, strongly presents direction to the circle-shaped latter space. Especially, the grid system of Mandala and the Oriental Pythagorean theory of Silla are also applied to the former space, indicating that the constructor's intention to bestow both functionality and symbology to the former space.

한ㆍ중ㆍ일 다보탑의 특징에 관한 상호 비교 연구

김버들(Kim Bue-Dyel),조정식(Cho Jeong-Sik) 대한건축학회 2010 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.26 No.6

The Purpose of this study is to investigate the feature of Da-bo Stupa(the Tabot'ap) with Da-bo stupa and the Byunsangwha of Saddharmapundarika-sutra. The results of this study were as follows : First, Da-bo stupa based on the Sutra of the Lotus represent 보탑용출 and 이불병좌. Second Da-bo stupa in China has no special order in shape. But representation of 이불병좌 is essential element of Da-bo stupa. Third Da-bo stupa in Japan has special order in shape and there are many Da-bo stupa in Japan. They stand for universe of Mandala. Most of them are the 2nd storied building. The 1st story is square and 2nd story is sphere seems like 보탑. They have been constructed until now by Choi-jing and Gong-hae. Fouth, Da-bo stupa in Korea is only one, the east stupa in Bulguk-temple. The shape is very unique and epoch in Korea. Korean Da-bo stupa is full of expression majesty with 보탑용출 and 이불병좌. It seems like Da-bo stupa in the one within Byunsangwha of Saddharmapundarika-sutra. The reason why, the whole Bulguk-temple is the Byunsangwha of Saddharmapundarika-sutra, Da-bo stupa has very strong character of place.

고려 말 조선 초 건축가 金師幸조명

김버들(Kim, Bue-Dyel),조정식(Cho, Jeong-Sik) 대한건축학회 2014 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.30 No.11

This study is on the Architect Kim Sa-haeng. But he was generally known as only an eunuch. The result is as concerned. 1st, a lot of construction workss were needed to consult new capital in the late Koryo to early Chosun dynasty. At that time, Kim sa-haeng took the lead in most of the construction work. 2nd, He was an an eunuch who had worked for Yuan Dynasty. Based on his experience, He created a new type of architecture following an old practice, like royal tomb of the Gongminwang. He also organized the 1st Royal Tomb of Chosun dynasty and his architect became a model of Royal Tomb. 3rd, He built Buddhist temple like Jinkwansa Suryuksa and supervised Buddhist ritual in Geunjeongjeon hall. This means that he was anle to design architectures consdering the ritual and culture. Namely, he was distinguished in many different fields. 4th, He was an officer overcame the limitation on status of eunuch. Besides, he won his spurs. Although he was affected by Buddhism, he built a Confucian shrine. And he completed Palace plan, according to behavioral pattern of royal family, servant and vassal. 5th, we’ve read in documentaries he built an architectural monstrosity with grand sized and spectacular ornament. It means that he created a new type of architecture never seen before.

경전 속에 나타난 탑의 건축적 요소에 관한 연구

김버들(Kim Bue-Dyel),조정식(Cho Jeong-Sik) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the architectural elements of a stupa, which was indicated in the Sutras. The Sutras is describing the structural element and the decorative element in each section by dividing the structural elements of a stupa into three sections such as the stylobate(基壇), trunk(塔身), pinnacle(相輪). The structural classification in a stupa comprises 3 divisions such as the stylobate, trunk, and pinnacle from the early period. And, within this composition, each of sections i.e. stairs, railing and pinnacle, symbolizes the religious territoriality and the division in sacredness and profaneness, which a stupa possesses. In the Sutras is being described the detail composition for a stupa as a part of pujana(供養) to Buddha. Among them, the elements, which indicate the detail character in architecture, are representative of flower, various colors, and the Seven Treasures(gold, silver, lapis, crystal, coral, agate, pearl). Like this, the compositional elements in the architectural structure based on the Sutras are prescribed so that a stupa can have the elements of the forms different from the general architecture. And, the pujana to Buddha are shown as the enshrinement object of the surface or the inside in a stupa, thus the design element of a stupa came to be revised.

박자청(朴子靑)의 궁궐건축 감역 연구 -창덕궁 및 이궁을 중심으로-

김버들,조정식,Kim, Bue-Dyel,Cho, Jeong-Sik 한국건축역사학회 2017 건축역사연구 Vol.26 No.1

This study is about the Changdeokgung Palace and detached palaces of architect Park Jacheong who was a representative supervisor having framed the palace architecture of the Joseon Dynasty. The results are as follows. First, Park Jacheong had been in charge of Changdeokgung Palace for 15 years since its founding. The palace was continued to run for the longest time and was the palace on the frame made by him for the years, so Changdeokgung Palace's status has become as good as Gyeongbokgung Palace's. Second, he built a lot of palaces besides Changdeokgung. They were completed about the same time in accordance with the political intentions of King Taejong. Park Jacheong was a former military officer and was well skilled in mobilization of manpower and materials by making good use of the military power. Third, the detached palaces constructed by him were located in the places where military training and testing of new weapons were possible. They were also used as sleeping, dining and office spaces. This can be regarded as a result of the tradition of the storied-pavilion that had been since the Goryeo Dynasty, with the method of approaching to the main hall of the palace.

조선 초기 수선본사(修禪本寺) 흥천사(興天寺) 사리각 영건에 관한 고찰

김버들,조정식,Kim, Bue-Dyel,Cho, Jeong-Sik 한국건축역사학회 2015 건축역사연구 Vol.24 No.1

This is a study on the construction of the Heungcheon-Temple. The results are follows. 1) The Heungcheon-Temple was anticipated to be the Jeongneung. However, when completed, the Heungcheon-Temple was symbolized Buddhism; moreover, there was a stupa enshrined sarira. The stupa was a land mark in Hanyang. While king Sejong repaired the stupa, it disappeared during the regin of King Jungjong. Before it disappeared the stupa signified a Buddhist event and a rite of good fortune. 2) The stupa was constructed using a double-frame, and there was a stone-stupa in an octagonal multi-layer temple. This single location consisted of a sarira space and a worship space. 3) Buddhist Relic(Sarira) worship was to witness holiness and therefore reics could be moved according to need. It appeared as though Buddhist Relic worship occurred in Southeast Asia. 4) The Heungcheon-Temple stupa was considered a new and superior architectural-symbol to comfort people and recognize the new order of Ming and neo-Confucianism. Therefore, the stupa was a good alternative to politics, religion, and external relations during the early Joseon era.

조선전기 당(堂)·실(室) 결합 건축의 가구특성 분석 -방형 평면의 맞배직교형 지붕 가구를 중심으로-

김버들,이종서,Kim, Bue-Dyel,Lee, Jong-Seo 한국건축역사학회 2017 건축역사연구 Vol.26 No.2

This study investigates how the spatial recognition structure is emerging through the case of rectangular plan combined with a combination of Dang-Sil(堂室) and Gong(工) shape roof, and identifies a type of architecture in the early Joseon Dynasty that has never been revealed. The conclusion of this study is as follows. First, the Dang and the Sil are connected to each other, but the architectural elements such as pillars, frame, and windows are distinguished and appear as separate buildings. Second, the distinction between Dang and Sil is evident by the difference in the number of ridges and the shape of the roof. In addition, the roof and roof framework of the independent rooms and the rooms were common in the right angled architecture where the direction and the expandability of each structure were maintained. Third, the construction of the Dang-Sil combined structure, in which two or more structure frameworks were combined with the rectangular combined flat roof structure, gradually changed into a single structure with a single ridge. Fourth, this change means that people of the early Joseon Dynasty recognized the Dang and Sil as separate architecture, but the strict sense of spatial separation has disappeared over time.

조선전기 맞배직교형 건축의 유형과 전파

김버들,이종서,Kim, Bue-Dyel,Lee, Jong-Seo 한국건축역사학회 2018 건축역사연구 Vol.27 No.2

This study investigates the types and spread of framed structures of gable roofs meeting at right angle showed in old architecture and documentary paintings of houses, which were well liked in the early Joseon Dynasty. The conclusions of this study were as follows. First, the framed structure of gable roof meeting at right angle can be divided or recognized in 4 types according to their structure's size and purlin's position. Three of those types were noted to be in Seoul. Second, the framed structure of gable roofs meeting at right angle begun from the awareness of their independence from one another. Each space was divided based on their functions. Therefore, it could be extended in various forms, not only in the square plan physique but also in many different forms. And allowed free plan configuration regardless of column layouts or size of structure. Third, 5 purlins and 3 purlins crossing structure were preferred in Han-yang, the early Joseon Dynasty. It is related to the specific construction conditions of urban houses, such as the slope of land, limited land area, and economic power. Fourth, urban housing techniques were diffused throughout the country by officials who lived in Kae-gyeong and Han-yang at the end of Goryeo and early Joseon Dynasty. In other regions, framed structure of gable roof meeting at right angle households decreased, but in some regions of Gyeongsang-province, framed structure of gable roof meeting at right angle has maintained with Staggered purlin.

왕릉건축을 통해 본 박자청(朴子靑)의 김사행(金師幸)건축 계승

김버들,조정식,Kim, Bue-Dyel,Cho, Jeong-Sik 한국건축역사학회 2018 건축역사연구 Vol.27 No.2

This study investigates the relationship of two architectures 'Kim Sa-haeng' and 'Park Ja-cheong.' They were the architects whose architecture were established and well known however they were not acknowledged by the people. Because they were not revealed under the large-scale national construction in complicated circumstances at home and abroad. The results were as follows; First, Kim Sa-haeng who was an overseas architect in Yuan dynasty stood out in all areas of architecture. Particularly in making royal tombs; His works were recognized as the most beautiful royal tombs ever existed and was later on followed by the Joseon dynasty. Second, Park completed the construction of Joseon's by faithfully reflecting on the discussed process of Neo-Confucian while coming after the time of the construction of Kim Sa-haeng. Third, although Kim Sa-haeng was a vassal of the Buddhist nation in Goryeo, he built the Moon-myo, a Confucian inspired temple of Joseon. Park Ja-cheong, who continued to build Kim Sa-haeng's architecture, reproduced Kim Sa-haeng's confucian's temple of Joseon dynasty while modifying it according to the situation in Joseon dynasty. The constructions of the two architects' monuments continues unabatedly. Their architecture has continued without massive changes.