中國古代奸罪硏究

팽병금(Peng Bingjin)(彭炳金) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2014 아시아연구 Vol.- No.18

간통죄는 중국 고대 형사법의 중요한 죄명중의 하나인데, 학계는 중국 고대 중국 간통죄 연구를 단대사 중심으로 하여 중국 고대 간통죄의 발전 변화와 특징에 대해 거시적이고 종합적인 연구를 하지 못하였다. 본고는 이상의 연구성과를 기초로 중국 고대 간통죄 입법 발전과 변화 및 간통죄가 혼인가정 관계에 미친 영향을 전면적으로 고찰해 보고자 한다. 중국 고대 간통죄는 간통과 강간으로 나눌 수 있다. 奸은 간통으로 비혼인 관계의 남녀 사이에서 자발적으로 발생한 성행위이다. 간통죄의 성립 요건은 현장에서 간통하는 남녀를 잡아 그들이 시인하면 간통한 남녀는 동일하게 죄가 적용된다. 한대 법률에 이미 간통죄라는 이름이 나오는데, 당대 이후에는 媒合奸通과 刁奸 및 縱容과 처첩을 위협한 간통 등 새로운 간통 죄명이 등장한다. 중국 고대의 강간죄는 강압적인 수단으로 부녀와 성관계를 한 것을 지칭하며 한대 법률에 이미 강간죄가 등장하고, 당대이후에는 어린여자아이 강간죄, 윤간죄, 양가 처녀를 강탈하여 처첩으로 삼은 죄, 雞奸罪 등 새로운 강간죄명이 등장하였다. 强姦罪는 강압적인 상황 및 여자가 반항한 상황 혹은 여자가 상해를 입은 증거를 들어 죄의 성립 요건으로 삼았다. 강간죄에서 여자가 상해를 입었을 때 여자는 무죄이다. 중국 고대 강간죄 입법 목적중의 하나는 사회 계급질서를 세우기 위한 것이기 때문에 親屬相奸이나 良賤相奸 등 계급의 존귀한 질서를 위반한 간통을 중벌에 처하였다. 또한 특정 신분 즉 관원이나 승려 등의 강간범도 중벌에 처하였다. 중국 고대 강간죄 입법 목적중의 하나는 윤리 질서를 세우기 위한 것이어서 강간죄는 혼인가정 관계에 주요한 영향을 미쳤다. 혼인에서 五服이내의 친속간 통혼한 경우 간통죄에 처하였고, 남녀가 정혼한 이후에 여자가 간통죄를 범하면 남자는 혼약을 파기 할 수 있다. 이혼한 부인이 통간하면 三不去 原則에 적용하지 않았다. 가정 관계에서 부인이 간통하면 남편이 嫁賣할 수 있는데, 漢代以後 법률에는 간통하여 생긴 자녀의 신분, 부양권과 계승권에 대해 규정해 두었다. Illicit sexual crimes was one of important crimes in ancient Chinese criminal law. The ancient Chinese law divided illicit sexual crime into two kinds of he jian (adultery) and rape. The concept of he jian in ancient Chinese law that is adultery, which refers to voluntary sexual behavior between man and woman of non- marriage relationship. Essentessentials of establishmentials of he jian crime was that adulterous man and woman were captured on the spot or adulterous man and woman simultaneously confessed. In the crime of he jian, adulterous man and woman were both guilty and were punished. The concept of he jian (adultery) was occurred in the law of Han Dynasty, there were some new accusation such as luring woman to adultery, adultery -pander, conniving adultery and compelling wife adultery since Tang Dynasty. The crime of rape ancient Chinese law refers to having sexual behavior with woman by forced method. The accusation of rape was occurred in the law of Han Dynasty, there were some new accusation such as raping a female child, rape by turn, sodomy(raping a man) since Tang Dynasty. Essentessentials of esrablishmentials of rape was which had man's violence situation, or woman rebellious situation, or had evidences of woman was injured. Woman was innocence in the crime of rape because of woman being victim of case of rape. The purpose of legislation of illicit sexual crimes in ancient China was to maintain social hierarchical order, law of ancient China gave aggravated punishment to adultery between relatives, adultery between civilian and pariah (liangjian), and gave aggravated punishment to illicit sexual crimes which subject of crime had specific identity such as officials and buddhist monks, Taoist priest. Adultery in ancient China had importantly influence on relationship of marriage and family.

Bonding Strength of Conductive Inner-Electrode Layers in Piezoelectric Multilayer Ceramics

Yiping Wang,Ying Yang,Bingjin Zheng,Jing Chen,Jinyi Yao,Yun Sheng 한국전기전자재료학회 2017 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.18 No.4

Multilayer ceramics in which piezoelectric layers of 0.90 Pb(Zr0.48Ti0.52)O3 -0.05 Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3 -0.05 Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3(0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN) stack alternately with silver electrode layers were prepared by an advanced low-temperatureco-fired ceramic (LTCC) method. The electrical properties and bonding strength of the multilayers were associated with theinterface morphologies between the piezoelectric and silver-electrode layers. Usually, the inner silver electrodes are fabricatedby sintering silver paste in multi-layer stacks. To improve the interface bonding strength, piezoelectric powders of0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN with an average particle size of 23 μm were added to silver paste to form a gradient interface. SEMobservation indicated clear interfaces in multilayer ceramics without powder addition. With the increase of piezoelectricpowder addition in the silver paste, gradient interfaces were successfully obtained. The multilayer ceramics with gradientinterfaces present greater bonding strength as well as excellent piezoelectric properties for 30~40 wt% of added powder. Onthe other hand, over addition greatly increased the resistance of the inner silver electrodes, leading to a piezoelectric behaviorlike that of bulk ceramics in multilayers.

Bonding Strength of Conductive Inner-Electrode Layers in Piezoelectric Multilayer Ceramics

Wang, Yiping,Yang, Ying,Zheng, Bingjin,Chen, Jing,Yao, Jinyi,Sheng, Yun The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2017 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.18 No.4

Multilayer ceramics in which piezoelectric layers of $0.90Pb(Zr_{0.48}Ti_{0.52})O_3-0.05Pb(Mn_{1/3}Sb_{2/3})O_3-0.05Pb(Zn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$ (0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN) stack alternately with silver electrode layers were prepared by an advanced low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) method. The electrical properties and bonding strength of the multilayers were associated with the interface morphologies between the piezoelectric and silver-electrode layers. Usually, the inner silver electrodes are fabricated by sintering silver paste in multi-layer stacks. To improve the interface bonding strength, piezoelectric powders of 0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN with an average particle size of $23{\mu}m$ were added to silver paste to form a gradient interface. SEM observation indicated clear interfaces in multilayer ceramics without powder addition. With the increase of piezoelectric powder addition in the silver paste, gradient interfaces were successfully obtained. The multilayer ceramics with gradient interfaces present greater bonding strength as well as excellent piezoelectric properties for 30~40 wt% of added powder. On the other hand, over addition greatly increased the resistance of the inner silver electrodes, leading to a piezoelectric behavior like that of bulk ceramics in multilayers.

Cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggers cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis-dependent nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis

Zhang Weifeng,Li Gaocai,Luo Rongjin,Lei Jie,Song Yu,Wang Bingjin,Ma Liang,Liao Zhiwei,Ke Wencan,Liu Hui,Hua Wenbin,Zhao Kangcheng,Feng Xiaobo,Wu Xinghuo,Zhang Yukun,Wang Kun,Yang Cao 생화학분자생물학회 2022 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.54 No.-

Low back pain (LBP) is a major musculoskeletal disorder and the socioeconomic problem with a high prevalence that mainly involves intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, characterized by progressive nucleus pulposus (NP) cell death and the development of an inflammatory microenvironment in NP tissue. Excessively accumulated cytosolic DNA acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that is monitored by the cGAS-STING axis to trigger the immune response in many degenerative diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis is a type of inflammatory programmed death that promotes a chronic inflammatory response and tissue degeneration. However, the relationship between the cGAS-STING axis and NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration remains unclear. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology to demonstrate that cGAS, STING, and NLRP3 are associated with the degree of IVD degeneration. Oxidative stress induced cGAS-STING axis activation and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in a STING-dependent manner in human NP cells. Interestingly, the canonical morphological and functional characteristics of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening with the cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were observed in human NP cells under oxidative stress. Furthermore, the administration of a specific pharmacological inhibitor of mPTP and self-mtDNA cytosolic leakage effectively reduced NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic NP cell death and microenvironmental inflammation in vitro and degenerative progression in a rat disc needle puncture model. Collectively, these data highlight the critical roles of the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis and pyroptosis in the progression of IVD degeneration and provide promising therapeutic approaches for discogenic LBP.

O-GlcNAc transferase regulates intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting FAM134B-mediated ER-phagy

Luo Rongjin,Li Gaocai,Zhang Weifei,Liang Huaizhen,Lu Saideng,Cheung Jason Pui Yin,Zhang Teng,Tu Ji,Liu Hui,Liao Zhiwei,Ke Wencan,Wang Bingjin,Song Yu,Yang Cao 생화학분자생물학회 2022 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.54 No.-

Both O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) and endoplasmic reticulum-phagy (ER-phagy) are well-characterized conserved adaptive regulatory mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis and function in response to various stress conditions. Abnormalities in O-GlcNAcylation and ER-phagy have been documented in a wide variety of human pathologies. However, whether O-GlcNAcylation or ER-phagy is involved in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the function of O-GlcNAcylation and ER-phagy and the related underlying mechanisms in IDD. We found that the expression profiles of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) were notably increased in degenerated NP tissues and nutrient-deprived nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. By modulating the O-GlcNAc level through genetic manipulation and specific pharmacological intervention, we revealed that increasing O-GlcNAcylation abundance substantially enhanced cell function and facilitated cell survival under nutrient deprivation (ND) conditions. Moreover, FAM134B-mediated ER-phagy activation was regulated by O-GlcNAcylation, and suppression of ER-phagy by FAM134B knockdown considerably counteracted the protective effects of amplified O-GlcNAcylation. Mechanistically, FAM134B was determined to be a potential target of OGT, and O-GlcNAcylation of FAM134B notably reduced FAM134B ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Correspondingly, the protection conferred by modulating O-GlcNAcylation homeostasis was verified in a rat IDD model. Our data demonstrated that OGT directly associates with and stabilizes FAM134B and subsequently enhances FAM134B-mediated ER-phagy to enhance the adaptive capability of cells in response to nutrient deficiency. These findings may provide a new option for O-GlcNAcylation-based therapeutics in IDD prevention.