Tiotropium Bromide

Barnes, Peter J Medical Publications Korea 2002 Medical Progress Vol.24 No.6

Laser scribed graphene/polymer composites: A possible verification of carbon nano-coil inductors

Barnes Benjamin,Elkholy Ibrahim,Bane Nathan,Derickson Justin,Das Kausik S. 한국물리학회 2022 Current Applied Physics Vol.40 No.-

There is great interest in so-called nano-electronic devices due to the furious rate of device miniaturization. Fabrica-tion of micro and nano scale resistors and capacitors have already been achieved steadily, but so far, there has been little development in the way of nano-scale coil inductors. This is because of the physical limitations in miniaturiza-tion of the design of a solenoid with wires coiled around a metallic core. So, while transistors get steadily smaller, basic inductors in electronics remained relatively bulky. Few methods exist for creating conductive polymer coils and graphene-based kinetic nano-inductors, but their large-scale fabrication process is complex and mostly beyond the current commercial technology available. So, a simpler, scalable, and robust fabrication technique is needed to overcome this bottleneck. In this work we demonstrate a new technique consisting of the laser lithography using a laser engraver of a (poly)vinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene oxide film composite which results in a large inductive effect. We attribute this behavior to the formation of high curvature twisted screw dislocation type conductive pathways composed of polyacetylene chains linked by pi-pi interactions to reduced graphene oxide flakes resulting in inductive effect.

State Formation in the Southern Korean Peninsula A Critical Review

Barnes. Gina L, 金庚澤(번역) 중부고고학회 2003 고고학 Vol.2 No.2

한반도 남부의 국가형성에 대한 접근은 소위 靑銅器시대와 鐵器시대의 통합에 그 관건이 있는데, 이 통합은 실제적인 집단들과 보다 폭 넓은 정치적 사회적 네트워크에서의 이들 집단들과 개개 집단들과의 관계에 초점을 맞춘 주거유형 개념을 이용하는 것이 필요하다. 지금까지 거의 대부분의 고고학적 성과는 매장시설에 집중되어 왔으며, 불과 몇몇 靑銅器ㆍ鐵器時代 취락 유적이 발굴되었을 뿐이다 (Nelson 1982: 137). 國家는 단순히 분묘 부장품으로 나타나는 신분의 차이 이상의 것들로 특정 지워지는 복합적인 형태의 사회 조직이다. 특히 인구의 변화, 도시와 시골의 이원화, 기술의 전문화 등과 같은 국가형성에 관련되는 실제적인 변수들은 주로 주거유형 연구를 통해 추적된다. 鐵器 제작 집단들과 그들의 분포에 대한 조사는 주거유형의 변화를 추적하는데 있어 매우 중요한 첫번째 단계이긴 하지만, 이들 집단들은 결코 고립적으로 고려될 수 없다. 자원의 개발 및 유물 사용 전략을 고려하는 것은 물론 지역 전체적인 수준에서 사용 유형을 문서화하는 것이 필요하다. 朝陽洞 고분의 경우 경제 활동이 활발했었다는 것을 보여주므로 고유한 국가와 정부가 존재했다라고 추정하는 것은 충분하지 않다. 고고학자들은 대개 이 고분을 辰韓 존재의 증거로 수용하고 있는데, 필자는 이를 일본 九州의 고분에 부장된 漢代의 유물을 근거로 국가 수준의 사회조직을 논하는 수준 이상으로 신뢰하지 않는다. 이들 고분들은 사회의 통합을 통해 거대한 황해 交易網이 형성되었음을 반영하며, 한반도 남해안은 鐵器 생산과 교역을 기반으로 이에 참여하였다. 이를 통해 몇몇 개인들은 상당한 수준의 개인적 부를 축적할 수 있었을 것이나, 진정 중요한 것은 이들 개인들과 집단들이 어떻게 사회구조 및 그들의 의례 체계적 측면에서 다른 집단들과 관련을 맺었느냐 하는 것이다. 한 국가의 존재를 증명하기 위해서는 단지 전문화된 자원개발 보다는 어떻게 경제 행위가 전문화된 통치 의사 결정 하에 들어가게 되었는가를 입증하는 것이 필요하다. 禮安里와 朝陽洞 유적 등 계속적인 고고학적 발굴 및 발굴 조사의 덕분에 서기 1세기의 유물들과 1천년기 중반의 대형 봉분들 사이의 갭이 빠른 속도로 메워지고 있지만, 모든 다양한 자원을 통해 나타나는 단일한 시간대에 있어서의 물질적 이질성이 수용될 때까지 우리는 국가수준 사회의 등장에 대한 이해에 근접할 수 없을 것이다. 필자는 이러한 이질성에 대한 전적인 인정 및 통합을 허용하는 새로운 時代名稱 및 文化名稱이 도입되어야 하며 아울러 모든 유적 출토품에 대한 절대연대 측정치가 매우 절실하게 요구된다고 생각한다.

A Radically Configurable Six-State Compound

Barnes, J. C.,Fahrenbach, A. C.,Cao, D.,Dyar, S. M.,Frasconi, M.,Giesener, M. A.,Benitez, D.,Tkatchouk, E.,Chernyashevskyy, O.,Shin, W. H.,Li, H.,Sampath, S.,Stern, C. L.,Sarjeant, A. A.,Hartlieb, K. American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2013 Science Vol.339 No.6118

<P>Most organic radicals possess short lifetimes and quickly undergo dimerization or oxidation. Here, we report on the synthesis by radical templation of a class of air- and water-stable organic radicals, trapped within a homo[2]catenane composed of two rigid and fixed cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) rings. The highly energetic octacationic homo[2]catenane, which is capable of accepting up to eight electrons, can be configured reversibly, both chemically and electrochemically, between each one of six experimentally accessible redox states (0, 2+, 4+, 6+, 7+, and 8+) from within the total of nine states evaluated by quantum mechanical methods. All six of the observable redox states have been identified by electrochemical techniques, three (4+, 6+, and 7+) have been characterized by x-ray crystallography, four (4+, 6+, 7+, and 8+) by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, one (7+) by superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, and one (8+) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.</P>

New species of free-living marine Sabatieriinae (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Comesomatidae) from

BARNES, NATALIE,KIM, HYEONG GEUN,LEE, WONCHOEL Magnolia Press 2012 Zootaxa Vol.3368 No.1

<P>Four new species from the subfamily Sabatieriinae Filipjev, 1934 are described from the south and west coast of South Korea: three new species of Laimella Cobb, 1920 and one new species of Cervonema Wieser, 1954. Two further species of Cervonema are informally described owing to the absence of male specimens. In addition, Laimella filicaudata Ward, 1974 is formally reinstated as an extant species. Sabatieriinae are relatively character poor, defined by a striate cuticle, closely spaced cephalic setae, small buccal cavity, simple arcuate spicules and precloacal supplements minute or absent. However, we have found that the de Man's ratios a, b and c, the comparable lengths of the anterior and posterior cephalic setae, the position of the amphid, shape and length of the oesophageal bulb, and the proportion of the cylindrical tail part are all species informative. Laimella ferreroi sp. nov. is most distinctive species described here, having the largest de Man's ratios a and b, the longest gubernaculum (as abd) and the longest, truly filiform, tail so far recorded in the genus. Laimella socotris sp. nov. has a distinct rounded posterior oesophageal bulb similar only to L. longicauda Cobb, 1920 and L. filicaudata Ward, 1974; in combination with the tail length and the relative length of the anterior and cephalic setae this defines the species. Laimella tongyeongensis sp. nov. is defined by a combination of characters, principally the de Man's ratios a, b, c and c', the oesophageal bulb length and with regards to the length ratio between the anterior and posterior cephalic setae. Cervonema pseudodeltensis sp. nov. is the only species of the genus so far described which appears to have the anterior cephalic setae marginally longer than the posterior cephalic setae. It is also defined by the amphid position and the relative size of the oesophageal bulb. Cervonema sp. A , described only as females, is defined by the total body length and the relative length of the oesophagus and tail (de Man’s b and c). Cervonema sp. B, on the other hand, is distinct with respect to the de Man's ratios a and b, the R2:R3 sensilla length ratio, and the amphid directly behind the cephalic setae. It also has not been fully described here owing to the lack of male specimens.</P>

Fuel Management in Ghana's Tropical Forests: Implications on Implementation Cost, Fuel Loading and Fire Behaviour

Barnes, Victor Rex,Swaine, Mike D.,Pinard, Michelle A.,Kyereh, Boateng Institute of Forest Science 2020 Journal of Forest Science Vol.36 No.4

Fuel management can play enormous role in fire management in tropical dry forests. However, unlike the temperate forests, knowledge on implications of different fuel management methods in tropical forests is often inadequate. In this study, the implications of prescribed burning and hand thinning treatments on implementation cost, fuel loading and post-treatment fire behaviour were tested and compared in degraded forests and teak plantations in two forest reserves of different levels of dryness in Ghana. The study found that prescribed burning was less expensive (62.02 US Dollars ha-1) than hand thinning (95.37 US Dollars ha-1). The study also indicated that the two fuel management methods were able to reduce fuel loading in degraded forests and teak plantations. However, prescribed burning was more effective in reducing fuel loading than hand thinning. While the relative change of fuel reduction was 13% higher in prescribed burning than the hand thinning in degraded forest, it was 41% higher in prescribed burning than hand thinning in teak plantations. The fire behaviour of post-treatment experimental fire was also lower in prescribed burning than the hand thinning and control plots. Fuel management, therefore, has a great potential in fire management in degraded forests and teak plantations in Ghana.

이소플라본과 암에스트로겐 파라독스

Barnes, Stephen,Kim, Helen,Peterson, Greg,Xu, Jun 한국콩연구회 1998 韓國콩硏究會誌 Vol.15 No.2

동남 아시아 국가에서의 식이 중 특히 대두 섭취로 인한 식이중의 이소플라본 함량은 매우 높으며, 이들 국가에서의 유방암과 전립선 암의 발병 위험률은 북아메리카와 서유럽의 국가에 비해 매우 낮다. 이로 인한 많은 연구들이 수행되었으며, 여러 종류의 생체 외 연구 및 동물 모델을 이용한 발암시험 모델계에서 대두 이소플라본은 생화학적 ? 생물학적 유용효과를 갖는 것이 보고되었다. '대두 이소플라본은 에스트로겐인가?' 에 관한 의문점에 대해 실험실적 자료에 의하면 대두와 이소플라본은 에스트로겐의 작용에 외관적으로는 대항하여 유방암을 증가시키기 보다는 유방암을 억제함을 보여주고 있다. 어떻게 이와 같은 '에스트로겐 패러독스'가 설명될 수 있을까? 첫 번째로 이소플라본의 노출시기가 중요하며 특히 신생아기 또는 성숙기 이전인지가 주용하다. 두번째로 최근에 밝혀진 두번째 에스트로겐 수용체인 ERβ에 genistein은 기존에 알려진 에스트로겐 수용체인 ERβ는 뼈, 뇌, 심혈관계, 비뇨생식기계, 폐, 전립선의 조직에 많이 분포되어 있고, genistein은 이들 조직에서 생리적 에승트로겐과는 다른 효과를 보인다. 세번째로, 이소플라본의 효과는 단지 에스트로겐 유사성질 뿐만 아니라 다른 성질에 의해서도 이루어 지며 이러한 성질로 tyrosine 인산화 효소 저해제, 유전자 전자 조절인자, 세포막 수송체 변조물질, 그리고 항산화제로서의 성질을 갖고 있다. 대두의 유전성질환에 대한 효과에 관한 연구들은 대두 이소플라본이 TGF-β 전달 경로에 관여한다는 결과를 보여주었으며, 이 경로는 생리적 에스트로겐부터 식물성 에스트로겐, 에스트로겐 수용체 특이 합성 변조 물질(SERMs)에 이르는 여러 에스트로겐의 작용과 연관될 수 있다. In the countries of SE Asia where isoflavones are abundant in the diet (particularly from soy), the risks of breast and prostate cancer are substantially lower than in North America and Western Europe. This has led to many experimental studies in which the soy isoflavones have been shown to have biochemical and biological effects in a variety of a vitro and animal models of cancer. Ac-e they really estrogens? Laboratory data indicate that soy and isoflavones prevent rather than increase breast cancer, in doing so apparently opposing estrogen action. How can this $quot;estrogen paradox$quot; be explained? Firstly, the timing of exposure to isoflavones may be critical, particularly neonatally or prior to puberty. Secondly, the recently discovered, second estrogen receptor (ERβ) binds the isoflavone genistein selectively compared with the classical estrogen receptor - and it has a different tissue distribution from the classical estrogen receptor (ERβ). ERβ is abundant in bone, the brain, cardiovascular system, genitourinary system, lungs and prostate. Genistein may have effects at these other targets that differ from physiological estrogens. Thirdly, the effects of isoflavones are not ,just based on their estrogenic properties, but also their roles as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, regulators of gene transcription, modulators of membrane transporters, and as antioxidants. Indeed. study of the effects of soy on a hereditary disease has led to a mechanism for isoflavones involving the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway. This pathway may be the link between the actions of various estrogens, ranging from physiologic estrogens to plant estrogens to synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).

Identifying the Molecular Targets of Nutritive and Non-nutritive Components of the Diet

Barnes, Stephen,Kim, Helen 한국생화학분자생물학회 2004 BMB Reports Vol.37 No.1

The study of whole patterns; of changes in protein expression and their modifications, or proteomics, presents both technological advances as well as formidable challenges to biological researchers. Nutrition research and the food sciences in general will be strongly influenced by the new knowledge generated by the proteomics approach. This review examines the different aspects of proteomics technologies, while emphasizing the value of consideration of "traditional" aspects of protein separation. These include the choice of the cell, the subcellular fraction, and the isolation and purification of the relevant protein fraction (if known) by protein chromatographic procedures. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of proteins and their peptides formed by proteolytic hydrolysis have been substantially enhanced by the development of mass spectrometry technologies in combination with nanoscale fluidics analysis. These are described, as are the pros and cons of each method in current use.

Controlled-stress rotational rheometry : An historical review

Barnes, Howard A.,Bell, Derek The Korean Society of Rheology 2003 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.15 No.4

The recent renaissance in controlled-stress rheometry has meant that more and more commercial models of this type of instrument have appeared in the (rheological) marketplace and many papers now deal with the results obtained by their use. It is therefore both timely and appropriate that this mode of rheometry should be reviewed for the sake of new and old users who are probably not be aware of its development. The history of controlled-stress measurements is therefore given, and the particular efforts of the late Jack Deer in the 1970s are chronicled, and then the later developments that have made it possible that such low torques can now be applied and such low rotational speeds measured. These have been mostly in the areas of air bearing and optical disc technologies. The typical results now obtained are illustrated.

Nutriproteomics: Identifying the Molecular Targets of Nutritive and Non-nutritive Components of the Diet

Barnes, Stephen,Kim, Helen Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2004 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.37 No.1

The study of whole patterns of changes in protein expression and their modifications, or proteomics, presents both technological advances as well as formidable challenges to biological researchers. Nutrition research and the food sciences in general will be strongly influenced by the new knowledge generated by the proteomics approach. This review examines the different aspects of proteomics technologies, while emphasizing the value of consideration of "traditional" aspects of protein separation. These include the choice of the cell, the subcellular fraction, and the isolation and purification of the relevant protein fraction (if known) by protein chromatographic procedures. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of proteins and their peptides formed by proteolytic hydrolysis have been substantially enhanced by the development of mass spectrometry technologies in combination with nanoscale fluidics analysis. These are described, as are the pros and cons of each method in current use.