Upstream kinases of plant Sn RK s are involved in salt stress tolerance

Barajas‐,Lopez, Juan de Dios,Moreno, Jose Ramon,Gamez‐,Arjona, Francisco M.,Pardo, Jose M.,Punkkinen, Matleena,Zhu, Jian‐,Kang,Quintero, Francisco J.,Fujii, Hiroaki John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2018 The Plant journal Vol.93 No.1

<▼1><P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Sucrose non‐fermenting 1‐related protein kinases (SnRKs) are important for plant growth and stress responses. This family has three clades: SnRK1, SnRK2 and SnRK3. Although plant SnRKs are thought to be activated by upstream kinases, the overall mechanism remains obscure. Geminivirus Rep‐Interacting Kinase (GRIK)1 and GRIK2 phosphorylate SnRK1s, which are involved in sugar/energy sensing, and the <I>grik1‐1 grik2‐1</I> double mutant shows growth retardation under regular growth conditions. In this study, we established another Arabidopsis mutant line harbouring a different allele of gene <I>GRIK1</I> (<I>grik1‐2 grik2‐1</I>) that grows similarly to the wild‐type, enabling us to evaluate the function of GRIKs under stress conditions. In the <I>grik1‐2 grik2‐1</I> double mutant, phosphorylation of SnRK1.1 was reduced, but not eliminated, suggesting that the <I>grik1‐2</I> mutation is a weak allele. In addition to high sensitivity to glucose, the <I>grik1‐2 grik2‐1</I> mutant was sensitive to high salt, indicating that GRIKs are also involved in salinity signalling pathways. Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS)2, a member of the SnRK3 subfamily, is a critical mediator of the response to salinity. GRIK1 phosphorylated SOS2 <I>in vitro</I>, resulting in elevated kinase activity of SOS2. The salt tolerance of <I>sos2</I> was restored to normal levels by wild‐type SOS2, but not by a mutated form of SOS2 lacking the T168 residue phosphorylated by GRIK1. Activation of SOS2 by GRIK1 was also demonstrated in a reconstituted system in yeast. Our results indicate that GRIKs phosphorylate and activate SnRK1 and other members of the SnRK3 family, and that they play important roles in multiple signalling pathways <I>in vivo</I>.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Significance Statement</B></P><P>Since plants face diverse, often coincidental stresses throughout their lifetime, they have to integrate multiple signals to organize growth, development and stress responses. This work shows that GRIKs, which are essential players in sugar signalling pathway as upstream kinases of SnRK1s, also work in salt tolerance of Arabidopsis and identified SOS2, a SnRK3, as a potential substrate of GRIKs in the salinity signalling pathway.</P></▼2>

Estrategias correctivas en la pronunciación de consonantes

Daniel Barajas De Santiago 부산외국어대학교 중남미지역원 2011 이베로아메리카 Vol.13 No.1

The present article investigates and analyzes the causes and factors associated with several of the more predictable and common Spanish consonant pronunciation errors of native Korean students. After a brief introduction of the verbal-tonal theoretical framework, we will propose applying the verbal-tonal method (combined phonetics, prosody and nuanced pronunciation) to the creation of corrective strategies and techniques, that lead to optimum specific models which the teacher can use in class to correct pronunciation errors due to L1 interference in FL or L2, when correction is not possible by appealing to existing Korean sounds.

Percepción de la entonación en enunciados leídos

Daniel Barajas De Santiago 부산외국어대학교 중남미지역원 2013 이베로아메리카 Vol.15 No.1

This paper investigates the perception of different Spanish intonation patterns by native Korean speakers enrolled in Spanish for beginners. The empirical study, concerning read sentences, was conducted with 38 listeners, university students enrolled in Spanish conversation classes, and two native Spanish speakers, a male and a female whose voices were recorded for use in the study. The 38 listeners answered a questionnaire on personal data and performed a listening test. Listeners heard 24 sentences recorded by Informant A and 24 other sentences, the same but in a different order, recorded by Informant B. For each of the sentences, listeners had to choose the appropriate sentence type to be chosen from the following: a declarative intonation sentence (.), an emphatic intonation sentence (!) and a question (?). Statistical analysis of errors made by listeners allowed us to establish an order of difficulty in the perception of different intonation patterns for the type of students considered. At the same time, we seek relationships between these errors and variables such as gender and experience in the study of foreign languages .

Estrategias Correctivas en la Pronunciaci?n de Consonantes : Una Aplicaci?n del M?todo Verbo-Tonal a la Ense?anza del Espa?ol a Coreanos

Daniel Barajas de Santiago 부산외국어대학교 이베로아메리카연구소 2011 이베로아메리카 Vol.13 No.1

Corrective Strategies for Consonant Pronunciation: Application of a Verbal-Tonal Method for Acquisition of Spanish by Koreans The present article investigates and analyzes the causes and factors associated with several of the more predictable and common Spanish consonant pronunciation errors of native Korean students. After a brief introduction of the verbal-tonal theoretical framework, we will propose applying the verbal-tonal method (combined phonetics, prosody and nuanced pronunciation) to the creation of corrective strategies and techniques, that lead to optimum specific models which the teacher can use in class to correct pronunciation errors due to L1 interference in FL or L2,when correction is not possible by appealing to existing Korean sounds. [Key words: Pronunciation/ Consonants/ Correction Strategies/ Verbal-tonal Method/ Spanish as a Second Language (L2) or Foreign Language (FL)] [Palabras clave: Pronunciaci?n/ Consonantes/ Estrategias Correctivas/ M?todo Verbo-Tonal/ Espa?ol Como Segunda Lengua (L2) o Lengua Extranjera (LE)]

Percepción del Acento Prosódico en Vocablos Leídos : Un Estudio con Hablantes Nativos de Coreano en Clases Universitarias de ELE de Nivel Intermedio

Daniel Barajas de Santiago 부산외국어대학교 이베로아메리카연구소 2015 이베로아메리카 Vol.17 No.1

español en palabras leídas para alumnos hablantes nativos de coreano de nivel intermedio. En el estudio de campo participaron 31 oyentes, estudiantes de clases universitarias de conversación que respondieron a un cuestionario sobre información personal y fueron sometidos a una prueba auditiva, y siete informantes nativos de ambos sexos hablantes del supradialecto de prestigio en España, los cuales grabaron los 35 vocablos del estímulo, integrado por bisílabos agudos y llanos, así como por trisílabos agudos, llanos y esdrújulos; todos distintos entre sí. En la prueba auditiva, los oyentes debían marcar la posición silábica del acento prosódico percibida para cada palabra del estímulo, pudiendo dejar respuestas en blanco. El análisis estadístico de errores nos permitió ordenar los tipos de vocablos en función del grado de dificultad perceptiva con miras a la planificación curricular en ELE, objetivo al que también sirvió la comparación entre resultados del presente estudio y del que anteriormente realizáramos con estudiantes de nivel básico. El diseño experimental posibilitó asimismo el que comparásemos resultados con experiencias de Cortés llevadas a cabo con oyentes xinohablantes nativos de cuatro niveles distintos de español. Palabras Clave: Percepción del Acento Prosódico/Léxico en Español, Vocablos Bisílabos y Trisílabos Leídos, Estudiantes Universitarios Hablantes Nativos de Coreano, Nivel Intermedio, Currículo de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE) This article investigates the perceptual problems of the lexical stress in read words for native Korean speakers enrolled in intermediate level Spanish classes at the university. The field research was conducted with 31 listeners, who answered a questionnaire on personal data and performed a listening test, as well as with seven native Spanish speakers of both sexes whose voices were recorded for use in the study. The stimulus was formed by 35 different words: 14 oxytone words (seven disyllabic, seven trisyllabic), 14 paroxytone (seven disyllabic, seven trisyllabic) and seven proparoxytone (all trisyllabic). Listeners had to mark the perceived position of the stressed syllable for each word in their answers table (blank answers were allowed). Statistical analysis of errors allowed us to establish an order of word categories attending to the difficulty in the perception of its lexical stress for the type of students examined. Also the experimental design made possible to compare results between this work and our previous one performed with beginner level students, as between this work and another one with four different level alumni authored by Maximiano Cortés. Key Words: Perception of Word Stress or Lexical Stress in Spanish, Disyllabic and Trisyllabic Read Words, Native Korean Speaker Students at the University, Intermediate Level, Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL)

Percepción del Acento Prosódico en Vocablos Leídos : un estudio con hablantes nativos de coreano en clases universitarias de ELE de nivel básico

Daniel Barajas de Santiago 부산외국어대학교 이베로아메리카연구소 2014 이베로아메리카 Vol.16 No.1

This work investigates the perception of the prosodic accent in Spanish by native Korean speakers enrolled in Spanish for beginners. The field research, concerning disyllabic and trisyllabic read words, was conducted with 38 listeners, university students enrolled in Spanish conversation classes, and seven native Spanish speakers of both sexes whose voices were recorded for use in the study. The 38 listeners answered a questionnaire on personal data and performed a listening test. Listeners heard 35 different words (five from each of the seven informants as follows: two disyllabic terms and three trisyllabic ones). For each word, listeners had to mark the position of the stressed syllable in their answers table. Statistical analysis of errors made by listeners allowed us to establish an order of different word categories attending to the difficulty in the perception of its prosodic accent for the type of students considered. Key Words: Perception of prosodic accent in Spanish, Disyllabic and trisyllabic read words, Native Korean Speaker Students at the University, Beginner Level, Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) parte de estudiantes hablantes nativos de coreano de nivel inicial en palabras bisílabas y trisílabas leídas. El estudio de campo se llevó a cabo con 38 oyentes, alumnos de clases de conversación, y siete informantes nativos de ambos sexos que hablaban el supradialecto de prestigio en España. Los 38 oyentes contestaron un cuestionario sobre datos personales y se sometieron a una prueba auditiva. Así, escucharon cinco vocablos dos bisílabos y tres trisílabos grabados por cada uno de los siete informantes (35 términos en total), distintos en todos los casos. Para cada palabra, los oyentes tenían que marcar la posición de la sílaba acentuada en su tabla de respuestas. El análisis estadístico de los errores cometidos por los oyentes en la prueba auditiva nos llevó a establecer un orden de clases de vocablos atendiendo a la dificultad perceptiva de su acento prosódico para el tipo de estudiantes considerado. Palabras claves: Percepción del acento prosódico en español, Vocablos bisílabos y trisílabos leídos, Estudiantes universitarios hablantes nativos de coreano, Nivel elemental o básico, Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE)

Use and Management of the Soils; Local Perspective of the Land Decision-Making

Alma Barajas,Francisco Bautista-Zuniga,Luis Miguel Morales Manilla,Maria Angeles Gallegos Tavera 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Inventory of Local Knowledge about Buried Soils in the Volcanic Zone of Michoacan Mexico

Alma Barajas,Francisco Bautista,Maria Alcala-De-Jesus 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Estrategias correctivas para la pronunciación de vocales: una aplicación del método verbo-tonal a la ensen͂anza del espan͂ol a coreanos

Daniel Barajas de Santiago 한국외국어대학교 외국종합연구센터 중남미연구소 2012 중남미연구 Vol.31 No.3

Food Hypersensitivity in Mexican Adults at 18 to 50 Years of Age: A Questionnaire Survey

Martín Bedolla-Barajas,Tonatiuh Ramses Bedolla-Pulido,Alan Salvador Camacho-Peña,Estefanía González-García,Jaime Morales-Romero 대한천식알레르기학회 2014 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.6 No.6

Purpose: There is limited epidemiological evidence of food hypersensitivity (FH) in the adult population. We aimed to determine the prevalence of FH in Mexican adults, their clinical features and to establish common food involved in its appearance. Methods: We designed a cross-sectional study using a fixed quota sampling; 1,126 subjects answered a structured survey to gather information related to FH. Results: The prevalence of FH in adults was 16.7% (95% CI, 14.5% to 18.8%), without statistical significant differences related to gender (women, 17.5% and men, 15.9%) or residential location. The most common clinical manifestations in adults with FH were oral allergy syndrome (70 of 1,126) and urticaria (55 of 1,126). According to category, fruits and vegetables were the most frequent foods to trigger FH (6.12%) and were individually related to shrimp (4.0%), and cow milk (1.5%). Adults under age 25 had a higher frequency of FH (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.91, P <0.001). Personal history of any atopic disease was significantly associated with FH (P <0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of FH is relatively high in Mexican adults, and FH is significantly associated with atopic diseases.