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- 저자 : Ball, W. T. (검색결과 65 건)
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Rainer Nowack,Christoph Ballé,Franz Birnkammer,Wolfgang Koch,Roland Sessler,Rainer Birck 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.7
The incidence and severity of interactions of herbal products with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) metabolism in renal transplant recipients have not been systematically investigated. These patients have a high rate of herbal product consumption, including products interfering with CNI metabolism. The study aimed at identifying an impact of herbs and foods on CNI metabolism in a cohort of renal transplant recipients by conducting dietary interviews (1) in patients with very low and high CNI maintenance dose requirements and (2) by retrospective analysis of unexplained marked deviations from CNI baseline trough levels. Of 73 renal transplant recipients, 59 were treated with a CNI-based immunosuppressive regimen. Seven patients with an exceptionally high or low CNI dose were interviewed. Five of these seven patients had not consumed any plant product with known influence on CNI metabolism. In one patient chicory-coffee and bitter chocolate had been suspected as contributing to high CNI dose requirement, but the dose could not be lowered after discontinuation of these foods. Participating nephrologists reported three as yet unexplained temporary deviations from baseline CNI trough levels, of which two could be linked to newly started consumption of high volumes of herbal teas and the other to St. John's wort. Consumption of herbal products within the study cohort had no detectable impact on maintenance doses of CNI. However, herbal products, and specifically teas when consumed by the liter, could be linked to temporary strong deviations from CNI trough levels. The study demonstrates that as yet unnoticed herbal interactions with CNI can be detected by detailed dietary analysis, but that the overall impact on maintenance doses of CNI appears to be low.
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Hybrid model for the analysis of the modal properties of a ball screw vibration system
Qin Wu,Feng-shou Gu,Andrew Ball,Hua Huang 대한기계학회 2021 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.35 No.2
In accordance with the vibration characteristics of ball screw feed systems, a hybrid modeling method is proposed to study its dynamic behavior. Partially, the ball screw is modeled as a continuous body, and the remaining components are considered lumped masses, allowing for a realistic description of the dynamics of the feed system. The axial, torsional, transverse, and bending vibration models of a ball screw carriage system are established via the Rayleigh-Ritz series method based on the Timoshenko beam assumption. The established model that added the Timoshenko beam assumption obtains the coupling vibration displacement between the transverse and bending vibrations of the lead screw, which is close to real situations. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the changes of the natural frequency and modal shapes of ball screw systems with carriage positions. Results show that the carriage position has significant influence on the amplitude and direction of axial and transverse vibrations, substantial influence on the direction of the bending vibration, and minimal influence on the amplitude and direction of torsional vibration. These results indicate that the proposed hybrid model performs well to predict the vibration characteristics of the feed system. Moreover, the carriage position and carriage load also have a remarkable effect on the frequency response of the feed system. These results, along with the modeling approach, provide an important basis for the further study of in-machining monitoring and vibration controller design.
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George B. Shaw : Garnering Women’s Rights through His Female Characterizations
Ball Joseph John(조셉 존 볼) 한국현대영미드라마학회 2009 현대영미드라마 Vol.22 No.3
Since Shaw associated with many different styles of women, he formed unbiased ideas about how unique and special they are within society. From his mother and sisters with their never ending love for music and art, to married women with him as the third wheel and often as a marriage counselor, and to single women who he wooed, he learned a great deal. Particularly, his romances, whether literal or physical, impacted his views on women and their situation within the Victorian society. The objective of this piece is to establish Shaw’s relevance and contributions to bringing about equal rights to women through his characterizations of women in his plays. Shaw played a significant part in the equalization of rights for women in the passage of acts not only during his life, but posthumously by educating the audience and readers on the inequalities and falsehoods of society. Some of the most important acts of legislation for Shaw to see passed were of course those for women’s suffrage. Although many minor acts were passed from the 1870s onward, voting rights were not truly granted until 1928 with the Representation of the People Act. Shaw was well ahead of his time with female character development because he wrote about women having diverse personalities instead of pigeonholing women into the Victorian ideal. In making Victorians think about the society and its injustices through his plays, he indirectly initiated the call for reforms. Although he may have written some controversial plays for the time like Widower’s Houses (1892), The Philanderer (1893) Mrs Warren’s Profession (1894) Man and Superman (1903), and Major Barbara (1905), he mainly did it to stimulate a response about the problems people, and more particularly, women were up against. Unfortunately, some audiences may not have recognized his true designs for equality; however, they did see women become the central key figures in his plays, which would be a shock in itself. Thus, he started the ball rolling for people to look around and question whether or not society needed to be reevaluated. In Shaw’s representations of female characters in his plays, he established a precedence not only of women being the central role in his plays, but also of them being more realistic emotional portrayals of women. Especially, Shaw broke the mold in comparison to his contemporaries who mainly focused on traditional Victorian women. In analyzing the effeminizer, equalizer, and unadjusted or unruly, I have pointed out the wide range of attributes that Shaw gave to his female characters. With these characterizations, Shaw helped to awaken society to the inequalities between the genders which set the stage for change.
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Chemical and Physical Predictors of the Nutritive Value of Wheat in Broiler Diets
Ball, M.E.E.,Owens, B.,McCracken, K.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.1
The aim of this study was to establish relationships between chemical and physical parameters of wheat with performance and digestibilities of feed components in broiler chickens fed on wheat-based diets. Ninety-four wheat samples were selected for inclusion in four bird trials. Birds were housed in individual wire metabolism cages from 7 to 28 d and offered water and feed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI), liveweight gain (LWG) and gain:feed were measured weekly. A balance collection was carried out from 14 to 21 d for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), ME:gain, dry matter retention, oil and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility. At 28 d the birds were humanely killed, the contents of the jejunum removed for determination of in vivo viscosity and the contents of the ileum removed for determination of ileal dry matter, starch and protein digestibility. When wheat parameters were correlated with bird performance data, it was found that specific weight was not significantly (p>0.05) related to bird performance. Bird DMI, LWG and gain:feed were best correlated (p<0.05) with the rate of starch digestion, although the coefficients of correlation (r) were still low (0.246 to 0.523). A negative relationship (p<0.01) between AME and total (r = -0.432) and soluble (r = -0.304) non starch polysaccharide (NSP) was observed in this study. Thousand grain weight (TG) was positively correlated with DMI (r = 0.299), LWG (r = 0.343) and gain:feed (r = 0.371). When establishing multiple regression relationships, correlation coefficients greater than 0.8 were achieved for DMI, LWG, gain:feed and ileal crude protein digestibility. However, the economics involved in determining the parameters involved in the regressions make the process impractical.
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Ball, M.E.E.,Magowan, E. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.7
Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 700 g/kg cereal with decreasing levels of wheat:barley inclusion. Diet 1 contained 700 g/kg wheat, diet 2 contained 600 g/kg wheat and 100 g/kg barley, diet 3 contained 500 g/kg wheat and 200 g/kg barley and diet 4 contained 400 g/kg wheat and 300 g/kg barley. The diets were offered to pigs on three trials to investigate effects on the performance of individually (n = 72) and group housed (n = 480) pigs and on nutrient digestibility in pigs housed in metabolizm crates (n = 24). Performance was assessed from 10 wks of age until slaughter and carcass characteristics were measured. For the group performance study, one pig from each pen (in total 24) at 10, 15 wks and at finish were slaughtered to ascertain scores for stomach ulceration, stomach weights and intestinal length. Level of wheat inclusion did not significantly (p>0.05) affect liveweight gain (LWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Feed intake was lowest (p<0.05) for individually housed pigs offered diets containing 700 g/kg wheat during the 10-15 wk period, which indicated that individually housed pigs attempted to eat to a constant energy intake. There was little evidence of stomach ulceration across treatments and increasing wheat inclusion had no detrimental effect. Higher levels of wheat inclusion tended to increase backfat depth at the $P_2$ position which could lead to increasing grading penalties in a commercial situation although more research is required in this area. Increasing level of wheat inclusion increased digestible energy (DE) content but the lack of effect on FCR and killing out percentage indicated that utilization of energy from barley and wheat was similar. Digestibility coefficients increased linearly with increasing wheat content, which can be attributed to the lower level of fibre and higher level of starch in wheat compared with barley.
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Ball, M.E.E.,Magowan, E.,McCracken, K.J.,Beattie, V.E.,Bradford, R.,Gordon, F.J.,Robinson, M.J.,Smyth, S.,Henry, W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.4
Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of decreasing the crude protein (CP) content of diets for finishing pigs containing two levels of available lysine on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance and production performance. Ten finishing diets containing five levels of CP (on average 144, 155, 168, 182 and 193 g/kg fresh basis) and two levels of available lysine (6.9 and 8.2 g/kg fresh basis) were formulated. The diets were offered to pigs on a performance trial (n = 800 Large White (LW)${\times}$Landrace (LR) pigs) from 10 wk of age until finish at 21 wks+5 d of age. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. In addition, a digestibility/N balance trial was conducted using pigs (n = 80 $LW{\times}LR$) housed in metabolism crates. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, oil, fibre and energy was determined. N balance values were determined through analysis of N content of urine and faeces ('as determined'). N balance values were also calculated using ADG values and assuming that 16% of growth is protein deposition ("as calculated"). Pig performance was poor between 10 and 13 wk of age which indicated that the dietary treatments were nutritionally inadequate for pigs less than 40 kg. There was a significant (p<0.01) quadratic effect of increasing CP level on feed intake, ADG and FCR from 10 to 13 wk which indicated that the lower CP levels did not supply adequate levels of essential or non-essential amino acids. There was no effect of increasing available lysine level throughout the early period, which in conjunction with the response in older pigs, suggested that both 8.2 and 6.9 g/kg available lysine were insufficient to drive optimum growth. There was a positive response (p<0.05) to increasing available lysine level from 13 wk to finish which indicated that 6.9 g/kg available lysine was not adequate for finishing pigs. Energy digestibility decreased with decreasing CP level of diets containing 6.9 g/kg available lysine which may be attributed to the higher fibre content of the lower CP diets. Nitrogen excretion (g/d) was lowered when dietary CP was reduced regardless of whether the values were determined through balance or calculated using ADG. Calculated N excretion decreased linearly (p<0.001) and quadratically (p<0.001) with decreasing dietary CP content. When the N balance figures calculated in this study were compared with those quoted in the Northern Ireland and English Nitrates Directive Action Programmes, N excretion was less per pig (wean to finish) offered a 169 g/kg CP, 8.2 g/kg available lysine diet (2.39 kg vs 3.41 kg (Northern Ireland) and 2.93 kg (England)).
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Ball, M.E.E.,Owens, B.,McCracken, K.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.3
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of variety and growing conditions of wheat on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. One hundred and sixty-four wheat samples, collected from a wide range of different sources, locations, varieties and years, were analyzed for a range of chemical and physical parameters. Chemical and physical parameters measured included specific weight, thousand grain weight (TG), in vitro viscosity, gross energy, N, NDF, starch, total and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), lysine, threonine, amylose, hardness, rate of starch digestion and protein profiles. Ninety-four of the wheat samples were selected for inclusion in four bird trials. Birds were housed in individual wire metabolizm cages from 7 to 28 d and offered water and feed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) and gain:feed were determined weekly. A balance collection was carried out from 14 to 21 d for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), ME:gain, DM retention, oil and NDF digestibility. At 28 d the birds were sacrificed, the contents of the jejunum removed for determination of in vivo viscosity and the contents of the ileum removed for determination of ileal DM, starch and protein digestibility. The wheat samples used in the study had wide-ranging chemical and physical parameters, leading to bird DMI, LWG, gain:feed, ME:GE, AME content and ileal starch and protein digestibility being significantly (p<0.05) affected by wheat sample. A high level of N fertilizer application to the English and NI wheat samples tended to benefit bird performance, with increases of up to 3.4, 7.2 and 3.8% in DMI, LWG and gain:feed, respectively. Fungicide application also appeared to have a positive effect on bird performance, with fungicide treated (+F) wheat increasing bird DMI, LWG and gain:feed by 6.6, 9.3 and 2.7%, over the non-fungicide treated (-F) wheats. An increase (p<0.1) of 9.3% in gain:feed was also observed at the low seed rate of 40 compared to 640 seeds/$m^2$. It was concluded that the type of wheat sample and environmental growing conditions significantly affects bird performance when fed wheat-based diets.
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