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Axel Borrmann,Matthias Busse,Manuel De La Rocha 한국국제경제학회 2007 International Economic Journal Vol.21 No.2
The European Union is currently negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with six African, Caribbean and Pacific country groupings, aiming at establishing mutual free trade. This paper empirically assesses the impact of the EPAs on trade flows and government revenues for 22 East and Southern African countries and discusses implications for intra-regional integration. The results indicate that while moderate trade effects can be expected, relatively large budget effects are likely to occur in a number of these countries, exposing them to considerable structural and financial adjustment requirements. Also, EPAs would strengthen the need to consolidate overlapping intra-regional integration schemes.JEL Classification: F15, O24, O55
Requirements for e-Navigation Architectures
Axel HAHN,Andre BOLLES,Martin FRÄNZLE,Sibylle FRÖSCHLE,Jin Hyoung PARK 국제이네비해양경제학회 2016 International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Vol.5 No.1
Technology is changing the way of navigation. New technologies for communication and navigation can be found on virtually every vessel. System architectures define structure and cooperation of components and subsystems. IMO, IALA, costal authorities, technology provider and many more actually propose new architectures for e-Navigation. This paper looks at other transportation domains and technical as normative requirements for e-Navigation architectures. With the aim of identifying possible synergies in the research, development, certification and standardization, this paper sets out to compare requirements and approaches of these two domains with respect to safety and security aspects. Since from an autonomy perspective, the automotive domain has started earlier and therefore has achieved a higher degree of technical progress, we will start with an overview of the developments in this domain. After that, the paper discusses the requirements on automation and assistance systems in the maritime domain and gives an overview of the developments into this direction within the maritime domain. This then allows us to compare developments in both domains and to derive recommendations for further developments in the maritime domain at the end of this paper.
Participación Electoral en la Crisis de la Representación en Chile
Axel Callis Rodriguez,Oriana Aviles Moraga 한국라틴아메리카학회 2021 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.34 No.2
With the arrival of voluntary voting in Chile during 2012, a phenomenon of selectivity in participation by voter segments began to take place. On the one hand, a stable group of people who vote in each election comprising approximately 70% of total voters became consolidated; on the other hand, a new group of voters emerged that are mobilized by specific candidacies, a phenomenon that worsened after the presidential elections of 2017. However, after the milestone of the 2019 protests in Chile and the subsequently greater focus on inequality and social injustice which came on to the agenda, a group of young people who tend to vote for more left-wing alternatives emerged. Simultaneously, due to the pandemic, voters over 65 years of age abstained from participating in the electoral events that give shape to the current political cycle. We are therefore experiencing a change not only in the type of voters, but also in the directionality of their preferences. After the presidential election of November 2021, we will know if the political orientation of young voters stabilizes, or if the older, more moderate voters return, currently giving an uncertain picture of presidential results. These behaviors are not only understood in the context of great social unrest but are also explained by the decline in participation of older voters as a direct effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The East Asia Summit (EAS)-Really Towards an East Asian Community (EAC)?
( Axel Berkofsky ) 한국EU학회 2006 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.4 No.1
In December 2005, Malaysia hosted the first East Asia Summit (EAS) bringing together ASEAN+3 as well as India, Australia and New Zealand to make progress on Asian regional integration and discuss the creation of the so-called East Asian Community (EAC). In the run-up to the EAS last year Asian policymakers and scholar were at times ``selling`` the EAS as the ``big bang`` of Asian integration at times giving the impression that the summit stands for the beginning of an EU-style ``Asian Union.`` Realistically, however, the results of the summit must be described as very limited at best with the EAS failing to generate the political will for EU-style integration in Asia. Indeed, it has become clear in Kuala Lumpur that political rhetoric on the East Asian Community has yet to catch up with political reality and the analysis below will explain how and why.
Axel Altmann 세종대학교 언어연구소 2023 Journal of Universal Language Vol.24 No.1
Correspondingly to overexposure to advertising and oversaturation of sales markets, companies are required to explore ways to protrude. One way to enhance and differentiate oneself from competitors is sound branding. Part of sound branding refers to the sound-symbolic perception of certain linguistical features. This article examines the relationship between obstruents and a perceived sound-symbolic harshness. Based on a study done by Pathak et al. (2020), three separate research had been conducted. Firstly, twenty-one hypothetical brand names (HBNs) containing voiced obstruents (/b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, and /v/) and twenty-one HBNs containing voiceless obstruents (/p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, and /f/) had been shown to native Korean speakers in English. A second group was shown the same brand names but transliterated. Lastly, the same HBN in English had been presented to a control group (n = 20) consisting of native English speakers. It was shown that sound symbolism is not culturally agnostic, although universal tendencies have been found and significant differences in perception had been proven.
Photonic Crystal Nanocavities for E cient Light Con nement and Emission
Axel Scherer,,T. Yoshie,,M. Lon car,,J. Vu ckovi c,K. Okamoto,D. Deppe 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.42 No.III
When combined with high index contrast slabs in which light can be efficiently guided, microfabricated two-dimensional photonic crystals provide us with the geometries needed to confine and concentrate light into extremely small volumes and to obtain very high field intensities. Fabrication of optical structures has now evolved to a precision which allows us to control light within such etched nanostructures. Sub-wavelength nano-optic cavities can be designed for efficient and flexible control over both emission wavelength and frequency, and nanofabricated optical waveguides can be used for efficient coupling of light between devices. The substantial reduction of the size of optical components leads to their integration in large numbers and the possibility to combine different functionalities on a single chip, much in the same way as electronic components have been integrated for improved multi-functionality of microchips. Here we describe the use of microfabricated periodic structures, photonic crystals, to define functional nano-optic cavities for efficient confinement and emission of light, which leads to the desire for miniaturization of optical devices.