Design a steam chamber to avoid over gelatinization thus producing straight and single form of rice noodles strings

M.K.A. Shanika(M.K.A. Shanika ),K.S. Kumararathna(K.S. Kumararathna ),S.B. Navarathne(S.B. Navarathne ),V.S. Jayamanne(V.S. Jayamanne ) 한국축산식품학회 2022 Food and Life Vol.2022 No.3

Over gelatinization of extruded rice noodles during open wet steam cooking is a major problem in the food processing industry and occurs due to the condensation of water droplets that come into contact with noodle strings during the steaming process. This issue may arise due to the presence of stuck noodles in the finished product. Therefore, 5 prototype designs; wooden frame enclosed with polythene sheet (A), wooden frame enclosed with gray cloth (B), wooden frame enclosed with a plywood sheet with two steam inlets in the galvanized door (C), wooden frame enclosed with plywood sheet with multiple steam inlets in the galvanized door (D), and completely enclosed galvanized chamber were made (E). All steam chambers had multiple steam inlets in lateral walls except the chamber with gray cloth. Red rice noodles were prepared from the combination (16% w/w moisture, 200 μm, water at ambient temperature (30±2℃), control atmosphere, 20 min) and fed into five different types of prototype designs to complete the cooking (gelatinization) process. The performance of the five prototype designs was evaluated in terms of the percentage of dried noodles coming out of each design in a single straight form. According to the results, the percentage of dried noodles coming out of each design was (A-50.0±7.1%, B-15.0±5.0%, C-15.0±5.0%, D-50.0±7.1%, E-77.5±4.3% w/w) analyzed. The mean values of all designs revealed that the effective prototype design was “design E” (steam chamber consisted of a completely enclosed galvanized chamber with multiple steam inlets in the two lateral sides). It was able to produce a higher percentage of straight single noodles when compared to other designs. In conclusion, design E is the effective steam chamber to produce straight single rice noodles for the market. The design of a steam chamber is also a very important aspect to avoid over gelatinization thus producing straight and single form of rice noodles strings.

Study of B^+/-→K^+/-(K_SKπ)⁰ decay and determination of η_c and η_c(2S) parameters

Belle Collaboration,Vinokurova, A.,Kuzmin, A.,Eidelman, S.,Arinstein, K.,Aulchenko, V.,Aushev, T.,Bakich, A.M.,Balagura, V.,Barberio, E.,Belous, K.,Bhardwaj, V.,Bondar, A.,Bozek, A.,Bracko, M.,Brodzic North-Holland Pub. Co 2011 Physics letters: B Vol.706 No.2

We report the results of a study of B<SUP>+/-</SUP>→K<SUP>+/-</SUP>η<SUB>c</SUB> and B<SUP>+/-</SUP>→K<SUP>+/-</SUP>η<SUB>c</SUB>(2S) decays followed by η<SUB>c</SUB> and η<SUB>c</SUB>(2S) decays to (K<SUB>S</SUB>Kπ)<SUP>0</SUP>. The results are obtained from a data sample containing 535 million BB@?-meson pairs collected by the Belle experiment at the KEKB e<SUP>+</SUP>e<SUP>-</SUP> collider. We measure the products of the branching fractions B(B<SUP>+/-</SUP>→K<SUP>+/-</SUP>η<SUB>c</SUB>)B(η<SUB>c</SUB>→K<SUB>S</SUB>K<SUP>+/-</SUP>π<SUP>@?</SUP>)=(26.7+/-1.4(stat)<SUB>-2.6</SUB><SUP>+2.9</SUP>(syst)+/-4.9(model))x10<SUP>-6</SUP> and B(B<SUP>+/-</SUP>→K<SUP>+/-</SUP>η<SUB>c</SUB>(2S))B(η<SUB>c</SUB>(2S)→K<SUB>S</SUB>K<SUP>+/-</SUP>π<SUP>@?</SUP>)=(3.4<SUB>-1.5</SUB><SUP>+2.2</SUP>(stat+model)<SUB>-0.4</SUB><SUP>+0.5</SUP>(syst))x10<SUP>-6</SUP>. Interference with the non-resonant component leads to significant model uncertainty in the measurement of these product branching fractions. Our analysis accounts for this interference and allows the model uncertainty to be reduced. We also obtain the following charmonia masses and widths: M(η<SUB>c</SUB>)=(2985.4+/-1.5(stat)<SUB>-2.0</SUB><SUP>+0.5</SUP>(syst)) MeV/c<SUP>2</SUP>, Γ(η<SUB>c</SUB>)=(35.1+/-3.1(stat)<SUB>-1.6</SUB><SUP>+1.0</SUP>(syst)) MeV/c<SUP>2</SUP>, M(η<SUB>c</SUB>(2S))=(3636.1<SUB>-4.2</SUB><SUP>+3.9</SUP>(stat+model)<SUB>-2.0</SUB><SUP>+0.7</SUP>(syst)) MeV/c<SUP>2</SUP>, Γ(η<SUB>c</SUB>(2S))=(6.6<SUB>-5.1</SUB><SUP>+8.4</SUP>(stat+model)<SUB>-0.9</SUB><SUP>+2.6</SUP>(syst)) MeV/c<SUP>2</SUP>.

A study of nerve agent model organophosphonate binding with manganese-A₂B-corrole and -A₂B₂-porphyrin systems

Kim, K.,Kim, I.,Maiti, N.,Kwon, S.J.,Bucella, D.,Egorova, O.A.,Lee, Y.S.,Kwak, J.,Churchill, D.G. Pergamon Press 2009 Polyhedron Vol.28 No.12

Herein the synthesis and binding studies of novel trans-A<SUB>2</SUB>B-corrole and trans-A<SUB>2</SUB>B<SUB>2</SUB>-porphyrin derivatives are presented in comparing manganese(III)-organophosphonate (OP) binding (e.g., M<SUP>n+</SUP>←O?PR(OR)<SUB>2</SUB>) capabilities. H<SUB>3</SUB>(PFP-VC) [PFP-VC=5,15-di(pentafluorophenyl)-10-(3-vinylphenyl)corrolate] was synthesized by way of literature procedures and was characterized by a variety of 2-D NMR spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These compounds represent the first example of 3-vinyl-phenyl-containing meso-substituted corroles or porphyrins. Mn(PFP-VC) (3) was treated separately with (CH<SUB>3</SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB>O)<SUB>2</SUB>P?O(C<SUB>3</SUB>H<SUB>6</SUB>NMe<SUB>2</SUB>), (C<SUB>4</SUB>H<SUB>9</SUB>O)<SUB>2</SUB>P?O(Me), (C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>O)<SUB>2</SUB>P?O(CH<SUB>2</SUB>COCH<SUB>3</SUB>), (CH<SUB>3</SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB>O)<SUB>2</SUB>P?O(Me), to give 1:1 adducts, as determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy (Job Plot), giving a red shift; Ph<SUB>3</SUB>P?O, was also found to bind, but very weakly. The trans-A<SUB>2</SUB>B<SUB>2</SUB>-porphyrin analogue Mn(PFP-VP) (4) was also prepared by way of a literature procedure; related binding studies gave 1:1 organophosphonate-Mn(PFP-VP) adducts (Job Plot). A clean blue shift occurred for the Mn-porphyrins at higher organophosphonate loadings (K<SUB>a</SUB> values: 6.7 (0.9)-11.9 (0.4)M<SUP>-1</SUP>). DFT geometry optimizations of O?P(OMe)<SUB>2</SUB>Me binding and formal Mn-O or P-O cleavage products in the unsubstituted neutral Mn-corrolato and -porphyrinato systems with a range of metal-based spin states revealed greatest stability in formal phosphoryl oxygen binding (energies: 11-13kcal/mol) for the Mn-corrole (singlet); the Mn-porphyrin (sextet) was also quite stable.

Upper edge-to-vertex detour monophonic number of a graph

A. P. Santhakumaran,P. Titus,K. Ganesamoorthy 장전수학회 2016 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.26 No.2

For a connected graph G = (V,E) of order at least three, the monophonic distance dm(u, v) is the length of a longest u−v monophonic path in G. A u − v path of length dm(u, v) is called a u − v detour monophonic. For subsets A and B of V , the monophonic distance dm(A,B) is defined as dm(A,B) = min{dm(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ B}. A u−v path of length dm(A, B) is called an A−B detour monophonic path joining the sets A,B ⊆ V, where u ∈ A and v ∈ B. A set S ⊆ E is called an edge-to-vertex detour monophonic set of G if every vertex of G is incident with an edge of S or lies on a detour monophonic path joining a pair of edges of S. The edge-to-vertex detour monophonic number dmev(G) of G is the minimum cardinality of its edge-to-vertex detour monophonic sets and any edge-to-vertex detour monophonic set of car- dinality dmev(G) is an edge-to-vertex detour monophonic basis of G. An edge-to-vertex detour monophonic set S in a connected graph G is called a minimal edge-to-vertex detour monophonic set of G if no proper subset of S is an edge-to-vertex detour monophonic set of G. The upper edge-to-vertex detour monophonic number dm+ ev(G) of G is the maxi- mum cardinality of a minimal edge-to-vertex detour monophonic set of G. We determine bounds for it and certain general properties of these concepts are studied. It is shown that for every pair a, b of integers with 2 ≤ a ≤ b, there exists a connected graph G with dmev(G) = a and dm+ ev(G) = b.

간호대생과 의대생의 간호사 이미지 비교

구민진,김수영,방정민,서아영,양희진,윤소람,이윤재,이재은,이지연,정윤경,최수정 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2014 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.48

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the difference in the perception that nursing students and medical students have regarding the image of nurses. Method: The sampling group for this study was made up of 111 nursing students and 117 medicine students, conducted from the 19th August 2013 to 3rd September 2013. The tool used for this study is the “Nurse Image Scale”. The data is analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 program, technical stats, t-test and ANOVA with Scheffe test. Result: There was a notable difference in the results(t=6.94, p<001), with the average image perception score of nurses at 3.84±0.34 amongst nursing students being higher than the 3.50±0.38 amongst Medicine students. The average score of the 4 areas tested, “Qualification of a Nurse”, “Role of a Nurse”, “Social Participation of a Nurse” and “Interpersonal Skills of a Nurse” were all marked higher by the nursing students than the medicine students. The average score became notably higher as the period of practice became shorter with nursing students (F=4.21, p=.043). Furthermore, the average score for the “Qualification of a Nurse” was notably higher as the period of practice became shorter (F=3.98, p=.049). Medical students gave an average score for the “Qualification of a Nurse”(F=3.72, p=.027) and the “Interpersonal Skills of a Nurse”(F=4.11, p=.019) which was relative to the development of a nurse’s image, while the average score for the “Role of a Nurse” was notably higher with a longer period of practice(F=6.65, p=.011). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the image perception of a nurse can vary depending on the experience in period of practice. Therefore, together with this study conducted with nursing students and medicine students, there is a need for further studies conducted on image perception of nurses with various experience in period of practice.

Partition energy of complete product of circulant graphs and some new class of graphs

E. Sampathkumar,S. V. Roopa,K. A. Vidya,M. A. Sriraj 장전수학회 2018 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.28 No.2

Let G = (V,E) be a graph and Pk = {V1, V2, ..., Vk} be a partition of V . The L-matrix with respect to a partition Pk of the vertex set V of graph G of order n is the unique square symmetric matrix Pk(G) = [aij ] with zero diagonal, whose entries aij with i 6≠ j are defined as follows: (i) If vi, vj ∈ Vr, then aij = 2 or −1 according as vivj is an edge or not. (ii) If vi ∈ Vr and vj ∈ Vs for r 6≠s, then aij = 1 or 0 according as vivj is an edge or not. For all Vi and Vj in Pk, i 6≠j remove the edges between vertices of Vi and Vj and add the edges between the vertices of Vi and Vj which are not in G, the resulting graph is called k-complement of G and is denoted by (G)k. For each set Vr in Pk, remove the edges of G joining the vertices within Vr and add the edges of G (complement of G) joining the vertices of Vr, the graph obtained is called k(i)-complement and is denoted by (G)k(i). The k-partition energy of a graph G with respect to partition Pk is denoted by EPk (G) and is defined as the sum of the absolute values of k-partition eigenvalues of Pk(G). In this paper we construct some graphs such that the graph and its 2-complement are equienergetic with respect to a given partition. We also determine partition energy of complete product of m copies of a circulant graph G and its subgraph, their k-complement and k(i)-complement.

임상간호 실습교육의 교수효율성 연구

신경림,김미애 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 1999 교과교육학연구 Vol.3 No.1

본 연구는 임상실습교육을 받고 있는 간호학생들의 평정을 통하여 임상실습교육의 교수효율성을 측정함으로써 임상실습교육의 평가를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고 더 나아가 임상실습교육의 질을 개선하는데 기여하고자 시도하였다. 연구 결과, 임상간호 실습교육의 교수 관련 현황에서 임상실습교육은 전임교수가 주로 지도한다고 했지만 전임교수의 참여도와 참여학습 내용은 1-2회, 집담회에만 참여하는 경우가 가장 많았다. 따라서 학생들은 실질적으로 임상 실습동안 전임교수로부터 학습목표 및 학생들의 요구에 부합되도록 충분한 지도를 받지 못하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 임상실습교육의 교수효율성은 '중' 정도이고, 요인별로 ' 의사소통술, 역할모델, 격려와 지지, 공정한 평가, 조직성, 전문능력, 전문지식, 협조' 요인은 교수효율성이 '중상'으로 나타났으며 대인관계술, 원조자, 유용성, 교수법, 적절한 배정' 요인은 교수효율성이 '중하'로 나타났다. 임상실습 교수별 교수효율성은 전임교수가 학생들의 실습만을 담당하는 과목별 실습조교보다 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 특히 '친밀감, 열의, 융통성, 원조자, 유용성, 대인관계술, 교수법, 적절한 배정' 요인은 '중하'의 평가를 받았다. 간호학생들은 간호에서 전문지식과 실무경험을 모두 중요시하고 있으며 , 이론과 실제를 잘 연결시켜 줄 수 있는 전임교수를 가장 이상적인 임상실습지도자로 원하고 있었다. 그러나 전임교수는 바쁘고 실무에 약하다는 이유 때운에 차선책으로 임상경험이 풍부하고 과목별 실습 중 좀 더 가까이에서 학생들을 지도해 주고 있는 과목별 실습조교를 실습지도자로 택했고 실제로 교수효율성 평가에서도 높은 점수를 준 것이라고 생각한다. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the development of clinical instruction by students' ratings of teaching effectiveness in clinical nursing education. The subjects· were compprised of graduating class 618 students from 24 nursing colleges in the nation. These data were collected from conducting questionnaires for 34 day period from March 15 to April 17, 1996. The instruments used in this study were "neral characteristics &tatus of clinical nursing education"eveloped by the researcher and 'Instrument to Measure Effectiveness of Clinical Instructors"y <참고문헌참조 actuate="onRequest" inline="true" rid="ref24" show="replace" xml:link="simple">Reeve(1994)</참고문헌참조>. The Collected data were analyzed by the actual number, its percentage, the mean, standard deviation, ANOVA &ANOVA. The 50 questions used in the questionnaire were categorized into 13 components subject to factor analysis. The 13 components were interpersonal relationships, communication skills, role model, resource for students, favorable to students, encouraging to think for selves, teaching methods, evaluation, finding assignments for objectives, organization of subject matter, professional competence, knowledge of subject matter &orking with agency personnel. The results of this study are as follows 1. Status of clinical noising education: 1) Clinical nursing education were led by nursing professors(44.9%), a team of both nursing professor &ead nurse(6.8%), instructors from specific hospital(15.1%), instructors for a specific subject(14.6%), &ead nurse(6.8%). for3-year program students, 34.6% of the clinical nursing education were led by instructors from specific hospital &1.4% of the education by nursing professors for Bachelor’s program. 2) The longest clinical education performed lasted 11 days, &he highest number of visits led by clinical teachers during any education period was 1-2 visits of 59.7%. 3) The contents for clinical education comprised of Couerence being the most frequent of 34.5%; a combination of Nursing skills, Orientation Conference etc.22.0%, Nursing process 21.7%; Orientation 13.5%; Inspection(making rounds) 6.4%, &ursing skills of 2% being the least frequent. 4) 82.9% of the nursing students responded that lectures &linical education were held indeperldently. 5) 54.2% of nursing students felt that their clinical teachers played a role-model, the reason was based on the clinical teacheis professional knowledge &linical experience. However, the judgement was further based on how well the teachers applied their knowledge &xperience. 6) Students' preference of clinical teachers from the higest to the lowest were instructors for a specific subject being the most desired(44.9%) followed by nursing professor, head nurse, a team of both nursing professor &ead nurse, &nstructors from specific hospital being the least desired. 7. Students felt that the qualification for clinical teachers should be at least a masteis degree holder and 5 or more years of clinical experience. The reason they felt was because knowledge &experience are imperative for professional education. 2. Clinical teaching effectiveness: The total points for teaching effectiveness was 147.97(mean of 2.95 ± 0.98) where the total score is considered to be an average rating. 3. Teaching effectiveness as status of clinical nursing education: 1) The score ratings for the clinical instructors from the highest to the lowest were as follows : instructors for a specific subject, instructors from specific hospitals, a team of both nursing professors &ead nurses, nursing professors, head nurses, which resulted in significant difference(F=4.53, P<001). 2) The rating scores based on the teaching program from the highest to the lowest were as follows; nursing skills, nursing process, a combination of nursing skills, orientatiorn conference etc., coferences, orientation, inspectiof which resulted in significant difference (F=10.97, P<001). 4. Based on 13 categorized components from the questionnaires, questions related to communication skills scored the highest points of 3.20 where inquiries regarding resource for students scored the lowest points of 2.38. Inquiries on role model, encouraging to think for selves, evaluation, organization of subject matter, professional competence, knowledge of subject matter &orking with agency personnel were scored slightly higher than the average and interpersonal relationships, favorable to students, teaching methods &inding assignments for objectives scored slightly lower than the average. 5. Among the 13 categorial components from the questioulaire, Interpersonal relationship(F=3.18, P<05), Communication skills(F=3.88, P<05), Resourre for students(F=5.41, P<001), Encouraging to think for selves(F=2.65, P<05), Evaluation(F=2.74, P<05), Teaching method(F=4.21, P<01), Finding assignment for objectives(F=5.23, P<001), Organization of subject matter(F=3.38, p<01), Professional competence(F=3.37, P<01), &orking with agency personnel(F=5.70, P<001), instructors for a specific subject scored the highest points and head nurse scored the lowest, which resulted in significant difference. favorable for students, instuctors for a specific subject scored highest points and nursing professor scored the lowest, which resulted in significant deference (F=5.39, P<001). Role model &rofessional competence, instructors for a specific subject scored the highest points and head nurse scored the lowest, with minimum variation(F=1.29, P>05; F=1.64, P>05). 6. Based on 13 categorial components as a whole, the highest points scored among the 5 groups of clinical teachers was instructors for a specific subject and the lowest, by head nurse(F=1.94, P<001). A team of both nursing professor &ead nurse attained higher score in clinical education than their independent education.

A study of γγ->K_S⁰K_S⁰ production at energies from 2.4 to 4.0 GeV at Belle

Belle Collaboration,Chen, W.T.,Abe, K.,Abe, K.,Adachi, I.,Aihara, H.,Anipko, D.,Aulchenko, V.,Bakich, A.M.,Barberio, E.,Bay, A.,Bedny, I.,Bitenc, U.,Bizjak, I.,Blyth, S.,Bondar, A.,Bozek, A.,Bracko, M North-Holland Pub. Co 2007 Physics letters: B Vol.651 No.1

K<SUB>S</SUB><SUP>0</SUP>K<SUB>S</SUB><SUP>0</SUP> production in two-photon collisions has been studied using a 397.6 fb<SUP>-1</SUP> data sample collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB e<SUP>+</SUP>e<SUP>-</SUP> collider. For the first time the cross sections are measured in the two-photon center-of-mass energy range between 2.4 GeV and 4.0 GeV and angular range |cosθ<SUP>*</SUP>|<0.6. Combining the results with measurements of γγ->K<SUP>+</SUP>K<SUP>-</SUP> from Belle, we observe that the cross section ratio σ(K<SUB>S</SUB><SUP>0</SUP>K<SUB>S</SUB><SUP>0</SUP>)/σ(K<SUP>+</SUP>K<SUP>-</SUP>) decreases from ∼0.13 to ∼0.01 with increasing energy. Signals for the χ<SUB>c0</SUB> and χ<SUB>c2</SUB> charmonium states are also observed.

A SUB-SATURN MASS PLANET, MOA-2009-BLG-319Lb

Miyake, N.,Sumi, T.,Dong, Subo,Street, R.,Mancini, L.,Gould, A.,Bennett, D. P.,Tsapras, Y.,Yee, J. C.,Albrow, M. D.,Bond, I. A.,Fouqué,, P.,Browne, P.,Han, C.,Snodgrass, C.,Finet, F.,Furusawa, K IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.728 No.2

<P>We report the gravitational microlensing discovery of a sub-Saturn mass planet, MOA-2009-BLG-319Lb, orbiting a K-or M-dwarf star in the inner Galactic disk or Galactic bulge. The high-cadence observations of the MOA-II survey discovered this microlensing event and enabled its identification as a high-magnification event approximately 24 hr prior to peak magnification. As a result, the planetary signal at the peak of this light curve was observed by 20 different telescopes, which is the largest number of telescopes to contribute to a planetary discovery to date. The microlensing model for this event indicates a planet-star mass ratio of q = (3.95 +/- 0.02) x 10(-4) and a separation of d = 0.97537 +/- 0.00007 in units of the Einstein radius. A Bayesian analysis based on the measured Einstein radius crossing time, t(E), and angular Einstein radius,theta(E), along with a standard Galactic model indicates a host star mass of M-L = 0.38(-0.18)(+0.34) M-circle dot and a planet mass of M-p = 50(-24)(+44)M(circle plus), which is half the mass of Saturn. This analysis also yields a planet-star three-dimensional separation of a = 2.4(-0.6)(+1.2) AU and a distance to the planetary system of D-L = 6.1(-1.2)(+1.1) kpc. This separation is similar to 2 times the distance of the snow line, a separation similar to most of the other planets discovered by microlensing.</P>

Salinity Tolerance of Blackgram and Mungbean 2 : Mineral Ions Accumulation in Different Plant Parts

P. K. Raptan,A. Hamid,Q. A. Khaliq,A. R. M. Solaiman,J. U. Ahmed,M. A. Karim 韓國作物學會 2001 Korean journal of crop science Vol.46 No.5

Blackgram (Vigna mungo) is more salt tolerant than mungbean (Vigna radiata). This study was initiated to know whether the accumulation pattern of mineral ions in different plant parts plays a significant role in the differences in salt tolerance between the two Vigna species. Different mineral ions, viz. N, Cl, Na, K, Mg and Ca in different organs of two varieties of each of blackgram- Barimash-l (susceptible one) and Barimash-2 (tolerant one), and mungbean-Barimung-3 (tolerant one) and Barimung-4(susceptible one), were analyzed after growing with 0, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl solutions. The two crops showed a decreased but similar pattern of total N accumulation under saline conditions. The tolerant variety of both the crops showed a less reduction in total N than the susceptible one. Leaves showed the maximum while stem the minimum N, irrespective of levels of salinity. C l[-10] and N a+ accumulation increased with the increasing salinity levels. Interestingly, similar to a halophyte, the salt tolerant blackgram exhibited conspicuously higher amount of N a+ in the shoot than the salt-susceptible mungbean. However, the tolerant varieties showed less amount of N a+ than the susceptible one, especially in blackgram. Seeds of both Vigna spp. accumulated the minimum amount of N a+ than other plant parts. K+ accumulation decreased by salinity in most of the plant parts, except seeds. Blackgram showed larger reduction in K than mungbean. The Mg++ increased in leaves, petioles and stem by salinity while decreased in the roots, podshells and seeds in both the crops. Salinity increased Ca++ accumulation in all plant-parts except roots of both Vigna spp. Apparently, the leaves of mungbean accumulated higher concentration of Ca++ than blackgram. Varietal differences in the accumulation pattern of K+ , Mg++ and Ca++ were not clear. It was concluded that blackgram, presumably, possesses a similar salt tolerance mechanism to halophyte, and the pattern of accumulation of mineral ions in blackgram and mungbean was not fully ascribed to the differences in salinity tolerance between the two Vigna species.gna species.ies.s.ies.