Edge-to-vertex detour number of a graph

A. P. Santhakumaran,S. Athisayanathan 장전수학회 2011 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.21 No.4

For two vertices u and v in a graph G = (V,E), the detour distance D(u, v)is the length of a longest u–v path in G. A u–v path of length D(u, v) is called a u–v detour. For subsets A and B of V , the detour distance D(A,B)is defined as D(A,B) = min{D(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ B}. A u–v path of length D(A,B) is called an A–B detour joining the sets A, B ⊆ V where u ∈ A and v ∈ B. A vertex x is said to lie on an A–B detour if x is a vertex of an A–B detour. A set S ⊆ E is called an edge-to-vertex detour set if every vertex of G is incident with an edge of S or lies on a detour joining a pair of edges of S. The edge-to-vertex detour number dn_2(G) of G is the minimum order of its edge-to-vertex detour sets and any edge-to-vertex detour set of order dn_2(G) is an edge-to-vertex detour basis of G. Certain general properties of these concepts are studied. The edge-to-vertex detour numbers of certain classes of graphs are determined. Its relationship with the detour diameter is discussed and it is proved that for each triple D, k, q of integers with 2 ≤ k ≤ q − D + 2 and D ≥ 4 there is a connected graph G of order p with detour diameter D and dn_2(G) = k. It is also proved that for any three positive integers a, b, k with k ≥ 2 and a < b ≤ 2a, there is a connected graph with detour radius a, detour diameter b and dn_2(G) = k.

Couette-Taylor crystallizer: Effective control of crystal size distribution and recovery of l-lysine in cooling crystallization

Nguyen, A.T.,Yu, T.,Kim, W.S. North-Holland Pub. Co 2017 Journal of crystal growth Vol.469 No.-

A Couette-Taylor crystallizer is developed to enhance the l-Lysine crystal size distribution and recovery in the case of continuous cooling crystallization. When using the proposed Couette-Taylor (CT) crystallizer, the size distribution and crystal product recovery were much narrower and higher, respectively, than those from a conventional stirred tank (ST) crystallizer. Here, the coefficient of the size distribution for the crystal product from the CT crystallizer was only 0.45, while it was 0.78 in the case of the conventional ST crystallizer at an agitation speed of 700rpm, mean residence time of 20min, and feed concentration of 900(g/L). Furthermore, when using the CT crystallizer, the crystal product recovery was remarkably enhanced up to 100%wt with a mean residence time of only 20min, while it required a mean residence time of at least 60min when using the conventional ST crystallizer. This result indicates that the CT crystallizer was much more effective than the conventional ST crystallizer in terms of controlling a narrower size distribution and achieving a 100%wt l-lysine crystal product recovery from continuous cooling crystallization. The advantage of the CT crystallizer over the conventional ST crystallizer was explained based on the higher energy dissipation of the Taylor vortex flow and larger surface area for heat transfer of the CT crystallizer. Here, the energy dissipation of the Taylor vortex flow in the CT crystallizer was 13.6 times higher than that of the random fluid motion in the conventional ST crystallizer, while the surface area per unit volume for heat transfer of the CT crystallizer was 8.0 times higher than that of the conventional ST crystallizer. As a result, the mixing condition and heat transfer of the CT crystallizer were much more effective than those of the conventional ST crystallizer for the cooling crystallization of l-lysine, thereby enhancing the l-lysine crystal size distribution and product recovery.

Photocatalytic abatement of phenol on amorphous TiO2-BiOBr-bentonite heterostructures under visible light irradiation

Menelisi C. Dlamini,Mbongiseni L. Dlamini,Pumza Mente,Boitumelo Tlhaole,Rudolph Erasmus,Manoko S. Maubane-Nkadimeng,John A. Moma 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.111 No.-

A simplistic solvothermal process to fabricate novel amorphous TiO2-BiOBr-Bentonite (A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt)multidimensional photocatalysts in this work is a practical and economically feasible technique for thefabrication of the reported photocatalysts as it is a one-pot process. The stickiness of the A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt wet cake and the low drying temperature make A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt a feasible platform compositefor the fabrication of the photoreactive inner coating of water treatment containers for photocatalytictreatment of drinking water. The A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt photocatalyst with an A-TiO2:BiOBr:Bt mass ratio of1:1:2 (Ti1Bi1Bt2) displayed the highest BET surface area of 124.8 m2/g, a low bandgap of 2.86 eV, and sufficientlylow electron-hole recombination rate. The high number of A-TiO2-BiOBr p-n heterojunctions,and the Ti-O-Si and Bi-O-Si bonds between A-TiO2-BiOBr and Bt in Ti1Bi1Bt2 lowered its electron-holerecombination rate with enhanced visible light-harvesting ability. Within 70 min of visible light irradiation,150 mg of Ti1Bi1Bt2 gave 100% conversion of 100 mL of 20 ppm phenol with a pseudo-first-order rateconstant of 0.0322 min1 at pH 4.0. Scavenging experiments showed superoxide radicals (O2) and electrons(e) being the most dominant reactive oxidation species (ROS) responsible for the phenol photodegradationprocess while holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) also exerted appreciableparticipation.

초등학교 축구선수의 성격타입(A/B), 정신력과 운동몰입의 구조적 관계

김인수(Kim In-Soo),최정아(Choi Jeang-a) 한국체육교육학회 2016 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.20 No.4

이 연구는 초등학교 축구선수의 A/B 타입 성격과 정신력, 운동몰입 간에 어떤 인과관계가 있는지를 밝힘으로써 초등학교 축구선수의 경기력 향상에 도움을 주고자 수행되었다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 G광역시와 J도에 소재한 초등학교 축구선수로 등록된 236명과 중학교 축구 선수 110명을 대상으로 A/B 타입 성격척도, 정신력 척도, 운동몰입척도를 사용하여 집단 간 t-test 및 공변량 구조분석을 실시하였다. 변인 간의 구조적 관계분석을 위해 A/B 타입 성격을 외생변인으로 하고, 정신력과 운동몰입을 내생변인으로 한 구조모델을 설정하고 검증하였으며 그 결과 첫째, A/B 타입 성격 간 비교에서A 타입 성격소유자가 B타입 성격소유자에 비해 정신력과 운동몰입이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 입상경력유무집단 간 비교에서 입상경력이 있는 선수는 그렇지 못한 선수에 비해 A 타입 성격, 정신력, 운동몰입이 높았다. 초등학교 축구선수와 중학교 축구선수 간 비교에서는 성격타입, 정신력, 운동몰입에 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 변인 간 상관분석을 실기한 결과 A/B 타입 성격, 정신력, 운동몰입 간에는 서로 유의한(p<.01) 상관이 있었다. 셋째, 변인 간 구조관계를 분석한 결과 완전매개모형이 적합한 것으로 나타났고, A/B 타입 성격을 외생변인으로 하고 정신력과 운동몰입을 내생변인으로 한 구조모형은 이론모델로서 양호한 것으로 나타났으며(χ2=20.13, df=7, Q=2.88, RMR=.01, GFI=.97, TLI=.94, NFI=.96, CFI=.97, RMSEA=.08) 세부 구조경로에서는 A/B타입 성격 → 정신력, 정신력 → 운동몰입의 경로가 유의한(p<.01) 것으로 나타났다. 이를 요약하면 초등학교 축구선수의 경우 A타입 성격 성향이 강할수록 정신력과 운동몰입 수준이 높으며 지방대회 3위 이상의 입상경력을 가진 선수는 그렇지 않는 선수에 비해 A 타입 성격 성향이 강하고, 정신력과 운동몰입 수준이 높다. 또한, A/B 성격 성향은 정신력과 밀접한 관련이 있으며 정신력은 운동몰입과 인과관계가 있는 것으로 나타나 초등학교 축구선수의 운동몰입 수준을 증가시키기 위해서는 정신력의 강화가 필요함을 제시해 주고 있다. Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to define structural relation among A/B type behavior pattern, mental toughness, and sport commitment of elementary school soccer players. Methods: This study set up a structural relation model which was composed of exogenous variables as A/B type behavior pattern and endogenous variables were mental toughness, and sport commitment of soccer players. The participants were 236 elementary school and 110 middle school soccer players who lived in G city and J province. This study used A/B type behavior pattern scale, Mental toughness scale and commitment scale. Results: In analysis of t-test, A type players show higher mental toughness and sport commitment than those of B type. The players who had experienced more 3rd place in province soccer competition show higher A type behavior pattern, mental toughness, and behavioral commitment than those of the others. There were no differences between elementary school players and middle school players in A/B type behavior pattern, mental toughness and sport commitment. In analysis of correlation, there were significant relations between A/B type behavior pattern, mental toughness and sport commitment. In analysis structure equation, this model can be used as theoretical model because general indexes were proved(χ2=20.13, df=7, Q=2.88, RMR=.01, GFI=.97, TLI=.94, NFI=.96, CFI=.97, RMSEA=.08). In analysis details index, there were significant paths of A/B type behavior pattern → mental toughness, mental toughness → sport commitment. Conclusion: In this study define there are causal relationships among A/B type behavior pattern, mental toughness and sport commitment. To approve sport commitment of elementary school soccer players, players kept up A type behavior pattern and make strong mental toughness.

Effect of Mandatory Radiology Consultation on Inpatient Imaging Use : A Randomized Controlled Trial

Bree, Robert L.,Kazerooni, Ella A.,Katz, Steven J. MediMedia Korea 1997 JAMA-Korea Vol.12 No.2

A novel mode of TRPML3 regulation by extracytosolic pH absent in the varitint-waddler phenotype

Kim, Hyun Jin,Li, Qin,Tjon-Kon-Sang, Sandra,So, Insuk,Kiselyov, Kirill,Soyombo, Abigail A,Muallem, Shmuel Wiley (John WileySons) 2008 The EMBO journal Vol.27 No.8

<P>TRPML3 belongs to the TRPML subfamily of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The A419P mutation in TRPML3 causes the varitint-waddler phenotype as a result of gain-of-function mutation (GOF). Regulation of the channels and the mechanism by which the A419P mutation leads to GOF are not known. We report here that TRPML3 is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel with a unique form of regulation by extracytosolic (luminal) H(+) (H(+)(e-cyto)). Regulation by H(+)(e-cyto) is mediated by a string of three histidines (H252, H273, H283) in the large extracytosolic loop between transmembrane domains (TMD) 1 and 2. Each of the histidines has a unique role, whereby H252 and H273 retard access of H(+)(e-cyto) to the inhibitory H283. Notably, the H283A mutation has the same phenotype as A419P and locks the channel in an open state, whereas the H283R mutation inactivates the channel. Accordingly, A419P eliminates regulation of TRPML3 by H(+)(e-cyto), and confers full activation to TRPML3(H283R). Activation of TRPML3 and regulation by H(+)(e-cyto) are altered by both the alpha-helix-destabilizing A419G and the alpha-helix-favouring A419M and A419K. These findings suggest that regulation of TRPML3 by H(+)(e-cyto) is due to an effect of the large extracytosolic loop on the orientation of fifth TMD and thus pore opening and show that the GOF of TRPML3(A419P) is due to disruption of this communication.</P>

2G HTS wire with enhanced engineering current density attained through the deposition of HTS layer with increased thickness

A. Molodyk,A. Markelov,A. Valikov,V. Chepikov,A. Petrzhik,B. Massalimov,P. Degtyarenko,R. Uzkih,A. Soldatenko,Kideok Sim,Soon Hwang 한국초전도.저온공학회 2019 한국초전도저온공학회논문지 Vol.21 No.4

2G HTS wire with high engineering current density is desired for applications where compact, high power density superconducting equipment is important. We have succeeded in enhancing engineering current density of commercial SuperOx 2G HTS wire based on GdBCO by increasing the HTS layer thickness without fast degradation of the HTS film microstructure. This was possible after improving the temperature uniformity along the HTS film deposition zone. In particular, the wire engineering current density was increased from 700-770 A/mm2 (for a 65 µm-thick wire without stabilisation) or 430-480 A/mm2 (for a 105 µm-thick stabilised wire) at the beginning of this study to almost 1200 A/mm2 (for a 67 µm-thick wire without stabilisation) or 770 A/mm2 (for a 107 µm-thick stabilised wire) at completion of this study.

Search for a very light NMSSM Higgs boson produced in decays of the 125 GeV scalar boson and decaying into τ leptons in pp collisions at s = 8 $$ \sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV

Khachatryan, V.,Sirunyan, A. M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Asilar, E.,Bergauer, T.,Brandstetter, J.,Brondolin, E.,Dragicevic, M.,Erö,, J.,Flechl, M.,Friedl, M.,Frü,hwirth, R.,Ghete, V. M.,Hartl, C. Springer-Verlag 2016 Journal of high energy physics Vol.2016 No.1

<P>A search for a very light Higgs boson decaying into a pair of tau leptons is presented within the framework of the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model. This search is based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The signal is defined by the production of either of the two lightest scalars, h(1) or h(2), via gluon-gluon fusion and subsequent decay into a pair of the lightest Higgs bosons, a(1) or h(1). The h(1) or h(2) boson is identified with the observed state at a mass of 125 GeV. The analysis searches for decays of the a(1) (h(1)) states into pairs of tau leptons and covers a mass range for the a(1) (h(1)) boson of 4 to 8 GeV. The search reveals no significant excess in data above standard model background expectations, and an upper limit is set on the signal production cross section times branching fraction as a function of the a(1) (h(1)) boson mass. The 95% confidence level limit ranges from 4.5 pb at m(a1) (m(h1)) = 8 GeV to 10.3 pb at m(a1) (m(h1)) = 5 GeV.</P>

정화조에서 배출되는 하수관악취 저감방안 연구

조용모 ( Yong Mo Cho ),남미아 ( Mi A Nam ) 서울시정개발연구원 2009 연구보고서 Vol.2009 No.5

Outline: Recently, the urban foul odor problem is frequently happening all around Seoul area; CBD, large apartment districts, and low-lying areas where a foul water running velocity is slow. Even though a life foul odor has not been regarded as a serious problem until now, cases of civil appeal are increasing for the sewer foul odor all around Seoul along with the improvement of standard of living and frequent rise of bad smell problems especially in large buildings. The purpose of this study is deliberating the way of reducing the sewer foul odor by examining the origin and process of the urban sewer foul odor generating throughout Seoul. 2. Main results of the study The result of the survey had performed for three years, during 2006~2008, shows that the generating spot of the life sewage foul odor is increasing every year; 1,442 cases in 2006, 2,067 cases in 2007, and 2,523 cases in 2008, total 6,032 cases had been reported. 608,205 Septic tanks including polluted water purifying devices had installed in Seoul, and 11,454 tanks among them are over 500 people capacity tanks. 2) Foul odor concentration examination in Seoul The foul odor in the circumference of Yeosung Green Castle apartment was examined to find the generating characteristics of the life sewage foul odor. Yeosung Green Castle apartment is located where about 10% gradient road is continued more than 500 meters. Foul odor is severly generated at the end of this road, the entrance of a path up a mountain. The sewage foul odor of Namhyun-dong neighborhood is generated from the foul odor of Septic tanks in the houses and apartments. The result of foul odor examination showed the degree of mixed foul odor at the 1 and 2 spots of rainwater receivers are individually 144 and 208 dilution rate, and they are far over 15 that is permissible level. Hydrogen sulfide was measured 15 times higher than the permissible level, 20.0ppb, at the each spots. Methyl mercaptan also was gauged as largely exceeding 2.0ppb, the permissible level. 3) Types of life foul odor The foul odor generated in Seoul could be largely classified into five types as follows; A. the foul odor adjacent to the large buildings, B. the foul odor of small water-purifiers in single-family housing districts, C. the foul odor of sewer system in upstream hilly sections, D. the foul odor of sewer system in low-lying areas, and E. the foul odor of Storm Overflow Diverging Tanks. 4) Problems of life sewage foul odor The problems of the life sewage foul odor are as follows; A. absence of the efficient alteration of sewage foul odor prevention, B. difficulty of a origin blockade in the Septic tanks, the main source of life sewage foul odor, C. absence of a provision for prevention of life sewage foul odor in the Foul Odor Prevention Law and D. difficulty of achieving the foul odor reducing effect by resetting the quality standard of Septic thank`s discharging water. 3. Policy recommendation: 1) Basic principles for reducing ife foul odor (1) Analyzing reality of life sewage foul odor generation The foul odor is inevitably generated in most Korean buildings when discharging water of a Septic tank is influented to the sewer system. However, the foul odor prevention with improving efficiency of a Septic tank has not only much difficulty of securing effectiveness but also lack of scientific approaches. (2) Establishing basic frame for life foul odor prevention The basic frame for life foul odor prevention is as follows, Firstly, introducing the public concept, the mandatory installation and management of Septic tanks and sewer systems, to reduce the sewage foul odor. Secondly, promoting the synthesized management that focuses on a sewer pipe; moving from point control to line control Thirdly, establishing a system by adding the life sewer foul odor provision in the Foul Odor Prevention Law or legislating a new law for the preventing life sewer foul odor, Fourthly, connecting the measure for reduction of Septic tanks and sewer pipe foul odor with the sewerage maintenance, Lastly, founding the effective reduction measure with considering limited effect of a rainwater receiver for the sewer foul odor prevention. (1) Process for managing life sewer foul odor The main contents of process for the life sewer foul odor management are as follows in the order named; A. recognizing the generation spot of the life sewer foul odor, B. examining the life sewer foul odor, C. selecting sewer systems for managing the life sewer foul odor, D. requiring the reduction facility to the large buildings discharging sewage to the sewer system and water-purifying tanks over 500 people capacity by law, E. establishing the synthesized reduction plan in the selected sewer system district, and F. installing the reduction facility for the life sewer foul odor. (2) Systemic improvement for reduction of sewer foul odor Adding the sewer foul odor section in the Foul Odor Prevention Law or Sewerage Law is necessary, and legislating the municipal ordinance for the life sewer foul odor in Seoul is required. It is necessary to make installing the foul odor facility into a mandatory requirement both new construction buildings installed Septic tank over 500 people capacity or larger than 1,500 floor area, and existing buildings located within the sewer foul odor sewer system area. (3) Efficient plan for reducing foul odor in building district ① Installing plan of the foul odor reduction facility for existing buildings in the urban building districts installing vertical outlets on the building side using existing sewer pipes as an induction pipe. ② New construction buildings in single-family housing districts systemizing installing the foul odor reduction facility as mandatory requirement in the buildings both have Septic tank over 500 people capacity and larger than 1500 floor area, ③ Indistinctive source of the sewer foul odor installing the "L"type induction pipe using a street light or telephone pole as a prop. (4) Establishing a plan for sewer four odor reduction Establishing the sewer foul odor maintenance and improvement scheme is required in each district of the sewer foul odor management, On top of that, the sewer foul odor reduction study should be proceeded with the whole region of Seoul, (5) Operating sewer foul odor counterplan party under the government of Seoul The foul odor counterplan party that is consisted with professionals and public service workers should be organized, and the solutions for the foul odor should be made such as a field study, reduction programs, the allotment of facility construction in the regions where the foul odor reduction measure is urgent.

Solvothermal synthesis of high-performance Ni-Co layered double hydroxide nanofoam electrode for electrochemical energy storage

Patel, R.,Inamdar, A.I.,Hou, B.,Cha, S.,Ansari, A.T.,Gunjakar, J.L.,Im, H.,Kim, H. ELSEVIER 2017 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.17 No.4

<P>A nanofoam nickel cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo(OH)(2)) electrode film is fabricated on a stainless-steel substrate with the use of a simple one-step solvothermal process. The nanofoam NiCo(OH)(2) electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 2710.2 Fig at a current density.of 9.1 A/g, and a good capacity retention of similar to 70% after 2000 charge-discharge cycles at a high current density of 31.8 A/g. An energy density of 60.23 Wh/kg is obtained at a power density of 1.8 kW/kg. The excellent electrochemical energy storage performance of the NiCo(OH)(2) electrode is due to the synergetic effect of a significantly improved ionic diffusion and an effective charge transfer, which is linked to a well-dispersed interconnected nanofoam morphology and binder-free direct contact with the current collector. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>